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The Antarctic Ross Seal, and Convergences with Other Mammals
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual Evolutionary biology Sensory anatomy of the most aquatic of rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org carnivorans: the Antarctic Ross seal, and convergences with other mammals Research Cleopatra Mara Loza1, Ashley E. Latimer2,†, Marcelo R. Sa´nchez-Villagra2 and Alfredo A. Carlini1 Cite this article: Loza CM, Latimer AE, 1 Sa´nchez-Villagra MR, Carlini AA. 2017 Sensory Divisio´n Paleontologı´a de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. CONICET, La Plata, Argentina anatomy of the most aquatic of carnivorans: 2Pala¨ontologisches Institut und Museum der Universita¨tZu¨rich, Karl-Schmid Strasse 4, 8006 Zu¨rich, Switzerland the Antarctic Ross seal, and convergences with MRS-V, 0000-0001-7587-3648 other mammals. Biol. Lett. 13: 20170489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0489 Transitions to and from aquatic life involve transformations in sensory sys- tems. The Ross seal, Ommatophoca rossii, offers the chance to investigate the cranio-sensory anatomy in the most aquatic of all seals. The use of non-invasive computed tomography on specimens of this rare animal Received: 1 August 2017 reveals, relative to other species of phocids, a reduction in the diameters Accepted: 12 September 2017 of the semicircular canals and the parafloccular volume. These features are independent of size effects. These transformations parallel those recorded in cetaceans, but these do not extend to other morphological features such as the reduction in eye muscles and the length of the neck, emphasizing the independence of some traits in convergent evolution to aquatic life. -
Multiple Fossil Calibrations, Nuclear Loci and Mitochondrial Genomes
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2010) 37, 814–829 ORIGINAL Multiple fossil calibrations, nuclear loci ARTICLE and mitochondrial genomes provide new insight into biogeography and divergence timing for true seals (Phocidae, Pinnipedia) Tara L. Fulton* and Curtis Strobeck CW405 Biological Sciences Building, University ABSTRACT of Alberta, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada Aim To better understand the historical biogeography of the true seals, Phocidae, by combining nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a divergence time analysis using multiple fossil calibrations. Location Arctic, Antarctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Lake Baikal, Caspian Sea. Methods Fifteen nuclear genes totalling 8935 bp plus near-complete mitochondrial genome sequences were used in a Bayesian divergence time analysis, incorporating eight soft-bound fossil calibrations across the phylogeny. All species of true seals were included, plus the walrus, three otariids and seven carnivore outgroups. The majority of the nuclear sequences and four phocid mitochondrial genomes (plus three non-phocid mitochondrial genomes) were newly generated for this study using DNA extracted from tissue samples; other sequences were obtained from GenBank. Results Using multiple nuclear genes and multiple fossil calibrations resulted in most divergence time estimations within Phocidae being much more recent than predicted by other molecular studies incorporating only mtDNA and using a single calibration point. A new phylogenetic hypothesis was recovered for the Antarctic seals. Main conclusions Incorporating multiple nuclear genes and fossil calibrations had a profound effect on the estimated divergence times. Most estimated divergences within Phocinae (Arctic seals) correspond to Arctic oceanic events and all occur within the last 12 Myr, a time when the Arctic and Atlantic oceans were freely exchanging and perennial Arctic sea ice existed, indicating that the Arctic seals may have had a longer association with ice than previously thought. -
Re-Evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins
Vestnik zoologii, 50(4): 327–354, 2016 Evolution and Phylogeny DOI 10.1515/vzoo-2016-0040 UDC 569.5:575.86 RE-EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS QUESTIONS CURRENT VIEWS OF PINNIPED ORIGINS I. A. Koretsky¹, L. G. Barnes², S. J. Rahmat¹ ¹Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W. St. NW, Washington, DC 20059 E-mail: [email protected] ²Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007 Re-evaluation of Morphological Characters Questions Current Views of Pinniped Origins. Koretsky, I. A., Barnes, L. G., Rahmat, S. J. — Th e origin of pinnipeds has been a contentious issue, with opposite sides debating monophyly or diphyly. Th is review uses evidence from the fossil record, combined with comparative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic investigations to evaluate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships of living and fossil otarioid and phocoid pinnipeds. Molecular investigations support a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds, but disregard vital morphological data. Likewise, morphological studies support diphyly, but overlook molecular analyses. Th is review will demonstrate that a monophyletic origin of pinnipeds should not be completely accepted, as is the current ideology, and a diphyletic origin remains viable due to morphological and paleobiological analyses. Critical examination of certain characters, used by supporters of pinniped monophyly, reveals diff erent polarities, variability, or simply convergence. Th e paleontological record and our morphological analysis of important characters supports a diphyletic origin of pinnipeds, with otarioids likely arising in the North Pacifi c from large, bear-like animals and phocids arising in the North Atlantic from smaller, otter-like ancestors. -
Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, and Ecology of Anophryocephalus Spp
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Laboratory of Parasitology 1992 Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, and Ecology of Anophryocephalus spp. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae) among Pinnipeds of the Holarctic during the Late Tertiary and Pleistocene Eric P. Hoberg United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, [email protected] Ann M. Adams United States Food and Drug Administration, Seafood Products Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Parasitology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Hoberg, Eric P. and Adams, Ann M., "Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, and Ecology of Anophryocephalus spp. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae) among Pinnipeds of the Holarctic during the Late Tertiary and Pleistocene" (1992). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 781. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/781 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and ecology of Anophryocephalus spp. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae) among pinnipeds of the Holarctic during the late Tertiary and Pleistocene E. P. HOBERG United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Biosystematic Parasitology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center East, Building 1180, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Md. -
Taxonomic Implications of Morphometric Analysis of Earless Seal Limb Bones
Editors' choice Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones MORGAN CHURCHILL and MARK D. UHEN Churchill, M. and Uhen, M.D. 2019. Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64 (2): 213–230. Fossil Phocidae (earless seals) are mostly known from isolated postcranial material, forcing researchers to rely upon humeri and femora for the diagnosis of taxa and reconstruction of phylogeny. However, the utility of these elements has never been rigorously tested. Here, we provide the first quantitative analysis of morphometric data from the humerus and femur, incorporating measurement data from all extant genera as well as several fossil taxa. Principle components analysis (PCA) found that genera clustered together on PC1 and PC2, although there was poor segregation of taxa and extensive overlap with genera in adjacent regions of the morphospace. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was able to sort fossil taxa into different subfamilies, but performed poorly at lower taxonomic levels. A preliminary review of phylogenetic characters found that while some characters performed well at distinguishing different subfamilies, many characters were poorly defined and not quantified, possessed greater individual variation than past studies suggested, or were more variable in fossil taxa. Our analyses suggest that the utility of isolated humeri and femora for diagnosis of new taxa has been greatly exaggerated, and that extreme caution should be applied to interpretations of taxonomy of fossil material based on isolated elements. Future research should instead focus on study of associated skeletons and cranial material. A thorough revision of fossil phocid taxonomy is needed, and many described taxa are likely to be nomina dubia and of limited use in phylogenetic analysis. -
The Dietary and Thermoregulatory Role of Blubber As Revealed by Fatty Acids ______Abstract: Blubber Was a Crucial Adaptation for Mammals Living in Water
The dietary and thermoregulatory role of blubber as revealed by fatty acids Alicia I. Guerrero Vega Evolution and Ecology Research Centre School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2017 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Guerrero Vega First name: Alicia Other name/s: Isabel Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty: Faculty of Sciences Title: The dietary and thermoregulatory role of blubber as revealed by fatty acids ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Blubber was a crucial adaptation for mammals living in water. Blubber serves as an energy reservoir, where surplus energy is deposited in the form of fatty acids (FAs). Most FAs are obtained from an animal’s diet (dietary FAs), thus a predator’s FA signature has the potential to provide dietary information. However, some FAs in the predator may be synthesised or modified intrinsically to fulfil physiological demands (non-dietary FAs), which complicates dietary studies. The aim of this thesis was to understand how FAs signatures relate to the dietary and thermoregulatory roles of blubber. I analysed FAs of leopard and crabeater seals to determine how FAs vary across the blubber depth and how this variability influenced dietary interpretations. I found that blubber is not uniform; where some FAs are abundant in the outer (superficial) layer others are dominant in the inner (deepest) layer. This suggests that the inner layer has a dietary role whereas the outer layer has a more structural role. -
Biogeography and Conservation of the Pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia)
Biogeography and conservation of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) by Jeffrey W. Higdon A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2011 by Jeffrey W. Higdon Abstract This thesis examines the biogeography of world pinnipeds, a unique group of marine mammals that have adapted to marine foraging while maintaining terrestrial (land or ice) habitat links. Comparative analyses of species range sizes controlled for phylogenetic relationships using a multi-gene supertree with divergence dates estimated using fossil calibrations. Adaptations to aquatic mating and especially sea ice parturition have influenced range size distribution, and ranges are larger than those of terrestrially mating and/or pupping species. Small range size is endangering for many taxa, and at risk pinnipeds are mainly terrestrial species with small ranges. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that pinnipeds had a long association with sea ice, an adaptation that would have allowed early seals to expand into novel habitats and increase their distribution. Range sizes exhibit a strong Rapoport effect (positive relationship between range size and latitude) at the global scale, even after controlling for phylogeny and body size allometry. A latitudinal gradient in species diversity cannot explain the Rapoport effect for global pinniped ranges, as diversity is highest at mid-latitudes in both hemispheres. These regions are characterized by marginal ice zones and variable climates, supporting a mix of pagophilic and temperate species. The climatic variability hypothesis also did not explain the Rapoport effect. -
Biogeography and Taxonomy of Extinct and Endangered Monk Seals Illuminated by Ancient DNA and Skull Morphology Zookeys, 2014; 409(409):1-33
PUBLISHED VERSION Dirk-Martin Scheel, Graham J. Slater, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Charles W. Potter, David S. Rotstein, Kyriakos Tsangaras, Alex D. Greenwood, Kristofer M. Helgen Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology ZooKeys, 2014; 409(409):1-33 © 2014 Dirk-Martin Scheel. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Originally published at: http://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244 PERMISSIONS http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 27 June 2017 http://hdl.handle.net/2440/105994 A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 409: 1–33Biogeography (2014) and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated... 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.409.6244 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology Dirk-Martin Scheel1,†, Graham J. Slater2,3,‡, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis4,§, Charles W. Potter2,|, David S. Rotstein5,¶, Kyriakos Tsangaras1,#, Alex D. Greenwood1,††, Kristofer M. Helgen2,‡‡ 1 Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany 2 Division of Mammals, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th Street and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20560-0108, -
Pinniped Phylogeny and a New Hypothesis for Their Origin and Dispersal
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41 (2006) 345–354 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Pinniped phylogeny and a new hypothesis for their origin and dispersal Ulfur Arnason a,¤, Anette Gullberg a, Axel Janke a, Morgan Kullberg a, Niles Lehman b, Evgeny A. Petrov c, Risto Väinölä d a Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden b Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA c The Eastern Siberian ScientiWc and Fishery Production Centre (VOSTSIBRYBCENTR), Ulan-Ude, Buryatia 670034, Russia d Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Received 10 January 2006; revised 11 May 2006; accepted 19 May 2006 Available online 26 May 2006 Abstract The relationships and the zoogeography of the three extant pinniped families, Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals), Odobenidae (one extant species, the walrus), and Phocidae (true seals), have been contentious. Here, we address these topics in a molecular study that includes all extant species of true seals and sea lions, four fur seals and the walrus. Contrary to prevailing morphological views the analy- ses conclusively showed monophyletic Pinnipedia with a basal split between Otarioidea (Otariidae + Odobenidae) and Phocidae. The northern fur seal was the sister to all remaining otariids and neither sea lions nor arctocephaline fur seals were recognized as monophy- letic entities. The basal Phocidae split between Monachinae (monk seals and southern true seals) and Phocinae (northern true seals) was strongly supported. The phylogeny of the Phocinae suggests that the ancestors of Cystophora (hooded seal) and the Phocini (e.g. -
Historical Biogeography and Phylogeny of Monachine Seals
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2005) 32, 1267–1279 ORIGINAL Historical biogeography and phylogeny ARTICLE of monachine seals (Pinnipedia: Phocidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data C. A. Fyler1*, T. W. Reeder1, A. Berta1, G. Antonelis2, A. Aguilar3 and E. Androukaki4 1Department of Biology, San Diego State ABSTRACT University, San Diego, CA, USA, 2National Aim To determine the origin and diversification of monachine seals using a Marine Fisheries Service, Honolulu Laboratory, Honolulu, HI, USA, 3Department of Animal phylogenetic framework. Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Methods Molecular sequence data from three mitochondrial genes (cyt b, ND1 4 Spain and MOm Hellenic Society for the and 12S), and one nuclear marker (an intron from the a-lactalbumin gene) were Study and Protection of the Monk Seal, Athens, examined from all extant species of monachine seals. Maximum likelihood and Greece partitioned Bayesian inference were used to analyse separate and combined (mitochondrial + nuclear) data sets. Divergence times were estimated from the resultant phylogeny using nonparametric rate smoothing as implemented by the program r8s. Results Mirounga, Monachus and the Lobodontini form three well-supported clades within a monophyletic Monachinae. Lobodontini + Mirounga form a clade sister to Monachus. Molecular divergence dates indicate that the first split within the Monachinae (Lobodontini + Mirounga clade and Monachus) occurred between 11.8 and 13.8 Ma and Mirounga, Monachus and the Lobodontini originated 2.7–3.4, 9.1–10.8 and 10.0–11.6 Ma, respectively. Main conclusions Two main clades exist within Monachinae, Monachus and Lobodontini + Mirounga. Monachus, a warm water clade, originated in the North Atlantic and maintained the temperate water affinities of their ancestors as they diversified in the subtropic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. -
Historical and Contemporary Genetic Perspectives on New World Monk Seals (Genus Neomonachus)
Historical and Contemporary Genetic Perspectives on New World Monk Seals (Genus Neomonachus) Alicia Nicole Mihnovets Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 Alicia Nicole Mihnovets All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Historical and Contemporary Genetic Perspectives on New World Monk Seals (Genus Neomonachus) Alicia Nicole Mihnovets Through common descent, closely-related taxa share many life history traits, some of which can influence extinction-proneness. Thus, examining historical and contemporary genetic patterns is valuable in accounting for evolutionary and ecological processes that may be critical to the successful conservation of threatened species. Unsustainable harvesting of monk seals (tribe Monachini) until the late nineteenth century caused the recent extinction of Caribbean monk seals (Neomonachus tropicalis) and critically low population sizes for Hawaiian and Mediterranean monk seals (Neomonachus schauinslandi and Monachus monachus, respectively). Having lost one branch of its evolutionary lineage, and with a second branch threatened by extinction, the genus Neomonachus can serve as a valuable case for examining evolutionary and ecological linkages that are sensitive to non-random anthropogenic selection pressure. An important foundation for such pursuits is the understanding of evolutionary sequences of speciation and diversification that gave rise to common traits shared by extinct and vulnerable species. Further consideration of the phylogenetic non- randomness of species vulnerability requires examination of genetic variation at the population level to infer the presence of fundamental processes (e.g., migration and reproduction) that directly influence population viability. This dissertation includes three individual studies that make use of molecular systematic and population genetic techniques to address these topics. -
Can You Hear Me Now? a Comparative Survey of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology
Zoodiversity, 55(1): 63–86, 2021 Morphology DOI 10.15407/zoo2021.01.063 UDC 599.745:591.185.5 CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? A COMPARATIVE SURVEY OF PINNIPED AUDITORY APPARATUS MORPHOLOGY L. Koper1*, I. A. Koretsky2, S. J. Rahmat3 Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Howard University 520 W St. NW, Washington, DC 20059 (USA) 1*Corresponding author 1*E-mail: [email protected] 2E-mail: [email protected] 3E-mail: [email protected] L. Koper (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1773-9843) S. J. Rahmat (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-8178) Can You Hear Me Now? A Comparative Survey of Pinniped Auditory Apparatus Morphology. Koper, L., Koretsky, I. A., Rahmat, S. J. — Over the past century research on the morphology of the auditory apparatuses of pinnipeds, which include Phocidae (true seals), Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals), and Odobenidae (walruses) is extremely limited, in comparison to other Carnivora. Although, the auditory region and surrounding basicrania are areas that are evolutionarily conservative, most literature is unclear due to mixed terminology, inaccurate information, and indistinct, outdated illustrations. Th e lack of adequate and current studies demonstrates the need for compiling morphological information of the auditory region of modern carnivores in relation to hearing. Auditory terminology will be explored to show morphological comparisons and naming practices among the carnivoran families. By streamlining accurate terminology with straightforward illustrations, the behavioral information gleaned from auditory morphological structures will be clearer even among the diverse members of Carnivora. Th is initial assessment will detail the limited information in prior research on the hearing adaptations for transitional semiaquatic carnivores.