Wpływ Zmian Klimatycznych Na Gatunki Flory W Europie

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Wpływ Zmian Klimatycznych Na Gatunki Flory W Europie Strasburg, 2 wrze śnia 2009 [Inf09e_2009.doc] T-PVS/ Inf (2009)9 KONWENCJA O OCHRONIE GATUNKÓW DZIKIEJ FLORY I FAUNY EUROPEJSKIEJ ORAZ ICH SIEDLISK Stały Komitet Spotkanie 29 Berno, 23-26 listopada 2009 WPŁYW ZMIAN KLIMATYCZNYCH NA GATUNKI FLORY W EUROPIE Raport przygotowany przez Prof. Vernona Heywooda Wydział Nauk Biologicznych University of Reading Opracowany we współpracy z dr Alastairem Culhamem T-PVS/Inf (2009) 9 Tłumaczenie sfinansowane ze środków Narodowego Funduszu Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej Niniejsze tłumaczenie zostało wykonane na zlecenie Generalnej Dyrekcji Ochrony Środowiska i nie jest oficjalnym tłumaczeniem Rady Europy. Dokument opublikowany za zgod ą Sekretariatu Konwencji Berne ńskiej. 2 T-PVS/Inf (2009) 9 PODSUMOWANIE Przedstawiamy podsumowanie dotycz ące obecnego stanu ochrony ró żnorodno ści ro ślinnej w Europie, a tak że braków wyst ępuj ących w danych dotycz ących pomiaru wyj ściowego. Przeanalizowane zostan ą ostatnio opublikowane dane dotycz ące wpływu zmian klimatycznych na flor ę Europy, z uwzgl ędnieniem zmian w zakresie fenologii i rozło żenia pi ęter ro ślinno ści. Wszystkie dost ępne dowody wskazuj ą, i ż zmiany klimatyczne b ędą miały, w obecnym stuleciu, ogromy wpływ na ró żnorodno ść ro ślinn ą, zarówno na poziomie krajobrazu, jak i ekosystemu, a tak że zarówno na poziomie gatunkowym jak i liczebno ści populacji. Zmiany te b ędą tak że podlega ć wpływowi i b ędą wpływa ć na inne formy zmian globalnych takich jak zmiany wielko ści i przemieszczania si ę populacji a tak że zmiany wyst ępowania poszczególnych gatunków wynikaj ące z działania czynników zakłócaj ących. Rodzaje wywieranego wpływu nie b ędą jednorodne, niektóre regiony, jak np. Europa północna do świadcz ą bardziej umiarkowanych zmian i bardziej umiarkowanej rotacji gatunków, podczas gdy inne, jak np. rejon Morza Śródziemnego i rejony wysokich ła ńcuchów górskich mog ą spodziewa ć si ę du żych zakłóce ń stabilno ści ekosystemów, zast ąpienia ich nowymi układami gatunków, a tak że utraty znacznej ilo ści obecnie ju ż rzadkich i zagro żonych gatunków, wyst ępuj ących w wysoko wyspecjalizowanych siedliskach. Wiele gatunków, które nie s ą obecnie zagro żone i nie figuruj ą w Czerwonych Ksi ęgach poszczególnych krajów, mo że osi ągn ąć status gatunków zagro żonych, na skutek nast ępuj ących zmian klimatycznych, innym gatunkom natomiast mo że grozi ć wygini ęcie ze wzgl ędu na brak odpowiednich niszy, do których b ędą mogły migrowa ć. Podczas gdy udało nam si ę ju ż opracowa ć zło żone narz ędzia i procedury modelowania, z problemem migracji gatunków i zmiany siedlisk w skali lokalnej, zwi ązanych jest nadal wiele niepewno ści. W opracowaniu przedstawione zostan ą równie ż zalety i wady modelowania bioklimatycznego. Wysoce prawdopodobne jest, że w wyniku zmian klimatycznych lub innych czynników zmian globalnych, nast ąpi wyra źny wzrost liczby tzw. gatunków inwazyjnych, które będą miały wyra źny wpływ na poszczególne siedliska. Podczas gdy Konwencja Berne ńska, Dyrektywa Siedliskowa oraz poszczególne pa ństwa wyra źnie przyczyniły si ę do okre ślenia gatunków, które wymagaj ą podj ęcia natychmiastowych kroków w kwestii ochrony ich siedlisk, oraz stworzenia sieci ekologicznej, to realizacja tych zało żeń, w szczególno ści w kwestii zarz ądzania obszarami i ochrony na poziomie gatunkowym wci ąż nie jest jeszcze gotowa. Bior ąc pod uwag ę, że posiadamy niepełne dane dotycz ące pomiaru wyj ściowego, np. dane dotycz ące gatunków zagro żonych, dane dotycz ące identyfikacji i zakresu inwazji poszczególnych gatunków, liczby gatunków, których ochrona/zarz ądzanie/odtwarzanie, którymi zostały ju ż wprowadzone w życie, trudno jest okre śli ć wła ściwe cele działania. Pod uwag ę brane s ą obecnie zarówno rozmaite strategie ochrony gatunków, in situ lub ex situ , których skuteczno ść wymaga krytycznej oceny, jak i nowatorskie strategie takie jak ochrona inter situs , migracje przy udziale człowieka i ochrona poza obszarami chronionymi. W Zał ączniku znajduje si ę lista gatunków wyszczególnionych w Konwencji Berne ńskiej oraz informacje na temat ich obecnego statusu ochrony, dost ępno ści planów odzyskiwania gatunków, oraz punktów georeferencji modelowania nisz wyst ępowania. 3 T-PVS/Inf (2009) 9 SPIS TRE ŚCI 1. NAJNOWSZE ODKRYCIA I ICH KONTEKST ................................................................. 6 1.1 Wst ęp ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Zmiany globalne ............................................................................................................... 8 2. PODSUMOWANIE OSTATNICH ARGUMENTÓW DOKUMENTUJ ĄCYCH WPŁYW ZMIAN KLIMATYCZNYCH NA RO ŚLINNO ŚC EUROPY ................................................. 9 2.1 Fenologia .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Zmiany wysoko ści wyst ępowania .................................................................................. 12 2.3 Gatunki ro ślin jako wska źniki zmiany klimatu .............................................................. 14 3. RÓ ŻNICE REGIONALNE DOTYCZ ĄCE SKUTKÓW ZMIAN KLIMATYCZNYCH W EUROPIE I POSZCZEGÓLNYCH JEJ KRAJACH ............................................................... 14 3.1 Czynniki regionalne ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Obszar Śródziemnomorski ...................................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Strefy górskia i alpejska .......................................................................................... 17 3.1.3 Wyspy Morza Śródziemnego .................................................................................. 20 3.2 Strefy przybrze żne .......................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Wyspy Makaronezji ....................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Wyspy Kanaryjskie ................................................................................................. 26 3.3.2 Madera ..................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 Azory ....................................................................................................................... 27 4. AKTUALNY STAN RÓ ŻNORODNO ŚCI RO ŚLINNEJ W EUROPIE: INFORMACJE PODSTAWOWE ..................................................................................................................... 27 4.1 Gatunki zagro żone .......................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Wprowadzanie gatunków ro ślin do Czerwonych Ksi ąg a zmiana klimatu .................... 30 4.3 Gatunki drzew ................................................................................................................ 31 5. Przewidywany wpływ zmiany klimatu na ró żnorodno ść ro ślinn ą w Europie. .................... 32 5.1 Wprowadzenie ................................................................................................................ 33 5.2 Zalety i wady modelowania niszowego ........................................................................ 35 6. Potencjał inwazyjno ści a zmiana klimatu. ........................................................................... 38 6.1 Informacje podstawowe ................................................................................................. 38 6.2 Zasadnicze kwestie ......................................................................................................... 39 6.3 Modelowanie niszowe i przewidywanie inwazji ........................................................... 40 6.4 Źródła i prognozy odno śnie inwazji ............................................................................... 41 6.5 Migracja z udziałem człowieka w sposób niezamierzony ............................................. 42 6.6 Kodeks post ępowania ..................................................................................................... 44 4 T-PVS/Inf (2009) 9 7. Planowana adaptacja: sugestie dotycz ące strategii ochrony i działa ń z ni ą zwi ązanych ..... 45 7.1. Kontekst ........................................................................................................................ 46 7. 2 Obszary chronione ......................................................................................................... 46 7.2.1 Obecna sytuacja ....................................................................................................... 47 7.2.2 Przewidywane skutki zmiany klimatu .................................................................... 49 7.2.3 Wskazówki dotycz ące zarz ądzania obszarami chronionymi .................................. 50 7.2.4 Reprezentacja gatunków zagro żonych na obszarach chronionych. ........................ 50 7.2.5 Rola sieci siedliskowej ............................................................................................ 52 7.3 Mikro rezerwaty ro ślin (ang. Plant Micro-Reserves - PMR) ......................................... 52 7.4 Ochrona gatunków poza obszarem chronionym ....................................................... 54 7.5 Ochrona gatunków ..................................................................................................... 55 7.5.1 Ochrona in situ ....................................................................................................
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