A Construção Das Imagens Das Bandas the Beatles E the Rolling Stones Através Dos Jornais the Times E the Guardian

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A Construção Das Imagens Das Bandas the Beatles E the Rolling Stones Através Dos Jornais the Times E the Guardian PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FAMECOS PROGRAMA DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL BRUNA DO AMARAL PAULIN A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS IMAGENS DAS BANDAS THE BEATLES E THE ROLLING STONES ATRAVÉS DOS JORNAIS THE TIMES E THE GUARDIAN PORTO ALEGRE 2010 2 BRUNA DO AMARAL PAULIN A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS IMAGENS DAS BANDAS THE BEATLES E THE ROLLING STONES ATRAVÉS DOS JORNAIS THE TIMES E THE GUARDIAN Dissertação apresentada como requisito para obtenção do grau de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientadora: Profa Dra Beatriz Correa Dornelles Porto Alegre 2010 3 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação ( CIP ) P328c Paulin, Bruna do Amaral A construção das imagens das bandas The Beatles e The Rolling Stones através dos jornais The Times e The Guardian / Bruna do Amaral Paulin. – Porto Alegre, 2010. 347 f. : il. Diss. (Mestrado em Comunicação Social) – Fac. de Comunicação Social, PUCRS. Orientação: Profª. Drª. Beatriz Correa Dornelles. 1. Comunicação Social. 2. Jornalismo. 3. Jornalismo - Inglaterra – História. 4. The Times (Jornal) – Crítica e Interpretação. 5. The Guardian (Jornal) – Crítica e Interpretação. 6. The Beatles – Crítica e Interpretação. 7. The Rolling Stones – Crítica e Interpretação. 8. Imagem. 9. Agenda Setting. CDD 070.43 . Ficha Catalográfica elaborada por Vanessa Pinent CRB 10/1297 4 BRUNA DO AMARAL PAULIN A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS IMAGENS DAS BANDAS THE BEATLES E THE ROLLING STONES ATRAVÉS DOS JORNAIS THE TIMES E THE GUARDIAN Dissertação apresentada como requisito para obtenção do grau de Mestre pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Aprovada em ____________ de ____________ de _______________. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Profa. Dra. Beatriz Corrêa Pires Dornelles – PUCRS ___________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Christa Berger – UNISINOS ___________________________________________ Prof. Dr. João Guilherme Barone – PUCRS ___________________________________________ 5 Dedico essa dissertação à minha mãe, que alimenta seus filhos com todo o amor do mundo, todos os dias. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS: Agradecer... nunca é o suficiente quando se tem pessoas especiais ao nosso lado. Agradeço aos meus pais, Jair e Heloisa, pelo amor, carinho e todos os valores que me ensinaram até aqui. Em especial, a ter força de vontade e coragem para ir adiante, sempre. Um obrigado a vocês pelo dia em que levaram para nossa casa aquela pequena coleção de discos dos Beatles, que até hoje acredito serem os responsáveis por terem me trazido até aqui e ainda serem a trilha sonora da minha vida. Ao pequeno João Marcelo, que aos poucos foi entendendo o que significava toda aquela maluquice que a mana explicou e contou tantas e tantas vezes. Ao amado Francesco, companheiro de todas as aventuras, que me alimentou com paciência, colos e muito amor, durante essa jornada acadêmica e seguirá assim, por muitas outras que virão. Não existem palavras para descrever o quanto sou grata por tu existires na minha vida. Teu apoio durante o período desse trabalho foi essencial. Às minhas queridas avós, Heleninha e Nair, por sempre terem um bom conselho na ponta da língua, saberem me fazer sorrir e rezarem por mim todos os dias. Ao querido bebê Gabriel, que alegrou os dias angustiantes da dinda. Ao meu padrinho Luiz Carlos, minha madrinha Rosária, minha tia Janete, minha prima Anne, minha sogra Victória e minha cunhada Giulia, além de todos os amigos, compadres e comadres: obrigada pela torcida sempre. À grande amiga, prima e sócia, Simone, por sempre ser a minha dupla e ter me apoiado muito durante essa e outras jornadas. À minha querida orientadora Beatriz, pela paciência e carinho dedicados durante esses dois anos, e ao querido professor Antônio Hohlfeldt, por ter me instigado a seguir pesquisando. Muito obrigada a todos que de alguma forma me ajudaram nesse projeto. A todas as pessoas queridas que fazem parte da minha vida e que de um jeito ou de outro dividiram esses momentos de criação comigo. 7 Os Beatles querem segurar sua mão, mas os Stones querem botar fogo na sua cidade. Tom Wolfe, 1965 8 RESUMO Análise e história do surgimento, na mídia britânica, das bandas The Beatles e The Rolling Stones, utilizando as hipóteses de agenda setting, enquadramento e construção do imaginário. O estudo fixou-se entre os anos 1963 e 1967, na Inglaterra – período de surgimento e explosão midiática dos dois grupos – vista pela cobertura dos jornais The Times e The Guardian. A pesquisa busca fatos em artigos e matérias jornalísticas da imprensa britânica, baseadas na construção de suas imagens, através da publicação dessas reportagens. Palavras-chave: Agenda-setting – Framing – The Beatles – The Rolling Stones – The Times – The Guardian – Anos 1960 – Imprensa – História da imprensa inglesa 9 ABSTRACT This present paper presents an analisys and history of the emergence, in British Media, of the bands The Beatles and The Rolling Stones, using the agenda-setting hypothesis, framing and construction of imaginary. This study is fixed in time during the years 1963 to 1967, in England – period of emergence and media explosion of the two groups – through the covering of The Times and The Guardian. This research has the objective of finding facts in newspapers articles, based in the construction of their images, through the publication of these articles. Key-words: Agenda-setting – Framing – The Beatles – The Rolling Stones – The Times – The Guardian –1960s – Press – British Press History 10 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 – Mapa da Inglaterra .......................................................................................65 11 LISTA DE TABELAS Quadro 1 – Aparecimento do primeiro jornal diário na Inglaterra, em 1702.................50 Quadro 2 – Tiragem dos jornais Londrinos nos últimos anos da década de 1930.........56 Quadro 3 – Informações históricas sobre o jornal The Times ......................................58 Quadro 4 – Crescimento da população de Londres entre os séculos XIX e XX ......….70 Quadro 5 – Crescimento nas vendas de discos nos EUA entre 1955 e 1973 ................81 Quadro 6 – Comparação da comercialização de violões durante a década de 1950, no Reino Unido ....................................................................................................................99 Quadro 7 – Artistas preferidos dos Beatles na adolescência e suas nacionalidades ...100 12 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................ 13 1 AS NOTÍCIAS: CONSTRUÇÃO E VEICULAÇÃO ............................ 17 1.1 A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS NOTÍCIAS NA DÉCADA DE 1960 ............. 17 1.2 A CONSTRUÇÃO DO IMAGINÁRIO ................................................. 23 1.2.1 Os estereótipos ....................................................................................... 26 1.2.2 Ídolos e heróis ........................................................................................ 30 1.3 A HIPÓTESE DE AGENDA SETTING ................................................ 34 1.3.1 Enquadramento ..................................................................................... 36 1.4 ANÁLISE DE CONTEÚDO ................................................................... 43 1.4.1 Análise de Conteúdo em Jornalismo ................................................... 45 1.4.2 Estratégias metodológicas .................................................................... 46 1.5 BREVE HISTÓRIA DO JORNALISMO INGLÊS .............................. 49 1.5.1 The Times ............................................................................................... 58 1.5.2 The Guardian ........................................................................................ 61 2 JUVENTUDE INGLESA NO PÓS-GUERRA .......................................... 64 2.1 LIVERPOOL: A CIDADE-MÃE ............................................................ 64 2.2 LONDRES, O CENTRO DE TUDO ....................................................... 67 2.3 THE BABY BOOMERS ........................................................................... 72 2.4 UM NOVO MERCADO CONSUMIDOR .............................................. 73 2.5 A INFLUÊNCIA DA CULTURA NORTE-AMERICANA .................. 81 2.5.1 O Movimento Beat ................................................................................. 82 2.5.2 O cinema ................................................................................................. 85 2.5.3 O Rock ..................................................................................................... 87 2.5.3.1 O Rhythm and Blues ..................................................................... 88 2.5.3.2 Esse tal de Rock’n’roll .................................................................. 92 2.5.3.3 O Rock branco e a chegada ao mainstream ................................ 92 2.5.3.3.1 Elvis Aaron Presley .................................................................... 93 13 3 ONCE THERE IS A WAY: DE QUARRYMEN A THE BEATLES … 98 3.1 BREVE HISTÓRICO DE 1960 A 1963 ................................................... 101 3.1.1 Os Besouros De Prata ............................................................................ 101 3.1.2 Willkommen Nach Hamburg ............................................................... 102 3.1.3 Rockers X Exis ....................................................................................... 104 3.1.4 De volta para casa:
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