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GAS DIVISION NEWSLETTER Official Publication of the BFA Gas Division
GAS DIVISION NEWSLETTER Official Publication of the BFA Gas Division Volume 4, Issue 2 Copyright Peter Cuneo & Barbara Fricke, 2003 August 2003 On Saturday morning, we were greeted with a hotel RACE TO KITTY HAWK message saying the morning launch had been cancelled by Ray Bair but a briefing would take place at 7:00 a.m. The entire day was scrubbed due to substantial thunderstorms just west of Dayton in Indiana. As it turned out, the storms dissipated, and the day was pleasant for visiting the As part of the centennial celebration of powered various museums and city historic sites. That evening, flight, RE/MAX sponsored a Balloon Celebration we were treated to a reception at the Air Force Museum which included both hot air and gas flights for the and a briefing that made a Sunday morning launch seem weekend of the Fourth of July. At least that was the possible. Again the threat of severe weather prevented a plan. While about half the field of hot air balloons Saturday night launch. Later that night I found myself finally flew on Sunday morning, the gas flight was clustered in the main briefing room as the hotel staff totally scrubbed. gathered everyone for a tornado “drill”. The intended gas competition was an accuracy flight Sunday morning we were back on the field and once to the monument marking the first flight of the again prepared the equipment for launch. Another Wright brothers in Kitty Hawk, N.C. This is about couple of hours Sunday morning was only slightly better 500 miles from the launch site at Wright Patterson as the local weather allowed launch of some of the hot AFB in Dayton, Ohio. -
A01 the Most Important Industrial Gases – Applications and Properties
A01 The most important industrial gases – Applications and properties Gas overview (table) Name Property / hazards Delivery form / hazards Liquefied Inert / non- Oxidising/fire Dissolved (in Cryogenically Combustible Gaseous under pres- Solid flammable intensifying solvent) liquefied sure Acetylene X X Argon X X X Helium X X X Carbon dioxide X X X X Oxygen X X X Nitrogen X X X Hydrogen X X X Propane (bu- X X tane) Acetylene (C2H2) Properties / manufacture Acetylene is a colourless, non-toxic fuel gas with a faint odour that is slightly lighter than air (relative density = 0.91). Acetylene is transported and stored in pressurised gas cylinders with a porous filling, dissolved in acetone. The cylinder must therefore be stored upright. It is produced from calcium carbide in acetylene generators or by the petrochemical sector. Main applications Multi-purpose fuel gas (autogenous welding and cutting process), chemical synthe- ses, etc. Safety Under unfavourable conditions, the energy-rich acetylene molecule can decompose without the involvement of oxygen, thereby releasing energy. This self- Shoulder decomposition can be initiated when an acetylene cylinder is exposed to high levels colour “oxide red” of heat or by flashback in the cylinder. The start of decomposition can be detected RAL 3009 by the generation of heat in the cylinder. Acetylene forms explosive mixtures with air. Ignition range in air: 2.3 - 82 % Self-ignition temperature in air: 305 °C A01 The most important industrial gases IGS-TS-A01-17-d Page 1 of 4 Argon (Ar) Properties / manufacture Argon is a colourless, odourless, non-combustible gas, extremely inert noble gas and heavier than air (relative density = 1.78). -
Colonization of Venus
Conference on Human Space Exploration, Space Technology & Applications International Forum, Albuquerque, NM, Feb. 2-6 2003. Colonization of Venus Geoffrey A. Landis NASA Glenn Research Center mailstop 302-1 21000 Brook Park Road Cleveland, OH 44135 21 6-433-2238 geofrq.landis@grc. nasa.gov ABSTRACT Although the surface of Venus is an extremely hostile environment, at about 50 kilometers above the surface the atmosphere of Venus is the most earthlike environment (other than Earth itself) in the solar system. It is proposed here that in the near term, human exploration of Venus could take place from aerostat vehicles in the atmosphere, and that in the long term, permanent settlements could be made in the form of cities designed to float at about fifty kilometer altitude in the atmosphere of Venus. INTRODUCTION Since Gerard K. O'Neill [1974, 19761 first did a detailed analysis of the concept of a self-sufficient space colony, the concept of a human colony that is not located on the surface of a planet has been a major topic of discussion in the space community. There are many possible economic justifications for such a space colony, including use as living quarters for a factory producing industrial products (such as solar power satellites) in space, and as a staging point for asteroid mining [Lewis 19971. However, while the concept has focussed on the idea of colonies in free space, there are several disadvantages in colonizing empty space. Space is short on most of the raw materials needed to sustain human life, and most particularly in the elements oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen. -
2013 News Archive
Sep 4, 2013 America’s Challenge Teams Prepare for Cross-Country Adventure Eighteenth Race Set for October 5 Launch Experienced and formidable. That describes the field for the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta’s 18th America’s Challenge distance race for gas balloons. The ten members of the five teams have a combined 110 years of experience flying in the America’s Challenge, along with dozens of competitive years in the other great distance race, the Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett. Three of the five teams include former America’s Challenge winners. The object of the America’s Challenge is to fly the greatest distance from Albuquerque while competing within the event rules. The balloonists often stay aloft more than two days and must use the winds aloft and weather systems to their best advantage to gain the greatest distance. Flights of more than 1,000 miles are not unusual, and the winners sometimes travel as far as Canada and the U.S. East Coast. This year’s competitors are: • Mark Sullivan and Cheri White, USA: Last year Sullivan, from Albuquerque, and White, from Austin, TX, flew to Beauville, North Carolina to win their second America’s Challenge (their first was in 2008). Their winning 2012 flight of 2,623 km (1,626 miles) ended just short of the East Coast and was the fourth longest in the history of the race. The team has finished as high as third in the Coupe Gordon Bennett (2009). Mark Sullivan, a multiple-award-winning competitor in both hot air and gas balloons and the American delegate to the world ballooning federation, is the founder of the America’s Challenge. -
Paper Takes Flight Teacher Materials
Paper Takes Flight Teacher Materials Contents: LESSON PLAN .............................................................................................................................. 1 Summary: .................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives:................................................................................................................................... 1 Materials:..................................................................................................................................... 1 Safety Instructions:...................................................................................................................... 1 Background: ................................................................................................................................ 1 Procedure:.................................................................................................................................... 2 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 2 Assessment/Evaluation:............................................................................................................... 3 Extensions: .................................................................................................................................. 3 Math Integration......................................................................................................................... -
Atmospheric Planetary Probes And
SPECIAL ISSUE PAPER 1 Atmospheric planetary probes and balloons in the solar system A Coustenis1∗, D Atkinson2, T Balint3, P Beauchamp3, S Atreya4, J-P Lebreton5, J Lunine6, D Matson3,CErd5,KReh3, T R Spilker3, J Elliott3, J Hall3, and N Strange3 1LESIA, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, Meudon Cedex, France 2Department Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA 3Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA 4University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 5ESA/ESTEC, AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands 6Dipartment di Fisica, University degli Studi di Roma, Rome, Italy The manuscript was received on 28 January 2010 and was accepted after revision for publication on 5 November 2010. DOI: 10.1177/09544100JAERO802 Abstract: A primary motivation for in situ probe and balloon missions in the solar system is to progressively constrain models of its origin and evolution. Specifically, understanding the origin and evolution of multiple planetary atmospheres within our solar system would provide a basis for comparative studies that lead to a better understanding of the origin and evolution of our Q1 own solar system as well as extra-solar planetary systems. Hereafter, the authors discuss in situ exploration science drivers, mission architectures, and technologies associated with probes at Venus, the giant planets and Titan. Q2 Keywords: 1 INTRODUCTION provide significant design challenge, thus translating to high mission complexity, risk, and cost. Since the beginning of the space age in 1957, the This article focuses on the exploration of planetary United States, European countries, and the Soviet bodies with sizable atmospheres, using entry probes Union have sent dozens of spacecraft, including and aerial mobility systems, namely balloons. -
Venus Balloon Technology Summary
Venus Balloon Technology Summary Jeffery L. Hall Supervisor Extreme Environment Robotics Group Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology December 7, 2015 Introduction • This Venus balloon briefing is being presented to the VEXAG Technology Working Group at their Dec. 7, 2015 telecon. • The purpose is to give a brief overview of Venus balloon technology and show examples for potential future missions. • The information reflects the author’s personal experience and is not meant to be a comprehensive synopsis of the field. 2 History of Venus Ballooning • The only non-terrestrial balloons that have ever flown were the Soviet VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 missions that flew at Venus in 1985. – There was one balloon each carried as a piggyback payload and deployed from the VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 landers during atmospheric descent. • These were short duration balloons that flew in the relatively cool clouds of the upper atmosphere. Key characteristic included: – Helium-filled superpressure balloon. – 2 day flight duration (transmitter battery died before balloon failed). – Flight was in the clouds at a 53-55 km altitude where the temperature ranged from 30 to 50 °C. – Balloon diameter was 3.5 m – Payload mass was 7 kg (everything carried under the balloon) – Balloon was constructed from a heavy, Teflon-like material that was resistant to the sulfuric acid aerosols in the clouds. • Both missions were successful and returned data on Venus winds, temperature and pressure. 3 VEGA Lander and Balloon VEGA lander (750 kg) VEGA balloon (15 kg balloon, 7 kg payload) 4 Future Venus Balloon Options • Many different kinds of balloons have been proposed for future Venus missions: – Different balloons can address different science at different locations. -
Lives in Engineering
LIVES IN ENGINEERING John Scales Avery January 19, 2020 2 Contents 1 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD 9 1.1 Megalithic structures in prehistoric Europe . .9 1.2 Imhotep and the pyramid builders . 15 1.3 The great wall of China . 21 1.4 The Americas . 25 1.5 Angkor Wat . 31 1.6 Roman engineering . 38 2 LEONARDO AS AN ENGINEER 41 2.1 The life of Leonardo da Vinci . 41 2.2 Some of Leonardo's engineering drawings . 49 3 THE INVENTION OF PRINTING 67 3.1 China . 67 3.2 Islamic civilization and printing . 69 3.3 Gutenberg . 74 3.4 The Enlightenment . 77 3.5 Universal education . 89 4 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 93 4.1 Development of the steam engine . 93 4.2 Working conditions . 99 4.3 The slow acceptance of birth control in England . 102 4.4 The Industrial Revolution . 106 4.5 Technical change . 107 4.6 The Lunar Society . 111 4.7 Adam Smith . 113 4.8 Colonialism . 119 4.9 Trade Unions and minimum wage laws . 120 4.10 Rising standards of living . 125 4.11 Robber barons and philanthropists . 128 3 4 CONTENTS 5 CANALS, RAILROADS, BRIDGES AND TUNNELS 139 5.1 Canals . 139 5.2 Isambard Kingdon Brunel . 146 5.3 Some famous bridges . 150 5.4 The US Transcontinental Railway . 156 5.5 The Trans-Siberian railway . 158 5.6 The Channel Tunnel . 162 6 TELEGRAPH, RADIO AND TELEPHONE 171 6.1 A revolution in communication . 171 6.2 Ørsted, Amp`ereand Faraday . 174 6.3 Electromagnetic waves: Maxwell and Hertz . -
Rest of the Solar System” As We Have Covered It in MMM Through the Years
As The Moon, Mars, and Asteroids each have their own dedicated theme issues, this one is about the “rest of the Solar System” as we have covered it in MMM through the years. Not yet having ventured beyond the Moon, and not yet having begun to develop and use space resources, these articles are speculative, but we trust, well-grounded and eventually feasible. Included are articles about the inner “terrestrial” planets: Mercury and Venus. As the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are not in general human targets in themselves, most articles about destinations in the outer system deal with major satellites: Jupiter’s Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Saturn’s Titan and Iapetus, Neptune’s Triton. We also include past articles on “Space Settlements.” Europa with its ice-covered global ocean has fascinated many - will we one day have a base there? Will some of our descendants one day live in space, not on planetary surfaces? Or, above Venus’ clouds? CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX; MMM THEMES: OUR SOLAR SYSTEM MMM # 11 - Space Oases & Lunar Culture: Space Settlement Quiz Space Oases: Part 1 First Locations; Part 2: Internal Bearings Part 3: the Moon, and Diferent Drums MMM #12 Space Oases Pioneers Quiz; Space Oases Part 4: Static Design Traps Space Oases Part 5: A Biodynamic Masterplan: The Triple Helix MMM #13 Space Oases Artificial Gravity Quiz Space Oases Part 6: Baby Steps with Artificial Gravity MMM #37 Should the Sun have a Name? MMM #56 Naming the Seas of Space MMM #57 Space Colonies: Re-dreaming and Redrafting the Vision: Xities in -
Are Airships Making a Comeback? Nicolas Raymond
Mike Follows Are airships making a comeback? Nicolas Raymond Hot air balloons over When hot air balloons are propelled through the Quebec, Canada air rather than just being pushed along by the wind they are known as airships or dirigibles. The heyday of airships came to an abrupt end when the Hindenburg crashed dramatically in 1937. But, as Mike Follows explains, modern airships may Key words have a role in the future. density According to Archimedes’ Principle, any object forces immersed in a fluid receives an upthrust equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. This can be Newton’s laws applied to lighter-than-air balloons: a balloon aircraft will descend if its weight exceeds that of the air displaced and rise if its weight is less. We can also think of this in terms of density. A balloon will rise if its overall density (balloon + air inside) is less than the density of the surrounding air. In hot-air balloons, the volume is constant and the density of air is varied by changing its temperature. Heating the air inside the envelope using the open flame from a burner in the gondola suspended beneath causes the air to expand and escape out through the bottom of the envelope. The top of the balloon usually has a vent of some sort, enabling the pilot to release hot air to slow an ascent. Colder, denser air will enter through the hole at the bottom of the envelope. Burning gas to give a hot air balloon greater lift 16 Catalyst February 2015 www.catalyststudent.org.uk Airships of the past airships. -
To What Extent Does Modern Technology Address the Problems of Past
To what extent does modern technology address the problems of past airships? Ansel Sterling Barnes Today, we have numerous technologies we take for granted: electricity, easy internet access, wireless communications, vast networks of highways crossing the continents, and flights crisscrossing the globe. Flight, though, is special because it captures man’s imagination. Humankind has dreamed of flight since Paleolithic times, and has achieved it with heavier-than-air craft such as airplanes and helicopters. Both of these are very useful and have many applications, but for certain jobs, these aircraft are not the ideal option because they are loud and waste energy. Luckily, there is an alternative to energy hogs like airplanes or helicopters, a lighter-than-air craft that predates both: airships! Airships do not generate their own lift through sheer power like heavier-than-air craft. They are airborne submarines of a sort that use a different lift source: gas. They don’t need to use the force of moving air to lift them from the ground, so they require very little energy to lift off or to fly. Unfortunately, there were problems with past airships; problems that were the reason for the decline of airships after World War II: cost, pilot skill, vulnerability to weather, complex systems control, materials, size, power source, and lifting gas. This begs the question: To what extent does modern technology address the problems of past airships? With today’s technology, said problems can be managed. Most people know lighter-than-air craft by one name or another: hot air balloons, blimps, dirigibles, zeppelins, etc. -
Mark Sullivan
1 2 0 2 0 Mark Sullivan Mark Sullivan is a pilot, competitor and event organizer in both hot air and gas bal- looning. Mark served as the US delegate to the FAI Ballooning Commission for 18 years and for the past five years as its President. He earned his commercial hot air balloon license in 1983 and gas rating in 1985, currently has 3330 hours. He won the U.S. National Gas Balloon Championships in 1995 and that same year he founded the America’s Challenge Gas Balloon Race held annually at the Albuquer- que International Balloon Fiesta. Mark won the FAI North American Hot Air Cham- pionship in 1992. In 1998, the FAI awarded Mark his first Montgolfier Award for his service to ballooning. In 2005, in he was awarded a second Montgolfier Award for best performance in gas balloons with two podium finishes in the FAI World Gas Balloon Championships and FAI Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett, taking 2nd in both events. He has competed in the Coupe Aéronautique Gordon Bennett 23 times and the World Gas Balloon Championship 4 times, best finish in both events 2nd. Flying with Cheri Edwards White they won the America’s Challenge Gas Balloon in 2008 & 2012. 2 It is amazing how living in Albuquerque and seeing balloons in the air for the first time can make such major changes to one’s life. Mark feels very fortunate to have found such a won- derful sport and been able to spend so much time flying all over the world. He has flown in thirty three countries and thirty nine states.