Forcing Silence to Speak: Muhammadi Begum, Mir'atu 'L-'Arus, and the Urdu Novel

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Forcing Silence to Speak: Muhammadi Begum, Mir'atu 'L-'Arus, and the Urdu Novel Forcing Silence to Speak: Muhammadi Begum, Mir’atu ’l-‘Arus, and the Urdu Novel I A to the literary histories of Urdu, my often abandoned mother tongue, I succumb simultaneously to the shock of discovery and a sense of loss. The reclamation of lost and hidden texts accounts for the first: entire intellectual trajectories—buried in the footnotes of colonial chroni- cles or sheathed in the dogmatic criticism of a bygone “progressive” era—emerge to make me aware of an age of quiet struggle of which I had only a dim or intuitive consciousness. The displacement and concealment of these texts and their creators is the reason for the second: as an expatriate from Pakistan, a sense of deprivation haunts me, for the stories and books that could have shown me the way or served as the foundation of the fictions and essays I may have written. For me, as for my generation, Urdu literature begins with poetry. Historically, this privileged genre precedes romances, legends and fables. The poetic forms all evolved from Arabic models, usually through the filter of Persian, and retain Arabic generic forms and names: ghazal, qaΩµda, ma¡navµ. The latter provided the closest equivalent to romance, and also offered early versions of realism, autobiographical and otherwise, from which we must insist an important strand of the later realist novel descends. But the earliest forms of Urdu prose fiction, as they began to emerge in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, drew largely upon the tradition of fantasy, oral and otherwise, derived from the Middle East’s common treasure of folklore. Only in the second half of the nineteenth century does fiction, as we judge it today, begin to appear—the stern, though covertly humorous, moralism of Nazir Ahmad (–), the quixotic creations of Pundit Ratan Nath Sarshar • T A U S (–), the liberal Islamism of Abdul Halim Sharar (–), the picaresque of Mirza Muhammad Hadi Ruswa (–). Sharar is mainly remembered for his evocations of the great days of Islam, and his Middle Eastern settings, though his best works are set in realistic north Indian Muslim milieus; Sarshar used India as background, but was inspired by Cervantes, and thus returned, consciously or unconsciously, to Middle Eastern forms of narration. Of these writers, whose work spans half a century, only Ruswa has been given adequate critical acclaim, as the first modern novelist of the language.1 Nazir Ahmad, whose importance as a stylistic innovator and embryonic realist is conceded, is nevertheless consistently discussed as a conservative colonial lackey by the critics of the left. And yet it was Nazir Ahmad who first raised, albeit with diffidence, the question of women and change in the context of a living social situation. This, in itself, is enough to reevaluate his importance; for predictably, the absence of women’s voices amongst those of the founding fathers of our fiction is a deafening echo. This absence, though, was amply compensated by the appearance of the radical and feminist novelist Ismat Chughtai in the s, fully armed, like Minerva, with the weaponry of Marx and Freud. In her wake came other voices; in any history of contemporary Urdu literature the names of major women writers who refuse to consider gender a restrictive category abound. But where did it begin? As a migrant, I have always looked to litera- ture for records of the subversive and subaltern voice—and the only early woman writer who stealthily revealed herself was Hijab Imtiaz Ali, a fabu- list of the thirties who, in spite of a feminine first-person vein of social and sexual criticism in her short stories, hardly compared with her contemporaries in China or Japan, for example. But a thesis on the Urdu novel submitted in by Shaista Akhtar Banu Suhrawardy (later Ikramullah—the first Muslim woman to gain a doctorate from the University of London)2 gave me, a few years ago, a partial answer to my question. An Urdu collection of essays on writing women had led me back to Suhrawardy, who claimed that women writers had, in the first 1For a discussion of Ruswa and some of the other early narrative fiction writers, see Ralph Russell, “The Development of the Modern Novel,” in his The Pursuit of Urdu Literature (London: Zed Books, Ltd., ), pp. –. —Eds. 2It was later published as A Critical Survey of the Development of the Urdu Novel and Short Story (London: Longmans Green and Co., ). —Eds. A H • decades of the century, proved to be the preeminent practitioners of the form. But the names she mentioned have been erased from the present canon, bar that of Nazr Sajjad Hyder (–), who was known as one of her time’s foremost novelists. But even Hyder is now only known as the mother of her daughter Qurratulain Hyder, who is Urdu’s greatest living prose writer and the only literary figure who has constantly, if not analytically, signposted the pioneering presence of women in Urdu literature’s evolution. Nazir Ahmad, whom Suhrawardy admired greatly, was according to her the inspiration for these early women writers—the first of whom, Muhammadi Begum, wrote her first novel in .3 This, according to Suhrawardy’s thesis, was Sharµf B®ªµ (The Noble Daughter); she holds that it was inspired entirely by Nazir Ahmad’s first novel, the classic Mir’≥tu ’l-‘Ar∑s (The Bride’s Mirror; ), written in the aftermath of the so-called Mutiny of , in the repressed turbulence of the s. Nazir Ahmad’s novel insists, humorously and affectionately, upon the need and importance of education for women. His heroine, Asghari, is a paragon of the required virtues of Indian Muslim womanhood: chastity, charity, piety and thrift. She is also highly literate, resourceful, shrewd, self-willed, independent and, when required, wily—qualities essential in a male-dominated world which, though he accepts it with a pragmatism characteristic of his culture, Nazir Ahmad only ambiguously condones. In fact, his heroines, who demurely mouth the moral principles of that world, consider themselves innately superior to their men as managers, administrators and ethical beings. Nazir Ahmad, though much criticized for his failure to articulate a condemnation of the colonial system in his fiction, actually highlights a significant social and intellectual trend of his time: the search for new-found cultural pride amongst the defeated, weary Muslims of the Subcontinent. Thus, perhaps in spite of his supposed conservatism, Nazir Ahmad may just as well be recognized as a seminal figure in the formulation of a nascent ideology of modernity and national liberation. With wit and irony, he struggles in his writings against the outdated and restrictive practices that had accumulated in the name of religion and tradition as a result of subjugation and colonialism and were holding back his people from progress. From within his scripturally sanctioned framework, Nazir Ahmad was quick to see that the predominant evil of his community was the growing ignorance, and resulting misuse, of religious doctrine and the Qur’an’s egalitarian 3For a discussion of Muhammadi Begum, see ibid., pp. –. —Eds. • T A U S message, and even more importantly, the neglect of those Islamic laws that, far from negating them, upheld the basic rights of women. Reading Nazir Ahmad at the close of the following century, I cannot help but note that the importance of his work is not merely restricted to the elegance of his style or his unerringly accurate portrayal of a society, struggling against decline. With regret, I remark that today’s obscurantists who wage wars in the name of faith, using misinterpreted religious texts as arms and ammunition, have much to learn from him. Many of the oppressive practices that Nazir Ahmad decries have vanished, and the obscurantists perhaps would wish to reinstate them. Their disappearance is due, in large part, to Nazir Ahmad and his fellow-reformists. But it owes far more to his literary “daughters,” many of whom would have regarded with pride those scholars—Fatima Mernissi of Morocco, Leila Ahmed of Egypt, Kishwar Nahid of Pakistan—who today work unceas- ingly to wrest from the hands of the self-appointed arbiters of Islam the interpretation of its laws, offering instead insights that are fresh, enlight- ened and pragmatic. But how can the figure of Nazir Ahmad—who, at very best, we re- gard from our liberal perspective as a benevolent paternalist—have influ- enced his successors, many of whom were to declare their colors as fem- inists in the second decade of the century, when even in the imperialist Europe of the time feminism and the practice of fiction could in no sense be seen as synonymous? The answer, perhaps, lies in the fact that the edu- cated, thinking heroines of Nazir Ahmad reflected not only his reformist ideology or his fantasies, but a growing truth of which, as a realist, he was aware. Faced by a world in which the ancient stable order had changed and their men were increasingly leaving home in search of employment in the colonial services, women were responding to what was, more than an idealistic project, a practical necessity by becoming managers of large households and their commerce. Sequestered in the customary purdah, they could act only by obtaining an education that would enable them to gain a measure of autonomy at least within their homes. This is, to some extent, the reason why Nazir Ahmad’s highly respectable Asghari opens, with remarkable success, a school for the daughters of the rich. It is the centrality of the maktab, Suhrawardy holds, that links Muhammadi Begum’s Sharµf B®ªµ to Nazir Ahmad’s classic. But, as she comments, the milieu to which Muhammadi Begum’s heroine Sharifunnisa belongs is humble: it is, in fact, one of deprivation and near destitution.
Recommended publications
  • Muhammad Umar Memon Bibliographic News
    muhammad umar memon Bibliographic News Note: (R) indicates that the book is reviewed elsewhere in this issue. Abbas, Azra. ìYouíre Where Youíve Always Been.î Translated by Muhammad Umar Memon. Words Without Borders [WWB] (November 2010). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/youre-where-youve-alwaysbeen/] Abbas, Sayyid Nasim. ìKarbala as Court Case.î Translated by Richard McGill Murphy. WWB (July 2004). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/karbala-as-court-case/] Alam, Siddiq. ìTwo Old Kippers.î Translated by Muhammad Umar Memon. WWB (September 2010). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/two-old-kippers/] Alvi, Mohammad. The Wind Knocks and Other Poems. Introduction by Gopi Chand Narang. Selected by Baidar Bakht. Translated from Urdu by Baidar Bakht and Marie-Anne Erki. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2007. 197 pp. Rs. 150. isbn 978-81-260-2523-7. Amir Khusrau. In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amir Khusrau. Translated by Paul Losensky and Sunil Sharma. New Delhi: Penguin India, 2011. 224 pp. Rs. 450. isbn 9780670082360. Amjad, Amjad Islam. Shifting Sands: Poems of Love and Other Verses. Translated by Baidar Bakht and Marie Anne Erki. Lahore: Packages Limited, 2011. 603 pp. Rs. 750. isbn 9789695732274. Bedi, Rajinder Singh. ìMethun.î Translated by Muhammad Umar Memon. WWB (September 2010). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/methun/] Chughtai, Ismat. Masooma, A Novel. Translated by Tahira Naqvi. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2011. 152 pp. Rs. 250. isbn 978-81-88965-66-3. óó. ìOf Fists and Rubs.î Translated by Muhammad Umar Memon. WWB (Sep- tember 2010). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/of-fists-and-rubs/] Granta. 112 (September 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Fahmida Riaz - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Fahmida Riaz - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Fahmida Riaz(28 July 1946) Fahmida Riaz (Urdu: ?????? ????) is a well known Urdu writer, poet, and feminist of Pakistan. Along with Zehra Nigah, Parveen Shakir, Kishwar Naheed , Riaz is amongst the most prominent female Urdu poets in Pakistan. She is author of Godaavari, Khatt-e Marmuz, and Khana e Aab O Gil, the first translation of the Masnavi of Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi from Farsi into Urdu she has also translated the works of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai and Shaikh Ayaz from Sindhi to Urdu. <b> Early Life </b> Fahmida Riaz was born on July 28, 1946 in a literary family of Meerut, UP, India. Her father, Riaz-ud-Din Ahmed, was an educationist, who had a great influence in mapping and establishing modern education system for Sindh. Her family settled in Hyderabad following her father's transfer to Sindh. Fahmida learnt Urdu, and Sindhi language literature in childhood and later Persian. Her early life was marked by the loss of her father when she was just 4 years old. She was already making poetry at this young age. Her mother (Husna Begum) supported the family unit through entrepreneurial efforts until Fahmida entered college, when she started work as a newscaster for Radio Pakistan. Fahmida's first poetry collection was written at this time. <b> Family and Work </b> She was persuaded by family to enter into an arranged marriage after graduation from college, and spent a few years in the UK with her first husband before returning to Pakistan after a divorce.
    [Show full text]
  • Ishrat Afreen - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Ishrat Afreen - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Ishrat Afreen(25 December 1956) Ishrat Afreen (Urdu: ???? ?????; Hindi: ???? ?????; alternative spelling: Ishrat Aafreen; born December 25, 1956) is an Urdu poet and women's rights activist named one of the five most influential and trend-setting female voices in Urdu Literature. Her works have been translated in many languages including English, Japanese, Sanskrit and Hindi. The renowned ghazal singers Jagjit Singh & Chitra Singh also performed her poetry in their anthology, Beyond Time (1987). Famed actor Zia Mohyeddin also recites her nazms in his 17th and 20th volumes as well as his ongoing concerts. <b> Early Life and Career </b> Ishrat Jehan was born into an educated family in Karachi, Pakistan as the oldest of five children. She later took the pen name Ishrat Afreen. She was first published at the age of 14 in the Daily Jang on April 31, 1971. She continued writing and was published in a multitude of literary magazines across the subcontinent of India and Pakistan. She eventually became assistant editor for the monthly magazine Awaaz, edited by the poet Fahmida Riaz. Parallel to her writing career she participated in several radio shows on Radio Pakistan from 1970-1984 that aired nationally and globally. She later worked under Mirza Jamil on the now universal Noori Nastaliq Urdu script for InPage. She married Syed Perwaiz Jafri, an Indian lawyer, in 1985 and migrated to India. Five years thereafter, the couple and their two children migrated to America. They now reside in Houston, Texas with their three children.
    [Show full text]
  • India-Pakistan Dialogue: Bringing the Society In
    INDIA-PAKISTAN DIALOGUE: BRINGING THE SOCIETY IN The Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS) is an independent, non-profit and non-governmental organization for collaborative research, networking and interaction on strategic and international issues pertaining to South Asia. Set up in 1992, the RCSS is based in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The RCSS is a South Asian forum for studies, training and multi-track dialogue and deliberation on issues of regional interest. All activities of RCSS are designed with a South Asia focus and are usually participated by experts from all South Asian countries. The Centre is envisaged as a forum for advancing the cause of cooperation, security, conflict resolution, confidence building, peace and development in the countries of the South Asian region. The RCSS serves its South Asian and international constituency by: (a) networking programmes that promote interaction, communication and exchange between institutions and individuals within and outside the region engaged in South Asian strategic studies; (b) organizing regional workshops and seminars and sponsoring and coordinating collaborative research; and (c) disseminating output of the research through publications which include books, monographs and a quarterly newsletter. The RCSS facilitates scholars and other professionals of South Asia to address, mutually and collectively, problems and issues of topical interest for all countries of the region. Queries may be addressed to: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies 410/27 Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 7 SRI LANKA Tel: (94-11) 2690913-4 Fax: 2690769; e-mail: [email protected] RCSS website: http://www.rcss.org RCSS Policy Studies 39 India Pakistan Dialogue: Bringing the Society in ASMA-UL-HUSNA FAIZ REGIONAL CENTRE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES COLOMBO Published by Regional Centre for Strategic Studies 410/27, Bauddhaloka Mawatha Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • AIPS 1998 Newsletter
    Pakistan Studies News Newsletter of the American Institute of Pakistan Studies Fall 1998 POWER AND CIVIL SOCIETY Power and Civil Society in Pakistan by Anita Weiss A number of Pakistan-based and U.S.-based scholars have been participating in a project entitled "Power and Civil Society in Pakistan." Professor Anita M. Weiss (University of Oregon) and Dr. Zulfiqar Gilani (University of Peshawar, AIPS/PLS visitor, 1996), project coordinators, will also jointly edit the resulting volume. The task of the project is two-fold: 1) to understand historic relations of power and authority in a range of social relationships in Pakistan as a means to create a baseline understanding of traditional conceptions of power. While these vary somewhat by region, class and gender, ample common features exist to form a foundation of what can be termed "Pakistani society." The country's founders envisioned its civil society -- intermediate institutions in the Tocquevillean sense free from both church (i.e., mosque) and state, in effect operating as a bulwark against the state amassing unbridled power -- within a pluralistic framework. albeit initially providing room for a variety of interpretations of its founding principles and future directions, and 2) to grapple with understanding the causes behind the disintegration of a moral consensus within Pakistani civil society, with the ultimate objective of reconceptualizing development priorities. The project's focus is on shifting power relationships in various social domains as contributors examine how changing power dynamics are precipitating or responding to the erosion of existing local social contracts, and ways in which they are affecting the emergence of alternative contracts between the peoples of Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Translating a Poetic Discourse: Modern Poetry of Pakistan Reviewed by Qaisar Abbas
    Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies Vol. 2, No. 3 (2010) Translating a Poetic Discourse: Modern Poetry of Pakistan Reviewed by Qaisar Abbas Modern Poetry of Pakistan. Iftikhar Arif, Waqas Khwaja, eds. London: Dalkey Archive Press, 2011. ISBN-9781564786050. It’s a rarity to see English translations of Pakistani poetry from Urdu and region- al languages in one anthology. The well known contemporary Urdu poet, Iftikhar Arif, who is also the Chairman of National Language Authority, has accomplished this daunting task as its editor. The forthcoming anthology “Modern Poetry of Paki- stan” is an extraordinary work that offers a colorful mosaic of romantic, postcolo- nial, modernist and postmodernist streams in the contemporary poetic discourse in Pakistan. The anthology offers 148 poems by 44 poets in English translated from seven languages including Urdu and regional languages-Balochi, Kashmiri, Pun- jabi, Pashto, Saraiki and Sindhi. It includes stalwarts of Urdu poetry, Allama Iqbal, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Hafeez Jalandhari, Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, and Josh Malihabadi, and the post colonial generation of N.M. Rashid, Meeraji, Ahmad Faraz, Majeed Amjad, Habib Jalib, Kishwar Nahid, Parveen Shakir, Munir Niazi and Iftikhar Arif. The second cadre of poets includes Sarmad Sehbai, Zafar Iqbal, Fahmida Riaz, Mustafa Zaidi, Shabnam Shakil, Ada Jafri and Nasir Kazmi among others. The 344-page anthology will be published in January 2011 by Dalkey Archive Press from London and Champaign with a price tag of $16.95. However, it is not inclusion of Urdu poets but the contemporary poets of re- gional languages that makes this anthology an astounding work. It includes Sheikh Ayaz, Janbaz Jatoi, Tanveer Abbasi, Sehar Imdad and Pushpa Vallabh (Sindhi); Hasina Gul, Ghani Khan, Gul Khan Naseer, Amir Hamza Khan Shinwari and Sa- mandar Khan Samandar (Pushto); Taos Binhali (Kashmiri); Ata Shad (Balochi), and Ustad Daman, Sharif Kunjahi, and Ahmed Rahi (Punjabi).
    [Show full text]
  • 20Yearbook-Pdf.Pdf
    THE SPO CHRONICLE 20 Years of Public Service All Rights Reserved The SPO Chronicle 20 years of public service Published by Strengthening Participatory Organization House 9, Street 51, Sector E-11/3, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan UAN: +92 51 111 357 111 Tel: (92 51) 2228681-4 Fax: (92 51) 2228691 Website: www.spopk.org Email: [email protected] Strengthening Participatory Organization (SPO) is a non-government, not-for-profit organization registered under Section 42 of Companies Ordinance (1984) on January 15, 1994. SPO is entitled to tax exemption under Section 2(36) of Income Tax Ordinance 2001. Extracts from this book can be reproduced with prior written approval of the publisher, SPO. ISBN: 978-969-8699-46-8 Copyright: © Strengthening Participatory Organization 2013 Honorary Editor: Tahira Abdullah Published by: Strengthening Participatory Organization Printed by: Vision Graphics, Islamabad The SPO Chronicle, 20 Years of Public Service | 3 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................... 5 Foreword ............................................................................................... 6 List of Acronyms ................................................................................... 9 Introduction .........................................................................................11 About the Chronicle ..................................................................... 11 Structure of the Organization .......................................................12 Small Projects
    [Show full text]
  • 30 September 2020 – 31 January 2021 Introduction
    Lieven De Boeck Elaine Byrne John Byrne Tony Cokes Chto Delat Dor Guez Lawrence Abu Hamdan Dragana Juriši´c Ari Marcopolous Raqs Media Collective Dermot Seymour Mark Wallinger 30 September 2020 – 31 January 2021 Introduction This is a reflection on permeability across the India-Pakistan border, and resulting bordered-up states of mind, the occasion being a recent conversation with Shuddhabrata Sengupta (Shuddha) of the Delhi-based Raqs Media Collective, a group of media-practitioners founded in 1992. We talked of his witnessing the Delhi protests in the winter of 2019/20,1 where the anthems of the protests were two Pakistani poems. The protests were peaceful but faced armed intimidation by right-wing gangs and the police of an oppressive regime. In an infamous incident, the police broke into the library of Jamia Millia Islamia, a college central to the protests, and beat up students who were reading. Jamia is Shuddha’s alma mater. Raqs Media Collective’s video installation Undoing Walls (2007) is part of Worlds Without End: Stories Around Borders. 1. The continuous protests began in December 2019 and were against the Citizenship Amendment Act (passed in Parliament), National Register of Citizens, National Population Register, which together put Indian citizenship to a religious test, and against police brutality. In late March 2020, the Covid-19 virus, and the regime, put an end to them. In this text I am going to be writing the words protest, protestors and poetry repeatedly, and it is going to look redundant, like The Jewish Question.2 These protests in Delhi I accessed primarily from Shuddha’s social media.
    [Show full text]
  • Partition and Narrativity Gone Astray Sarbani Banerjee Western University, [email protected]
    Western University Scholarship@Western Modern Languages and Literatures Annual #Brevity (March 6-8, 2014) Graduate Conference Mar 7th, 11:30 AM - 1:00 PM When to “Open It” Only Meant Untying the Pyjama Strings: Partition and Narrativity Gone Astray Sarbani Banerjee Western University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mllgradconference Part of the Asian History Commons, History of Gender Commons, and the Political History Commons Banerjee, Sarbani, "When to “Open It” Only Meant Untying the Pyjama Strings: Partition and Narrativity Gone Astray" (2014). Modern Languages and Literatures Annual Graduate Conference. 3. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/mllgradconference/2014Conference/MLL2014/3 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Modern Languages and Literatures Annual Graduate Conference by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Abstract : My paper studies how brevity manifested itself through a complete breakdown of language system in reaction to the animosity circumscribing the Partition of India. I look into Sadaat Hasan Manto’s selected Urdu short stories to demonstrate how the pared off pattern of writing coupled with creation of specific information lapses helps to project hostility in its denuded form. The dark side of language emerges through minimum clarification, where the unedited picture of gruesome carnage becomes the lone guarantor of informal accounts, generating perspectives that had hitherto been rebuffed by the selective versions of mainstream history. Through his economization of words, Manto unfolds trauma in its glaring intensity that had permanently balked the smooth programming of articulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Women in Postcolonial Literature in Pakistan
    South Asian Studies A Research Journal of South Asian Studies Vol. 34, No. 2, July – December, 2019, pp. 617 – 627 Representation of Women in Postcolonial Literature in Pakistan Rukhsana Yasmeen University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. ABSTRACT This article attempts to explores, investigate and analyzes the postcolonial Urdu writings on the Pakistani women‟s participation in the socio-economic, religious and political arena. Urdu literature is spread all over the subcontinent and there are no borders in literature that can split it into two. This article would like to discuss literature mainly produced by Pakistani writers. However, while arguing that most literature has been written from a patriarchal viewpoint throughout the history, two main themes dominated the postcolonial literature firstly, role of women in the patriarchal society and other, the trauma of migration and its impact on the Muslim women in Pakistan. Islamic influence enforced purdah on Muslim women and purdahless women were regarded as infidel and shameless in literature. Nineteenth century Muslim writers advocated modern education for women not with the idea of emancipation but with a view to creating the modern wife, sister and mother. In this context, we can see that Allama Rashid-ul- Khairi's modernist writings which were apparently sympathetic to women, were in fact meant to strengthen existing gender arrangements. The Progressive Writers‟ Movement brought about some change in the representation of women and the family, for example, Sajjad Haider Yaldram, Azeem Baig Chughtai and Ismat Chughtai depicted the negative side of the patriarchal society in which women were being exploited.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakistan S Tu Dies News
    Report on the Cultural Heritage Conference, Islamabad J. Mark Kenoyer; Jan. 30, 2011 The American Institute of Pakistan Studies is happy to announce the successful completion of a conference on “Cultural Heritage Issues in Pakistan: Archaeology, Museums and Con- servation. This conference was held on January -8, 2011 in Is- lamabad, with support from the US Embassy, Islamabad and in collaboration with the Department of Archaeology and Muse- ums, Ministry of Culture, Government of Pakistan. The conference was organized to enhance the national and in- Pakistan News Studies ternational profile of Pakistan’s rich cultural heritage by bring- ing together US and Pakistani scholars who presented papers on a wide range of topics. Twenty-eight leading scholars from Pakistan and ten from the US were invited to present their new findings. These scholars have been involved in recent excava- tions and research in all major regions of Pakistan and represent all major periods in the history of the region. The final program and abstracts of the papers, along with images and video from the conference will soon be posted on the AIPS website. Minister of Culture Pir Aftab Hussain Shah Jilani (right) and Director General, Archaeology, Dr. Fazal Dad Kakar continued on page 5... AIPS-HEC Dissertation Workshop Reports V OL. XIV AIPS-HEC Dissertation Writing AIPS-HEC Dissertation Writing I SSUE 1 Workshop (Gender Studies) Workshop (Politics, IR, Govt. Studies) N O. 21 S PRING 2011 Anita Weiss; Jan. , 2011 Christopher Candland; Feb. 13, 2011 INSIDE THIS ISSUE The third AIPS/HEC dissertation For over a decade, restrictions on research workshop for PhD and M.Phil candi- have been well known to scholars working in Cultural Heritage Conf.
    [Show full text]
  • Which US Newspaper Named Imran Khan on List for Peace Prize?
    Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi had postponed Which US Newspaper named Imran Khan on list for Peace his trip to __________ due to the ‘sensitive’ regional situation Prize? on 25 Feb 2019? C. Christian Science Monitor C. Japan Who has been Appointed as Chairman of Kashmir Which two media groups got Rights for live-streaming the Committee in Pakistan? HBL PSL 2019. C. Fakhar Imam A. Geo tv and Jang group Who is the Current Minister of Information and Culture in Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) named_________as the new Punjab? live production partner for the HBL Pakistan Super League C. Syed Sumsam Ali Bukhari (PSL-4) On 19 Feb 2019? Which Batsman has broken Shahid Afridi record of most C. Blitz and Trans group sixes in international cricket? “Sikka Baqaida” is an initiative by State bank of Pakistan, A. Chris Gayle To facilitate the: Which of following Woman Lawmaker Chaired ‘Pakistan B. Low-income and Unbanked population of the country. Senate’ on Women’s Day, 2019? Who has been appointed as Force Commander of the B. Krishna Kumari United Nations mission for the referendum in western Who is the captain of Peshawer Zalmi in PSL 2019? Sahara? C. Darren Sammy B. Maj. Gen ziaur Rehman, Pakistan Who is the Captain of Quetta Gladiators in PSL 2019? Name the Sindh Assembly Speaker who was arrested by B. Sarfaraz Ahmed National Accountability Bureau (NAB) on corruption Who is the Current Ambassador of Pakistan to Iran? allegations on February 20, 2019? B. Riffat Masood C. Agha Siraj Durrani Who became the first Pakistani surgeon to receive the How many Pakistani prisoners were released from KSA prestigious honorary membership of the British after the order of Prince Muhammad bin Salman by the Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS)? request of PM Imran Khan? B.
    [Show full text]