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431

A LIST OF THE MARINE OF THE WORLD

SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES Na431

Marine Biological Laboratoryj

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMEraOFJ]HE^^ F^sTMNDnwiLDUFTsERvicr

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Stewart L. Udall, Secretary FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, Clarence F. Pautzke, Commissioner Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Donald L. McKeman, Director

A LIST OF THE MARINE MAMMALS OF THE WORLD

by

Victor B, Scheffer and Dale W, Rice

United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No. 431

Washington, D. C. 1963

A LIST OF THE MARINE MAMMALS OF THE WORLD

by

Victor B. Scheffer and Dale W. Rice Wildlife Biologists (Research) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Seattle, Washington

INTRODUCTION 1937, a whale which proved to represent a remark- able new genus (Tasmacetus) of beaked whale Listed below are the living marine mammals of washed ashore on New Zealand. In 1958, in the the world: the sea , , sirenians, and collections of the U.S. National Museum and the cetaceans. Certain descended from marine British Museum, there was apparently only one ancestors but now living in inland waters are in- skull— a broken one—of the (Ilistrio- cluded. (The Caspian and Baikal seals may have fasciata), yet the population of this been confined to inland waters since the origin of in Bering and Okhotsk Seas must surely be num- the Phocidae from their presumed terrestrial an- bered iatens of thousands. cestors (McLaren, I960).) A bibliography of of marine mammals, especi- sources is given on page 9. Thus, any list the ally of the smaller cetaceans, can only be re- Any attempt to classify the marine mammals is garded as extremely provisional. Classification in beset with special difficulties arising from the the following list is canied to the subspecific fact that they are poorly known. Some of them level for pinnipeds and sirenians. Cetacean?, in live on the high seas, others on remote oceanic general, are too poorly known for subspecies to be islands and among polar ice fields. Some of the defined, but we have listed those proposed races sirenians and smaller cetaceans live in tropical which appear to be valid. The is mono- waters seldom visited by naturalists. The carcas- typic. Some, but not all, synonyms in current use ses of marine mammals are large-bodied, greasy, are shown. The arrangement of the pinnipeds fol- and bloody, and often putrify before they are lows Scheffer (1958); the arrangement of cetaceans brought to the attention of biologists. In general, follows Rice (In Anderson and Jones, MS). they are difficult and expensive to collect and to preserve for study. As a result, many kinds are Thedistributionof each species is shown briefly. known to science only from bones and fragments. [Note: Hershkovitz, 1961, has shown that the following priority over those used in this list: For example, in 1952, Yamada collected a names take strange 8-foot porpoise at Taiji, Japan. Upon dis- Susu Lesson, 1828, for Platanista Wagler, 1830 section, it proved to be Feresa attenuata, known up to then from two skulls which had lain for a century in the British Museum. Only 6 years ago, Tursiops nesamack Lac^p^de, 1804, for T. truncatus a new genus of dolphin (Lagenodelphis) was de- Montagu, 1821 scribed by Fraser (1956) on the basis of a skele- ton recovered from a sea beach at Borneo; and in Nodus Wagler, 1830, for Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850 According to the most recent edition of the International Genus Gray, 1866 (Tasman sea Code (International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, lions) 1961), these names are nomina oblita and cannot replace Neophoca cinerea Peron, 1916 (Australian names which have been in universal use for over 50 ; white-capped sea lion). Coastal

years. J waters of South Australia. Neophoca hookeri Gray, 1844 (), Subantarctic islands south of SEA OTTER New Zealand; breeds only on Auckland Islands. Order Camivora (carnivores) Subfamily Arctocephalinae ( seals) Superfamily Canoidea (, raccoons, , Genus E. Geoffroy Saint- , and others) Hilaire and F. Cuvier, 1826 (southern fur Family (weasels and others) seals) Subfamily Lutrinae () Arctocephalus australis Zimmermann, 1783 Genus Enhydra Fleming, 1822 (South American ). Members of one Enhydra lutris Linnaeus, 1758 (sea otter). race (A. a. australis) breed among the Shallow waters of the North Pacific Ocean ; a second tace (A. a. gra- and Bering Sea. Main breeding groups are cilis Nehring, 1887) along the coast from along the shores of California, western and to Strait of Magellan; and Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Commander a third race (A. a. galapagoensis Heller, Islands, and Kurile Islands. 1904) among the Galapagos Islands. Arctocephalus doriferus Wood Jones, 1925 PINNIPEDS (Australian fur seal). There are two breed- ing groups; one along coast of southern Order Pinnipedia (pinnipeds; seals, sea lions, and Australia and Tasmania, and one along ) southwestern Australia. Superfamily Otarioidea (walking seals) Lesson, 1828 (New Family Otariidae (otariids; "eared" seals) Zealand fur seal). Southern New Zealand Subfamily Otariinae (sea lions) and nearby subantarctic islands. Genus Otaria Peron, 1816 Arctocephalus philippii Peters, 1866 (Phil- Otaria byronia Blainville, 1820 (- 0. [laves ippi fur seal; Guadalupe fur seal). One

cens Shaw, 1800) (South American set race (A. p. philippii), perhaps now extinct, lion). Coastal waters from Brazil and Peru is known from Islas Juan Fernandez, west

southward to Strait of Magellan and Falk- of Peru; and another race (A. p. townsen li land Islands. Merriam, 1897) now known only from Isla Genus Eumetopias Gill, 1866 de Guadalupe, formerly occurred from Eumetopias jubata Schreber, 1776 (Steller Farallon Islands, California, south lo sea lion; northern sea lion). Breeding pop- Socorro Island, Mexico. ulations from northeastern Bering Sea, Arctocephalus pusillus Schreber, 1776 Aleutian Islands, and west coast of North (South African fur seal). Temperate coastal America, southward to southern California, waters of southern and southwestern Africa. westward to Commander Islands, Kam- Arctocephalus tropicalis Gray, 1872 (Ker- chatka, and Japan. guelen fur seal). Subantarctic islands of Genus Gill, 1866 Atlantic Ocean and Indian Qcean. Members Zalophus califomianus Lesson, 1828 (Cali- of one tace (A. t. tropicalis) breed north of fornia sea lion; black sea lion). The the antarctic convergence and members of breeding population of one race (Z- c. cal- another {A. t. gazella Peters, 1875) south ifomianus) extends from central California of it.

to Baja California. A second race (Z. c. jor Genus Callorhinus Linnaeus, 1758 ponicus Peters, 1866) is known from the Callorhinus ursinus Linnaeus, 1758 (north- fur seal). of groups breed Sea of Japan; and a third race (Z. c. uol- ern Members two lebaeki Sivertsen, 1953) from the Galap- in Bering Sea on the Pribilof and Com- agos Islands. mander Islands; while members of two others breed in Sea of Okhotsk on Robben and New Jersey. The Baltic, East Atlantic, Island and the northern Kuriles. The four and West Atlantic populations differ greatly

groups are anatomically indistinguishable. in their breeding biology, but are not re- Family garded as subspecifically distinct. Genus Odobenus Brisson, 1762 Genus Histriophoca Gill, 1873 Odobenus rosmarus Linnaeus, 1758 (wal- Histriophoca fasciata Zimmermann, 1783 rus). Shallow waters near ice in the Arc- (ribbon seal). North Pacific Ocean, in and tic Ocean and adjacent seas. A North At- along edges of sea ice from western Alaska lantic race^O. r. msmarusJ and a North Pa- to Kamchatka, Okhotsk Sea, and northern cific race (0. r. divergens lUiger, 1815) Japan. have been described. Genus Pagophilus Gray, 1844 Superfamily Phocoidea (crawling seals; "ear- Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777 less" seals) (). North Atlantic Ocean, in and Family Phocidae along edges of sea ice from northern shores Subfamily of Europe, including White Sea, to eastern Tribe Phocini Canada. White Sea, Jan Mayen, and New- Genus Phoca Linnaeus, 1758 foundland breeding stocks are perhaps Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758 (harbor distinct. seal). Shores of North America and Eurasia Tribe Erignathini from about 30° N to the edge of arctic ice. Genus Erignathus Gill, 1866 Five races are tentatively recognized, one Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777 (bearded each from the eastern Atlantic (P. v. vitu- seal). Circumboreal at edges of ice; along lina); western Atlantic (P. v. concolor all coasts and islands of northern Eurasia De Kay, 1842); eastern Pacific (P. v. rich- and northern North America. North Atlantic ardi Gray, 1864); western Pacific (P. v. and North Pacific races have been described largha Pallas, 1811); and Seal Lakes com- (£. b. barbatus and £'. b. nauticus Pallas, plex of Ungava Peninsula (P. v. mellonae 1811). Doutt, 1942). Genus Scopoli, 1777 Subfamily Pusa hispida Schreber, 1775 (ringed seal). Tribe Monachini (monk seals) Near ice throughout the Arctic Ocean and Genus Monachus Fleming, 1822 adjacent seas, and in two lakes. Six races Monachus monachus Hermann, 1779 (Mediter- are tentatively recognized, one each from ranean ). Monk seals are thinly the Arctic Ocean (P. h. hispida); Okhotsk scattered along the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea Adriatic Sea; coast Sea{P.h. ochotensis Pallas, 1811); Bering and and is Sea (P. h. krascheninikovi Naumov and lands of Mediterranean Sea, southward to Smimov, 1936); Baltic Sea (P. h. botnica Spanish West Africa and Canary Islands. Gmelin, 1788); Lake Ladoga (P. h. lado- Monachus tropicalis Gray, 1850 (Caribbean gensis Nordquist, 1899); and Lake Saimaa monk seal). The former range included and adjacent lakes (P. h. saimensis Nord- shores and islands of the Caribbean Sea quist, 1899). and Gulf of Mexico. This seal is perhaps Pusa sibirica Gmelin, 1788 (Baikal seal). now extinct. Only in Lake Baikal, U.S.S.R., a fresh- Monachus schauinslandi Matschie, 1905 (Ha- water body which freezes in winter. waiian monk seal). Breeds on Leeward Chain Pusa caspica Gmelin, 1788 (Caspian seal). of the Hawaiian Islands, from French Frigate Only in Caspian Sea, U.S.S.R., the northern Shoals to Kure Atoll; straggles southeast end of which freezes in winter. to Hawaii. Genus Halichoerus Nilsson, 1820 Tribe Lobodontini (antarctic phocids, except Halichoerus grypus Fabricius, 1791 (gray elephant seals) seal). North Atlantic Ocean, along shores Genus Lobodon Gray, 1844. of Novaya Zemlya westward in temperate Lobodon carcinophagus Hombron and Jac- waters to Labrador, rarely south to France quinot, 1842 (). Crabeaters are circumpolar and abundant in the South- the east coast of Africa to Mozambique and em Ocean, following edges of pack ice; Madagascar (23° S); northeast to Amami straggling to southern tips of New Zealand, Oshima (Ryukyu Islands); east to Palau and Australia, Tasmania, and South America. the Solomon Islands; southeast to northern Genus Ommatophoca Gray, 1844 Australia; probably exterminated in many

Ommatophoca rossi Gray, 1844 (). localities within its range. It quite certainly In and along edges of pack ice in Southern does not extend to the Marshall Islands,

Ocean, south of 60° S. though Carter et al. (1945, p. 136) listed it Genus Hydrurga Gistel, 1848 from here. Uydrurga leptonyx Blainville, 1820 (leopard Subfamily Hydrodamalinae seal). Leopard seals are circumpolar in the Genus Hydrodamalis Retzius, 1794 Southern Ocean and are recorded from many }{y dro dam ali s gigas Zimmermann, 1780 subantarctic islands, as well as the south- (Steller sea cow; great northern sea cow). em tips of New Zealand, Australia, South Discovered on Bering Island in western America, and South Africa. Bering Sea in 1741, the Steller sea cow was

Genus Leptonychotes Gill, 1872 exterminated by 1768. In historic times, it L ep tony cho te s weddelli Lesson, 1826 lived only on Bering and Copper Islands () Circumpolar in the Southern and its total population probably did not Ocean, south to 80° Sin the Bay of Whales; exceed one or two thousand animals. Bones straggling to subantarctic islands and as (of a stranded animal?) have been found on far north as , 35° S. Attu, the westernmost Aleutian Island. Subfamily Cystophorinae ( and ele- Family Trichechidae phant seals) Genus Trichedius Linnaeus, 1758 (manatees). Genus Cystophora Nilsson, 1820 General range, shallow tropical marine Cystophora cristata Erxleben, 1777 (hooded waters, estuaries, and rivers on both sides seal; bladdemose seal). North Atlantic of the Atlantic Ocean. Ocean at edges of ice from Novaya Zemlya Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Carib- to eastern Canada. Jan Mayen and New- bean manatee). Two races have been de- foundland breeding stocks are perhaps scribed: T. m. manatus from "Bay of

distinct. Campeche to Rio Atrato, . . . coast Genus Mirounga Gray, 1827 (elephant seals) and lower reaches of rivers of northeastern Mirounga leonina Linnaeus, 1758 (southern South America and West Indies" and T. m, ). Circumpolar on subantarctic latirostris Harlan, 1824 from "coast and

islands, south to edges of ice at 78° S. coastal rivers of United States from Beau- The southern elephant seal breeds along a fort, N. C, to Florida Keys and coasts of continental coast only at . Gulf of Mexico; westward along coast of Mirounga angustirostris Gill, 1866 (northern Texas to mouth of Rio Grande" (Miller and elephant seal). Breeds on a few islands off Kellogg, 1955, p. 790-791). Baja California and California; nomadic in- Trichechus senegalensis Link, 1795 (West dividuals are seen as far north as British African manatee). "This manatee lives in Columbia and even Alaska. the lower reaches of the West African rivers from Senegal to Angola and in the coastal

lagoons" (Allen, 1942, p. 547). SIRENIANS Trichechus inunguis Natterer, 1883 (Amazon manatee). "Rivers of northeastern South Order Sirenia (sirenians; sea cows) America, particularly the Amazon and Family Dugongidae Orinoco systems" (Hatt, 1934, p. 538). Subfamily Dugonginae Genus Dugong Lacep^de, 1799 Dugong dugon P. L. S. MUller, 1776 (dugong). CETACEANS In tropical bays and estuaries of the Indian and western Pacific Oceans on both sides Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) of the equator; from the Red Sea south along Suborder Odontoceti (toothed cetaceans) Family Platanistidae (river dolphins) Phocoena liinus Norris and McFarland, 1958 Subfamily Platanistinae (Gulf of California porpoise). Gulf of Cali- Genus Platanista Wagler, 1830 fornia and probably subtropical waters off Platanista pangetica Lebeck, 1801 (susu; the west coast of Mexico. Ganges dolphin). Indus, Ganges, and Brah- Phocoena dioptricaLahille, 1912 (spectacled maputra Rivers of India. porpoise). South Atlantic: Argentina, Falk- Subfamily Iniinae land Islands, and South Georgia. Genus Inia D'Orbigny, 1834 Phocoena spinipinnis Burmeister, 1865 (Bur- Inia geoffrensis Blainville, 1817 (boto; bufeo; meister porpoise; black porpoise). Argen- Amazon dolphin). South America, in Ama- tina, , and Peru. zon and Orinoco basins. Genus Neophocaena Palmer, 1899 (= Neomeris Genus Lipotes Miller, 1918 Gray, 1846, preoccupied). Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918 (white flag Neophocaena phocaenoides G. Cuvier, 1829 dolphin; pei c'hi; Chinese lake dolphin). (black finless porpoise). Warm coastal Restricted to Tung Ting Lake on the upper waters and certain rivers from Japan, Bor- Yangtse River, China. neo, and Java, west to India. The type spec- Subfamily Pontoporiinae (= Stenodelphinae) imen allegedly came from the Cape of Good Genus Pontoporia Gray, 1846 (= Stenodelphis Hope; the species does not occur there, ac- D'Orbigny and Gervais, 1847) cording to Barnard (1954), yet Gibson-Mill

Pontoporia blainvillei Gervais, 1844 (La (1950) claimed to have observed it off the Plata dolphin; franciscana). South America, coast of South Africa. in Rio de la Plata and adjacent coastal Genus Phocoenoides Andrews, 1911 waters. Phocoenoides dalli True, 1885 (Dall por- poise). North Pacific. Family Delphinidae (ocean dolphins) Phocoenoides iruei Andrews, 1911. Japa- Subfamily Monodontinae (white whale and nar- nese waters. Taxonomic status problemati- whal) cal; range overlaps that of P. dalli, but the Genus Delphinapterus Lacep^de, 1804 two forms never mix in the same school and belphinapterus leucas Pallas, 1776 (white no intermediate forms have been found (K. W. whale; beluga). Arctic Ocean and adjacent Kenyon, personal communication). seas. Three races are recognized (Tomilin, Genus Cephalorhynchus Gray, 1846. Accord- 1957): fj. I. dorofeevi Barabash and Klumov, ing to Fraser (1949, p. 315) in this genus 1935, from Okhotsk Sea; D. I. m ari s alb i are included "a number of southern, mostly Ostroumov, 1935 (= D. I. freimani Klumov, cold-water dolphins of small size, porpoise- 1935) in Barents and White Seas; and [). I. like form and striking black and white colora- leucas in remainder of range. tion." The of the group is very Genus Monodon Linnaeus, 1758 poorly understood (Harmer, 1922). The fol- Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 (nar- lowing forms are currently recognized: whal). Atlantic sector of Arctic Ocean. Cephalorhynchus commersoni Lacep^de,1804 Subfamily Delphininae (Commerson dolphin; piebald dolphin). Genus Phocoena G. Cuvier, 1817. According , Strait of Magellan, coast to Norris and McFarland (1958) there are of Patagonia, and Falkland Islands; also four species: Kerguelen Island in the southern Indian Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus, 1758. (Harbor Ocean. porpoise). Coastal waters of North Atlantic Cephalorhynchus eutropia Gray, 1849 (= C. and North Pacific north to Arctic Ocean in at hi V enlri s Perez, 1896) (white-bellied summer; West Africa. The Pacific form is dolphin; black dolphin). Coast of Chile. sometimes (e.g., Tomilin, 1957) regarded as (Fraser, 1949, used the name albiventris, a distinct race, P. p. vomerina Gill, 1865, but gave no reason for rejecting the name

but according to Nonis and McFarland, it eutropia.) is not separable. The isolated population Cephalorhynchus heavisidei Gray, 1828 in the Black Sea has been separated as (tonine; lieaviside dolphin). Cape of Good P. p. relicta Abel, 1905. Hope. Cephalorhynchus hectori Van Beneden, 1881 no appropriate vernacular name for this (Hector dolphin). Coastal waters of New group, though "spotted dolphins" and Zealand. A "pied" color phase has been "ocean dolphins" have been used. Fraser given the name C. h. bicolor Oliver, 1946. (1949, p. 332) stated that "a host of species C. alhifwns True, 1899 (white-headed dol- has been described" and E Herman and phin) is said to occur in New Zealand waters, Morrison-Scott (1951, p. 732) stated that

but it is not mentioned by Oliver, 1922a; "this genus is in chaos." All (?) oceans.

perhaps it also is a color aberration of C. This genus seems to be divisible into three hectori. species-groups: (1) relatively long-snouted Genus Lagenorhynchus Gray, 1846. Bierman forms with about 50 teeth in each jaw, and and Slijper (1948) have concluded that four a rather uniform coloration, typified by S. or five species are valid. longirostris; (2) shorter snouted forms with Lagenorhynchus alhirostns Gray, 1846 about 44 teeth in each jaw, and a dark stripe (white-beaked dolphin). North Atlantic. along the flank, typified by S. caeruleoalbus; Lagenorhynchus acutus Gray, 1828 (Atlantic and (3) shorter snouted forms with about 37 white-sided dolphin). North Atlantic. teeth in each jaw, usually more or less Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill, 1865 (?- spotted, and often with a "bridle" pattern

L. thicolea Gtay , 1849) (Pacific white-sided on the head, which include plagio don, dolphin; Pacific striped dolphin). North frontalis, and attenuata. The taxonomy of Pacific. Possibly conspecific with L. the latter group, particularly, is in a chaotic cruciger. state. All that can be done at present is to Lagenorhynchus cruciger Quoy and Gaimard, list the better known forms, and include 1824. (Dusky dolphin). Southern Ocean from as possible synonyms those named forms about 25° S. to the border of pack ice. Syno- that seem to be closest to them. See Fraser, nyms include L. superciliosus Lesson and 1950. Gamot, 1826; L. obscurus Gray, 1828; L. Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828 (long-beaked fitzroyi Waterhouse, 1839; L. australis dolphin). (?) All tropical seas. Possible Peale, 1848; L. wilsoni Lillie, 1915; and synonyms include S. microps Gray, 1846, Sagmatias amblodon Cope, 1866. from the Tres Marias Islands off the west Lagenorhynchus electra Gray, 1846 (broad- coast of Mexico, and 5. alope Gray, 1850, beaked dolphin). Tropical Atlantic, Pacific, from Ceylon. and Indian Oceans. Stenella caeruleoalba Meyen, 1833 (blue Genus Lagenodelphis Fraser, 1956 dolphin; blue-white dolphin; euphrosyne Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956 (Sarawak dolphin). Recorded from South African, South dolphin). Known only from a skeleton from American, and New Zealand waters. S. c. the mouth of the Lutong River, Sarawak, euphrosyne Gray, 1846 (- S. c. styx Gray, Borneo. 1846) from the North Atlantic and North Genus Delphinus Linnaeus, 1758 Pacific appears to represent a distinct race. Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 (common Stenella plagiodon Cope, 1866 (spotted dol- dolphin). Warm and temperate waters of all phin). Tropical Atlantic. Stenella graffmani seas. Three races are recognized (Tomilin, Lonnberg, 1934, from the tropical eastern 1957): D. d. delphis in the Atlantic and (?) Pacific is perhaps closely related. - Indian Oceans; D. d. bairdi Dall, 1873, in Stenella frontalis G. Cuvier, 1829 (? S.

the Pacific; and D. d. ponticus Barabash, dubia G. Cuvier, 1812; "S. fraenata F. 1935, isolated in the Black Sea. Cuvier, 1836) (bridled dolphin). Warmer Delphinus capensis Gray, 1828 (Cape dol- waters of Atlantic and Indian Oceans. - phin). South Africa, Japan, and (?) Palestine. Stenella attenuata Gray, 1846 (? S. ma- Delphinus roseiventris Wagner, 1853 (red- layana Lesson, 1826) (narrow-snouted dol- bellied dolphin). Banda Sea and Torres phin). Tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Strait. Genus Lissodelphis Gloger, 1841 Genus Stenella Gray, 1866. (= Prodelphinus Lissodelphis borealis Peale, 1848 (northern Van Beneden and Gervais, 1877). There is right-whale dolphin). North Pacific. Lissodelphis is not recorded from the Genus Tursiops Gervais, 1855 truncatus (bottle- North Atlantic, although it is a cold-water Tursiops Montagu, 1821 form sometimes seen far at sea. nosed dolphin). Coastal waters of Europe Lissodelphis peroni Lacepede, 1804 (south- (including Baltic, Mediterranean, and em right-whale dolphin). Temperate waters Black Seas), southeastern United States, of Southern Ocean. West Indies, eastern South America, Sey- Genus Steno Gray, 1846 chelles, Muscat, Bay of Bengal, New Hawaii, and west coast Steno bredanensis Lesson, 1828 (- S. Zealand, Japan, and Middle America. T. t. gilli rostratus Desmarest, 1817, preocc.) (rough- of North Dall, 1873 (? = T. nuuanu Andrews, 1911), toothed dolphin). Temperate and tropical from the Pacific is distinct from the Atlantic seas of the world. A specimen from the populations. Because it has been inten- coast of southern East Africa was de- sively studied in the wild and in oceanaria scribed by Mirando-Ribeiro in 1936 as it "must now be classed as the best-known Stenopontistes zambesicus, new genus and cetacean species" (Norris and Prescott, species (EUermEin et al., 1953, p. 330). 1961, 291). Genus Sotalia Gray, 1866. There is no appro- p. Tursiops aduncus Ehrenberg, 1833 (= T. priate vernacular name for the group, abusalam riippell, 1842; T. catalaniaGiay, though "river dolphins" and "white dol- Sotalia gadamu Owen, 1866) (gadamu). phins" have been used. The species are 1862; Red Sea, Indian Ocean (west Pakistan, poorly defined. Most members live in trop- India, Sumatra, Java), South Africa, and ical rivers and estuaries; a few in warm Australia. By some authorities (e.g., coastal seas. South America, Africa, Tomilin 1957) considered conspecific with India, and the Orient (Eraser, 1949, p. 333). T. truncatus. Sotalia pallida Gervais, 1855 (= S. tucuxi Genus Grampus Gray, 1828 (= Grampidelphis Gray, 1856; S. fluviatilis Van Beneden Iredale and Troughton, 1933) and Gervais, 1880) (Amazon river dolphin; Grampus griseus G. Cuvier, 1812 (grampus; bufeo; tucuxi; pirayaguara). Upper Amazon gray greimpus; Risso dolphin). All seas ex- River drainage. (Not to be confused with cept polar. Inia geoffrensis.) Lesson, Sotalia guiaaensis Van Beneden, 1864 Genus Globicephala 1828 melaena Traill, 1809 (common (= S. brasiliensis Van Beneden, 1875^ Globicephala common blackfish). Nominate (Guiana river dolphin). Coastal waters pilot whale; Ocean; G. m. edwardi and streams of northeastern South America, race in North Atlantic A. Smith, 1834, throughout temperate from Rio de Janeiro to British Guiana. of Southern Hemisphere (Davis, Sotalia chinensis Osbeck, 1765 (= S. waters sinensis Desmarest, 1822) (Chinese white 1960). macrorhyncha Gray, 1846 dolphin). Coast of southern China. For Globicephala whale; short-finned discussion of the name, see Hershkovitz, (short-finned pilot Tropical Atlantic, Indian, (and 1961. blackfish). Sotalia borneensis Lydekker, 1901 (Bornean Pacific?) Oceans. white dolphin). Sarawak coast of Borneo; Globicephala scammoni Cope, 1869 (North doubtfully recorded from Straits of Malacca. Pacific pilot whale; North Pacific black- eastern Probably closely related to S. chinensis. fish). North Pacific Ocean; in Sotalia lentiginosa Owen, 1866 (speckled waters from Alaska to Guatemala. G. dolphin; bolla gadimi). India, Ceylon; one sieboldi Gray, 1846, is probably the correct specimen from False Bay, South .^f^ica. name for this form, and it is probably Sotalia plumbea G. Cuvier, 1829 (plumbeous conspecific with G. macrorhyncha. dolphin; lead-colored dolphin). Indian Genus Orcaella Gray, 1866 {- Orcella Ocean: Ceylon, Madras, Malabar coast, Anderson, 1871) Karachi, Burma, and Strait of Malacca. Orcaella brevirostris Owen, 1866 (Irra- Sotalia teuszi KUkenthal, 1892. West Africa, waddy River dolphin). One race (0. b. from Cameroons to Sene'gal. brevirostris) occurs in marine waters from Bay of Bengal to Borneo and Java; another Mesoplodon hectori Gray, 1871 (Hector (0. b. fluminalis Anderson, 1871) occurs beaked whale). New Zealand and Falkland in the Inawaddy River, Burma. Islands. Genus Feresa Gray, 1871 Mesoplodon stejnegeri True, 1885 (= M. Feresa attenuata Gray, 1875 (pygmy killer howdoini Andrews, 1908) (saber-toothed whale). Known only from the South Pacific whale; Stejneger beaked whale). From Ocean, Japan, and S^n^gal, Regarded by North Pacific to New Zealand.

Fraser (1960, p. 706) "as one of the world's Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki and rarest large mammals." Kamiya, 1958 (Japanese beaked whale). Genus Pseudorca Reinhardt, 1862 Japan Pseudorca crassidens Owen, 1846 (false Mesoplodon layardi Gray, 1865 (strap- killer whale). All temperate and tropical toothed whale). South Africa, South seas. Australia, New Zealand, and the Falkland Genus Orcinus Fitzinger, 1860 (= Orca Gray, Islands. 1846 preoccupied; = Grampus auct., nee Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville, 1817 Gray, 1828) (Blainville beaked whale). Worldwide in

Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758 ( = 0. rectipinna tropicsil and subtropical waters. Cope, 1869) (killer whale). All seas; chiefly Genus Ziphius G. Cuvier, 1823 coastal. Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823 (goose- Family Ziphiidae (beaked whales) beaked whale; Cuvier beaked whale). All Genus Tasmacetus Oliver, 1937 oceans. Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937 (Tasman Genus Berardius Duvemoy, 1851 beaked whale). Known only from three Berardius amouxi Duvemoy, 1851 (Arnoux specimens stranded on New Zealand. beaked whale). Southern Ocean; known Genus Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850. About 10 from New Zealand, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Shetlands. or 11 named forms are held to be valid and South Berardius hairdi Stejneger, 1883 (giant (Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958). The genus bottle-nosed whale; Baird whale). is in need of revision. Two subgenera are beaked Japan to Bering Sea and California. recognized: Dioplodon Gervais, 1850, for the large-toothed species (densirostris, Genus Ilyperoodon Lac^pfede, 1804 ginkgodens, layardi, and stejnegeri), and Hyperoodon ampullatus Forster, 1770 (= A/- rostralus Mtlller, (northern bottle- Mesoplodon for the small-toothed species. 1776) nosed whale; flat-headed bottle-nosed Most of the species are apparently rare. whale). North Atlantic Ocean. Mesoplodon hidens Sowerby, 1804 (Sowerby Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882 (south- beaked whale). North Atlantic. em bottle-nosed whale; flat-headed bottle- Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais, 855 (= Mesoplodon gervaisi Deslongchamps, nosed whale). Southern Ocean; known only from Australia, Argentina, 1866) (Gulf Stream beaked whale). Trop- South Georgia, and South Orkneys. ical and near tropical western North Atlantic. Family Physeteridae (sperm whales) Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913 (True beaked Subfamily Physeterinae whale). Temperate western North Atlantic, Genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758 to British Isles. Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758 (= P. Mesoplodon pacificus Longman, 1926 macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758) (sperm (Longman beaked whale). Type locality, whale). All oceans. Tomilin (1957) rec- Mackay, South Australia. (Sometimes re- ognizes Northern and Southem Hemisphere garded as a subspecies of M. europaeus races P. c. catodon and P. c. australis

but according to Moore, 1960, it must be MacLeay, 1851, but the distinction is of regarded as a full species.) doubtful validity. Mesoplodon grayi Haast, 1876 (scamperdown Subfamily Kogiinae whale). South Africa, South .Australia, New Genus Kogia Gray, 1846 Zealand, Argentina, and Netherlands. Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1833 (pygmy sperm whale). Worldwide in tropical and B. bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867 (=6. temperate waters. Kogia simus Owen, 1866, huttoni Gray, 1874) from the Southern Hem- may represent a sepeu'ate species. isphere is either a distinct species, race, Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales) or color phase, which coexists with typical Family Balaenidae (right whales). The pygmy B. acutorostrata (Williamson, 1961). The ri^t whale (Caperea) is very different from North Pacific population is sometimes (e.g., the other two species of right whales. The Tomilin, 1957) regarded as a separate sub- black right whales (Balaena glacialis) are species, B. a. davidsoni Scammon, 1872. often placed in a separate genus (Eubalaena Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 (sei Gray, 1864) from the bowhead (B. mystieetus). whale) All oceems. Two races are some- A review of available literature indicates that times distinguished, although the differ- the differences between the two species are ences are not clear: B. b. borealis in the not as great as is often supposed. Until an Northern Hemisphere, and B. b. schlegeli adequate comparative study has been made, Flower, 1864, in the Southern Hemisphere. we believe that the relationships within this Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 (= B. family are best expressed by placing the three brydei Olsen, 1912) (Bryde whale). Appar- species in only two genera. ently all tropical and subtropical seas. Genus Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758 (fin Balaena glacialis Muller, 1776 (black right whale; finback whale). All oceans. Two whale). Temperate waters of the North races are recognized—a smaller Northern Atlantic (B. g. gZaciaiis^, the North Pacific Hemisphere form, B. p. physalus, and a

(B. g. japonica Lac^p^de, 1818 = B. g. larger Southern Hemisphere form, B. p. sieboldi Gray, 1864), and the Southern Hem- quoyi Fischer, 1830. Balaenoptera isphere (B. g. australis Desmoulins, 1822). musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Balaena mystieetus Linnaeus, 1758 (bow- (blue whale). All oceans; largely in cooler waters. Two races are recognized: a smaller head whale; Greenland right whale). Arctic one, B. m. musculus, in the North Atlantic Ocean, Bering and Okhotsk Seas; rare. and North Pacific; and a larger one, B.m. Genus Caperea Gray, 1864 (= Neobalaena intermedia Burmeister, Gray, 1870) 1866, in the South- Hemisphere. A race (unnamed) Caperea marginata Gray, 1846 (pygmy right em "pygmy" whale). Southern Ocean, including waters has recently been found in the waters off New Zealand, Australia, South America, around Kerguelen Island (Ichihara, 1961). and South Africa. Genus Megaptera Gray, 1846 Family Eschrichtiidae (gray whales) Megaptera novaeangliae Botowski, 1781 Genus Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 (= Rhachi- {- M. nodosa B.onnaterre, 1789) (humpback whale). oceans. Southern Hemi- anectes Cope, 1869) All The sphere populations are sometimes regarded Eschrichtius gifc fcos us Erxleben, 1777 (= E- as a race n. lalandi Fischer, glaucus Cope, 1868) (gray whale). North (M. 1829) Pacific Ocean; Bering, Chukchi and Beau- distinct from the Northern Hemisphere race (M. n. novaeangliae). fort Seas; formerly in North Atlantic. (For discussion of names see Hall and Kelson, BIBLIOGRAPHY 1959, p. 833-834.)Ifthe Pacific population is eventually shown to be taxonomicedly (The sources listed below are mainly checklists, separable from the extinct Atlantic form, systematic reviews, and faunas. Through reference the name E. g. glaucus Cope, 1868, is avail- to these major sources the reader will find the able for it. titles of many hundreds of articles dealing with individual species.) Family Balaenopteridae (rorquals) Genus Balaenoptera Lacep^de, 1804 (incl. Allen, G. M. Sibbaldus Gray, 1846) 1938-40. The mammals of China and Mongolia. Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lac^p^de, 1804 American Museum of Natural History, Natu- (minke whale; little piked whale). All ral History of Central Asia, vol. 11, parti oceans, though rare in tropical waters. (1938) and part 2 (1940). 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin Cadenat, J. of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1959. Rapport sur les petits c^tac6s ouest- Harvard, vol. 83, p. 1-763. africains. Resultats des recherches entre- prises sur ces animaux jusqu'au mois de 1942. Extinct and vanishing mammals of the mars 1959. Bulletin de L'institut Franc^ais western hemisphere with the marine species D'Afrique Noire, Tome 21, Series A, No. 4,

of all the oceans. American Committee for p. 1367-1440. International Wild Life Protection, Special

Publication No. 11, xvi + 620 p. New York. Carter, T. D., J. E. Hill, and G. H. H. Tate. 1945. Mammals of the Pacific world. Anderson, S., and J. K. Jones, Jr. (editors) The MS. A synopsis of the families of Recent Macmillan Company, New York, xviii + 227 p. mammals.

Davies, J. L. Barnard, K. H. 1960. The southern form of the pilot whale.

1954. A guide book to South African whales Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 41, no. 1, and dolphins. Guide No. 4, South African p. 29-34.

Museum, Capetown, 33 p.

Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. Bierman, W. H., and E. J. Slijper. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mam- 1947-48. Remarks upon the species of the genus mals, 1758-1946. The British Museum (Nat- Lagenorhynchus. I. and II. Koninklijke ural London, (The section Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, History), 810 p. was written with the help of Amsterdam, AfdeelingNatuurkunde, vol.50, on Cetacea F. C. Fraser.) no. 10, p. 1353-1364; vol. 51, no. 1, p. 127-133. Ellerman, J. R., T. C. S. Morrison-Scott, and R. W. Hayman. Bourdelle, E., and P. -P. Grasse. 1953. Southern African mammals 1758-1951: 1955. Ordre des c^tace's [Tome 17, Fasc. 1, a reclassification. British Museum (Natural p. 341-450] . In Trait^ de zoologie . . . History), London, 363 p., 2 frontis, maps. publie sous la direction de Pierre -P. Grasse. Masson, Paris, 18 vols. (Pages 439-444, on fossil cetaceans, are by R. Lavocat.) Flower, W. H. 1883. On the characters and divisions of the family Delphinidae. Proceedings of the Zo- Budker, P. ological Society of London, no. 1883, 1958. Whales and whaling. p. 466-513. London, George G. Harrap, 184 p., 32 pis.

Fraser, F. C. Cabrera, A. 1949 [1937]. Whales and dolphins. In Field 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America book of giemt fishes, by J. R. Norman and del Sur. I. Metatheria - Unguiculata - Car- F.C. Fraser. G. Putnam'sSons, New York, p. nivora. Revista del Museo Argentine de 201-349, col. pis. 6-8. (This is a reprint, Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Riva- with slight change in format, of "Giant davia" . . . Ciencias Zool<^gicas, Tomo 4, fishes, whales, and dolphins, " 1937.) no. 1, iv + 307 p. Buenos Aires. (No cetaceans.)

1950. Description of a dolphin Stenella frontalis

Cabrera, A., and J. Yepes. (Cuvier) from the coast of French Equa- 1940. Mamiferos sud-americanos. Compania torial Africa. Atlantide Report 1: p. 61-84.

Argentina de Editores, 370 p., 78 col. pis., 1 col. map. Buenos Aires. (Includes 11 1956. A new Sarawak dolphin. Sarawak Museum

paintings in color of marine mammals.) Journal, Kuching, vol. 7, p. 478-503, 5 pis.

10 1%0. A specimen of the genus Feresa from Kellogg, R. Senegal. Bulletin de L'institut Francais 1940. Whales: giants of the sea. National Geo- vol. 35-90. D'Afrique Noire, Tome 22, Serial A. no. 2, graphic Magazine, 67, p. (All

p. 699-707. important species illustrated in color.)

Fraser, F. C, and H. W. Parker. Kenyon, K. W. 1953. Guide for the identification and reporting 1957. The sea otter. Oryx, vol. 4, p. 153-158. of stranded whales, dolphins, porpoises and

turtles on the British coasts. Edition 2, McLaren, I. A. British Museum (Natural History), London, 1%0. On the origin of the Caspian and Baikal paleoclimatological impli- viii + 42 p. (Illustrations and a key to 24 seals and the species of cetaceans.) cation. American Journal of Science, vol. 258, p. 47-65. Gibson-Hill, C. A. Miller, G. S. and R. Kellogg. 1949. The whales, porpoises, and dolphins , Jr., known in Malayan waters. Malayan Nature 1955. List of North American Recent mammals. Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum, 205, Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 44-61. xii + 954 p. 1950. The whales, porpoises, and dolphins Moore, C. known in Sarawak waters. Sarawak Museum J. 1953. Distribution of marine mammals to Flor- Journal, Kuching, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 288-296. ida waters. American Midland Naturalist,

vol. 49, p. 117-158. HaU, E. R., and K. R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America. Ronald 1960. records of the Gulf-stream beaked Press, New York, 2 vols. New whale, Mesoplodon gervaisi, and some tax- onomic considerations. American Museum Harmer, S. F. 1922. On Coramerson's dolphin and other species Novitates, no. 1993, p. 1-35. of Cepkalorhynchus. Proceedings of the Nishiwaki, M., and T. Kamiya. Zoological Society of London, p. 627-638. 1958. A beaked whale Mesoplodon stranded at Oiso Beach, Japan. Scientific Reports of Hatt, R. T. the Whales Research Institute, Tokyo, vol. 1934. The American Museum Congo Expedition 13, p. 53-83, 17 pis. manatee anci other Recent manatees. Bul-

letin of the American Museum of Natural Norris, K. S., and W. N. McFarland. History, vol. 66, p. 533-566, 1 pi. 1958. A new harbor porpoise of the genus Phocoena from the Gulf of California. Hershkovitz, P. Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 39, p. 22-39. 1961. On the nomenclature of certain whales. Fieldiana-Zoology, vol. 39, no. 49, p Norris, K. S., and J. H. Prescott. 547-565. 1961. Observations on Pacific cetaceans of Califomian and Mexican waters. University Ichihara, T. of California Publications in Zoology, vol.

1961. Blue whales in the waters around Ker- 63, no. 4, p. 291-402, 25 pis. guelen Island. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, Oliver, W. R. B. vol. 50, no. 1, p. 1-20. 1922a. The whales and dolphins of New Zea- land. New Zealand Journal of Science and International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 129-141. 1961. International code of zoological nomen- clature adopted by the XV international 1922b. A review of the Cetacea of the New congress of zoology. Published by the Zealand seas. Proceedings of the Zoologi- Trust, London, xviii + 176 p. cal Society of London, p. 557-585.

11 Petit, G. Tomilin, A. G. 1955. Ordre des sireniens [Tome 17, Fasc. 1954. Prisposobitelnye tipy otriada kitoo-

. braznykh (K voprosu ob 1, p. 918-1001] . In Traite de zoologie . . ekologicheskoi publie sous la direction de Pierre -P. klassifikatsii Cetacea). (Adaptive types in Grass^. Masson, Paris, 18 vols. (Pages the order Cetacea/The Problem of an eco- logical classification of Cetacea.) Zoologi- 993-999, on fossil sirenians, are by J. Viret.) cheskii Zhurnal vol. 33, p. 677-692. (Trans- Reinhart, R. H. lation series, no. 95, Fisheries Research 1959. A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia. Board of Canada, 1957.) University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, vol. 36, p. 1-146. 1957. Zverii SSSR i priilyezhaxhik stran. Tom 9. Kitoobrazniye. (Animals of USSR and ad- Scheffer, V. 3. jacent lands. Tom 9. Cetaceans.) Akade- 1958. Seals, sea lions, and ; a review miya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 756 p., 12 pis. of the Pinnipedia. Stanford University

Press, X + 179 p., 32 pis. Trouessart, E. L.

1897-1905. Catalogus mammalium . . R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin, 6 parts.

Scheffer, V. R., and J. W. Slipp. 1948. The whales and dolphins of Washington True, F. W. State with a key to the cetaceans of the 1889. Contributions to the natural history of west coast of North America. American the cetaceans, a review of the family Del- Midland Naturalist, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 257-337. phinidae. Bulletin of the U.S. National

Museum, no. 36, 192 p. 47 pis. Scheffer, V. B., and F. Wilke. 1950. Validity, of the subspecies Enhydra lutris 1910. An account of the beaked whales of the nereis, the southern sea otter. Journal of family Ziphiidae .... Bulletin of the U.S. the Washington Academy of Sciences, National Museum, no. 73, v + 89 p., 42 pis. vol. 40, p. 269-272. Turner, W. Sergeant, D. E. 1912. The marine mammals in the anatomical 1961. Whales and dolphins of the Canadian museum of the University of Edinburgh. east coast. Fisheries Research Board of The Macmillan Company, London, xv +

Canada, Arctic Unit, Montreal, Circular 207 p., 17 pis. (Many good photographs of 7, iii + 26 processed p. skulls.)

Sergeant, O. E., and H. D. . Williamson, G. R. 1957. The smaller Cetacea of eastern Canadian 1961. Two kinds of minke whale in the Ant- waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research arctic. Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende, vol. 50,

Hoard of Canada, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 83-115. no. 4, p. 133-141.

Simpson, G. G. Yamada, M. 1945. The principles of classification and a 1954. An account of a rare porpoise, Feresa classification of mammals. Bulletin of the Gray, from Japan. Scientific Reports of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 85, Whales Research Institute, no. 9, p. 59-88.

xvi + 350 p.

Slijper, E. J. Yaffez, P. 1958. Walvissen. Amsterdam, D. B. Centen's 1948. Vertebrados marinos chilenos. I. Mami- Uitgeversmaatschappij, 524 p. (English feros. Revista de Biologia Marina, vol. 1,

translation to be published in 1962.) no. 2, p. 103-123.

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Created in 1849, the Departinent of the Interior—America's Department of Natural Resources—is concerned with the man- agement, conservation, and development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational re- sources. It also has major responsibilities for Indian and

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