DOCSLIB.ORG

Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) 169

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) 169 3639_C006.fm Page 167 Wednesday, July 19, 2006 1:30 PM CHAPTER 6 Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Vrijendra Singh and N. Nimbkar CONTENTS 6.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................168 6.2 Description and Crop Use....................................................................................................169 6.2.1 World Distribution and Production ..........................................................................169 6.2.2 Utilization .................................................................................................................169 6.2.3 Botany.......................................................................................................................170 6.2.3.1 Basic Features ...........................................................................................170 6.2.3.2 Reproductive System.................................................................................171 6.3 Centers of Origin..................................................................................................................173 6.4 Cytogenetics .........................................................................................................................174 6.4.1 Genomic Relationships.............................................................................................174 6.4.1.1 Species Classification................................................................................174 6.4.1.2 Reclassification of Carthamus..................................................................175 6.4.1.3 Molecular Classification of Carthamus....................................................176 6.4.2 Classical Cytogenetics..............................................................................................176 6.4.3 Molecular Cytogenetics............................................................................................177 6.5 Germplasm Resources..........................................................................................................177 6.6 Germplasm Enhancement: Conventional Breeding.............................................................178 6.6.1 Breeding Methods ....................................................................................................178 6.6.1.1 Introduction and Pure Line Selection.......................................................179 6.6.1.2 Hybridization.............................................................................................179 6.6.2 Hybrid Breeding .......................................................................................................182 6.6.2.1 Single Recessive Genetic Male Sterility ..................................................182 6.6.2.2 Dominant Genetic Male Sterility..............................................................182 6.6.2.3 Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterility .........................................................183 6.6.3 Breeding for End Use...............................................................................................183 6.6.3.1 Disease Resistance ....................................................................................183 6.6.3.2 Oil Content and Quality............................................................................184 6.6.3.3 Insect Resistance .......................................................................................185 6.6.3.4 Spineless Safflower ...................................................................................185 6.6.3.5 Resistance to Abiotic Stresses ..................................................................185 6.7 Molecular Genetic Variation ................................................................................................185 167 3639_C006.fm Page 168 Wednesday, July 19, 2006 1:30 PM 168 GENETIC RESOURCES, CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING, AND CROP IMPROVEMENT 6.8 Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation ........................................................................186 6.8.1 Somatic Embryogenesis ...........................................................................................186 6.8.2 Somaclonal Variation................................................................................................187 6.8.3 Biotic Stresses ..........................................................................................................187 6.8.4 Abiotic Stresses ........................................................................................................187 6.8.5 Genetic Modification................................................................................................187 6.9 Polyembryony and Apomixis in Safflower..........................................................................188 6.10 Future Direction....................................................................................................................188 References ......................................................................................................................................189 6.1 INTRODUCTION Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) — an oilseed crop — is a member of the family Compositae or Asteraceae. Carthamus is the latinized synonym of the Arabic word quartum, or gurtum, which refers to the color of the dye extracted from safflower flowers. The English name safflowerprobably evolved from various written forms of usfar, affore, asfiore, and saffiore to safflower. Safflower has been grown in India since time immemorial. It is mentioned as kusumba in ancient scriptures. Presently, in India it is most commonly known as kardai in Marathi and kusum in Hindi. In China it is known as hong hua. Safflower, a multipurpose crop, has been grown for centuries in India for the orange-red dye (carthamin) extracted from its brilliantly colored flowers and for its quality oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, 78%). Safflower flowers are known to have many medicinal properties for curing several chronic diseases, and they are widely used in Chinese herbal preparations (Li and Mundel, 1996). The tender leaves, shoots, and thinnings of safflower are used as pot herb and salad. They are rich in vitamin A, iron, phosphorus, and calcium. Bundles of young plants are commonly sold as a green vegetable in markets in India and some neighboring countries (Nimbkar, 2002). Safflower can be grazed or stored as hay or silage. Safflower forage is palatable, and its feed value and yields are similar to or better than those for oats or alfalfa. Thus, each part of safflower has a value attached to it. Safflower has high adaptability to low moisture conditions. Therefore, its production all over the world is mainly confined to areas with scanty rainfall. Carthamus has 25 species, of which only C. tinctorius is the cultivated type, having 2n = 24 chromosomes. Though the crop has tremendous potential to be grown under varied conditions and to be exploited for various purposes, the area under safflower around the world is limited largely due to the lack of information on its crop management and product development from it. The research and development on different aspects of safflower, despite its adaptability to varied growing conditions with very high yield potential and diversified uses of different plant parts, have not received due attention. This probably is the main reason for its status as a minor crop around the world in terms of area and production, compared to the other oilseed crops. However, interest in this crop has been rekindled in the last few years due to three major reasons: 1. A huge shortfall in oilseed production in countries having a sizable area with scanty rainfall, to which safflower is most suited. 2. The preference of consumers for healthy oil with less amounts of saturated fats, for which safflower is well known. 3. The medicinal uses of flowers in China and extraction of edible dyes from flowers have become more widely known. The present chapter deals with distribution, production, utilization, species, genomic relation- ships, classification, germplasm resources, genetics, breeding, and biotechnology of safflower. 3639_C006.fm Page 169 Wednesday, July 19, 2006 1:30 PM SAFFLOWER (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L.) 169 6.2 DESCRIPTION AND CROP USE 6.2.1 World Distribution and Production Traditionally, safflower has been grown for centuries from China to the Mediterranean region and all along the Nile valley up to Ethiopia (Weiss, 1971). Presently it is grown commercially in India, the U.S., Mexico, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Australia, Argentina, Uzbekistan, China, and the Russian Federation. Pakistan, Spain, Turkey, Canada, Iran, and Israel also grow safflower to a limited extent. Safflower acreage and production around the world have witnessed wide fluctuations in the past. Safflower seed production in the world rose from 487,000 MT in the year 1965 to 1,007,000 MT in 1975, and subsequently it decreased to 921,000 MT in 1985 (Anonymous, 2002). Mexico was the largest producer of safflower in the world until 1980, when it occupied an area of 528,000 ha with a production above 600,000 MT in the year 1979–1980. However, the area and production of safflower in Mexico decreased significantly in later years, becoming only 10% of the area and production recorded for the year 1979–1980 (Cervantes-Martinez, 2001). Commercial production of safflower in the U.S. was started in the 1950s, and the area rapidly increased to 175,000 ha mainly in the states of California, Nebraska, Arizona,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny and Evolution of the Arctium-Cousinia Complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC TAXON 58 (1) • February 2009: 153–171 López-Vinyallonga & al. • Arctium-Cousinia complex Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae-Carduinae) Sara López-Vinyallonga1,4*, Iraj Mehregan2,4, Núria Garcia-Jacas1, Olga Tscherneva3, Alfonso Susanna1 & Joachim W. Kadereit2 1 Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Pg. del Migdia s. n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain. *slopez@ibb. csic.es (author for correspondence) 2 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, 55099 Mainz, Germany 3 Komarov Botanical Institute, Ul. Prof. Popova 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia 4 These authors contributed equally to this publication The phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-Cousinia complex, including Arctium, Cousinia as one of the largest genera of Asteraceae, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia, is investigated. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano-Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia. We generated ITS and rpS4-trnT-trnL sequences for altogether 138 species, including 129 (of ca. 600) species of Cousinia. As found in previous analyses, Cousinia is not monophyletic. Instead, Cousinia subgg. Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes with together ca. 30 species are more closely related to Arctium, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia (Arc- tioid clade) than to subg. Cousinia (Cousinioid clade). The Arctioid and Cousiniod clades are also supported by pollen morphology and chromosome number as reported earlier. In the Arctioid clade, the distribution of morphological characters important for generic delimitation, mainly leaf shape and armature and morphology of involucral bracts, are highly incongruent with phylogenetic relationships as implied by the molecular data.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations on the Restoration of Herbaceous Vegetation in Some Areas in Bacǎu End Harghita County
    Studii şi Cercetări Martie 2020 Biologie 29/1 14-19 Universitatea”Vasile Alecsandri” din Bacău OBSERVATIONS ON THE RESTORATION OF HERBACEOUS VEGETATION IN SOME AREAS IN BACǍU END HARGHITA COUNTY Milian Gurău Key words: natural ecological reconstruction, Calthetum laetae- Ligularietum sibiricae N. Ştefan 2007, Botriochloetum ischaemi (Krist 1937) I. Pop 1977, Thymo panonici-Chrysopogonetum grylii Doniţă et all 1992 INTRODUCTION the association Calthetum laetae - Ligularietum sibiricae Ştefan 2007. Since 1990, the social situation in Romania The Trotuş River has its source upstream has changed in all fields, nature it self has not Făgetul de Sus village (Harghita County); the first escaped some of this influence, often negative stream, a tributary on the right side, located near the aspects have been reported, although the areas of village of Lunca de Sus, has a swampy area protected nature have increased. After 1-2 decades completely surrounded by spruce. Here there was from the decrease or even disappearance of identified an area with numerous specimens of anthropogenic influences on insignificant areas of Ligularia sibiricaand other rare plants. It is an easily low-quality agricultural land, there was an accessible area, surrounded by forest and pasture, but unexpected return of plant formations, which are not which has never been destroyed by the locals’ cattle. identical to those of the primary vegetation, but It currently benefits from the existence of a small which have many elements in common. These electric fence. natural experiments have transformed agricultural Regarding research history in these places, we lands without economic yield into transitional can mention that two more such areas were cited, one meadows which, after 2-3 decades, also came to nearby, in Făgeţel (Ghergheli şi Raţiu, 1974; Palfalvi include extensive scrubland regions.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Carthamus Tinctorius</I>
    Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 7. SafflowerSafflower Carthamus tinctorius L. Li Dajue and Hans-Henning Mündel netic t Ge Res lan ou P rc al e n s o I ti n a s t n i r t u e t t e n I IPGRI 2 Safflower. Carthamus tinctorius L. The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous inter- national scientific organization operating under the aegis of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by December 1995, had been signed by the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Chile, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovak Republic, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine and Uganda. IPGRI’s mandate is to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. IPGRI works in partner- ship with other organizations, undertaking research, training and the provision of scientific and technical advice and information, and has a particularly strong programme link with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Financial support for the agreed research agenda of IPGRI is provided by the Gov- ernments of Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Ger- many, India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the USA, and by the Asian Development Bank, IDRC, UNDP and the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Europe's Threatened Plants
    Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Conserving Europe’s threatened plants Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation By Suzanne Sharrock and Meirion Jones May 2009 Recommended citation: Sharrock, S. and Jones, M., 2009. Conserving Europe’s threatened plants: Progress towards Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK ISBN 978-1-905164-30-1 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Design: John Morgan, [email protected] Acknowledgements The work of establishing a consolidated list of threatened Photo credits European plants was first initiated by Hugh Synge who developed the original database on which this report is based. All images are credited to BGCI with the exceptions of: We are most grateful to Hugh for providing this database to page 5, Nikos Krigas; page 8. Christophe Libert; page 10, BGCI and advising on further development of the list. The Pawel Kos; page 12 (upper), Nikos Krigas; page 14: James exacting task of inputting data from national Red Lists was Hitchmough; page 16 (lower), Jože Bavcon; page 17 (upper), carried out by Chris Cockel and without his dedicated work, the Nkos Krigas; page 20 (upper), Anca Sarbu; page 21, Nikos list would not have been completed. Thank you for your efforts Krigas; page 22 (upper) Simon Williams; page 22 (lower), RBG Chris. We are grateful to all the members of the European Kew; page 23 (upper), Jo Packet; page 23 (lower), Sandrine Botanic Gardens Consortium and other colleagues from Europe Godefroid; page 24 (upper) Jože Bavcon; page 24 (lower), Frank who provided essential advice, guidance and supplementary Scumacher; page 25 (upper) Michael Burkart; page 25, (lower) information on the species included in the database.
    [Show full text]
  • Honey and Pollen Flora of SE Australia Species
    List of families - genus/species Page Acanthaceae ........................................................................................................................................................................34 Avicennia marina grey mangrove 34 Aizoaceae ............................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum ice plant 35 Alliaceae ................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Allium cepa onions 36 Amaranthaceae ..................................................................................................................................................................37 Ptilotus species foxtails 37 Anacardiaceae ................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Schinus molle var areira pepper tree 38 Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper tree 39 Apiaceae .................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Daucus carota carrot 40 Foeniculum vulgare fennel 41 Araliaceae ................................................................................................................................................................................42
    [Show full text]
  • PC22 Doc. 22.1 Annex (In English Only / Únicamente En Inglés / Seulement En Anglais)
    Original language: English PC22 Doc. 22.1 Annex (in English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) Quick scan of Orchidaceae species in European commerce as components of cosmetic, food and medicinal products Prepared by Josef A. Brinckmann Sebastopol, California, 95472 USA Commissioned by Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office FSVO CITES Management Authorithy of Switzerland and Lichtenstein 2014 PC22 Doc 22.1 – p. 1 Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 7 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Information about the Databases Used ...................................................................................................... 11 1. Anoectochilus formosanus .................................................................................................................. 13 1.1. Countries of origin ................................................................................................................. 13 1.2. Commercially traded forms ................................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Anoectochilus Formosanus Cell Culture Extract (CosIng) ............................................ 13 1.2.2. Anoectochilus Formosanus Extract (CosIng) ................................................................ 13 1.3. Selected finished
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear and Plastid DNA Phylogeny of the Tribe Cardueae (Compositae
    1 Nuclear and plastid DNA phylogeny of the tribe Cardueae 2 (Compositae) with Hyb-Seq data: A new subtribal classification and a 3 temporal framework for the origin of the tribe and the subtribes 4 5 Sonia Herrando-Morairaa,*, Juan Antonio Callejab, Mercè Galbany-Casalsb, Núria Garcia-Jacasa, Jian- 6 Quan Liuc, Javier López-Alvaradob, Jordi López-Pujola, Jennifer R. Mandeld, Noemí Montes-Morenoa, 7 Cristina Roquetb,e, Llorenç Sáezb, Alexander Sennikovf, Alfonso Susannaa, Roser Vilatersanaa 8 9 a Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-ICUB), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain 10 b Systematics and Evolution of Vascular Plants (UAB) – Associated Unit to CSIC, Departament de 11 Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de 12 Barcelona, ES-08193 Bellaterra, Spain 13 c Key Laboratory for Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 14 Chengdu, China 15 d Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA 16 e Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine), FR- 17 38000 Grenoble, France 18 f Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, 19 Finland; and Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 20 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia 21 22 *Corresponding author at: Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-ICUB), Pg. del Migdia, s. n., ES- 23 08038 Barcelona, Spain. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Herrando-Moraira). 24 25 Abstract 26 Classification of the tribe Cardueae in natural subtribes has always been a challenge due to the lack of 27 support of some critical branches in previous phylogenies based on traditional Sanger markers.
    [Show full text]
  • Carduncellus-Carthamus Complex (Asteraceae) Based on ITS Sequences
    Plant Syst. Evol. 221:89-105 (2000) Plant Systematics and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 2000 Printed in Austria Generic delimitation and phylogeny of the Carduncellus-Carthamus complex (Asteraceae) based on ITS sequences R. Vilatersana, A. Susanna, N. Garcia-Jacas, and T. Garnatje Institut Botfinic de Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain Received August 18, 1999 Accepted October 21, 1999 Abstract. Within the Mediterranean complex 50 species (Dittrich 1977). These two genera Carduncellus-Carthamus, taxonomic classification share a native distribution ranging from the has proven problematic. Numerous attempts to Iberian Peninsula and Morocco to West Asia, clarify the relative systematic boundaries have but the core of Carduncellus centers in the included splitting Carduncellus and Cartharnus western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and into several genera, but none of these proposed North Africa, eastward to Greece and Egypt), classifications have been generally accepted. For a comprehensive resolution of the relationships while Carthamus centers in the eastern Medi- within this group, we used sequences of the terranean Basin, except for a small section Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of nuclear endemic to southern Spain and Morocco ribosomal DNA. The results indicate that the (Fig. 1). complex should be classified into four genera: In addition, some species such as Car- Carduncellus, Carthamus, Ferneniasia and Phonus. tharnus lanatus L., probably of hybrid origin, The relationship between the western group and Carthamus leucocaulos Sibth. & Sm. are (Carduncellus, Femeniasia and Phonus) and the widely naturalized as noxious weeds in the eastern genus Carthamus are not resolved by western Mediterranean region, as well as in analysis of ITS sequences, but the two groups Mediterranean climatic regions of Argentina, are probably not close relatives.
    [Show full text]
  • First Genome Size Assessments in 'Carduncellus'
    Collectanea Botanica 40: e004 enero-diciembre 2021 ISSN-L: 0010-0730 https://doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2021.v40.004 First genome size assessments in Carduncellus and its related genera Femeniasia and Phonus (Asteraceae, Cardueae), with data on 21 taxa TERESA GARNATJE1, ORIANE HIDALGO1, JOAN VALLÈS2, SÒNIA GARCIA1, ÀNGEL ROMO1 & ROSER VILATERSANA1 1 Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), pg. del Migdia, s/n, Parc de Montjuïc, ES- 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 2 Laboratori de Botànica - Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació - Institut de la Biodiversitat IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona ORCID iD. T. GARNATJE: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-6217, O. HIDALGO: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-8627, J. VALLÈS: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1309-3942, S. GARCIA: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-0527, À. ROMO: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-8570, R. VILATERSANA: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-8764 Author for correspondence: T. Garnatje ([email protected]) Editor: Jordi López-Pujol Received 9 October 2020; accepted 26 January 2021; published on line xx Xxxx 2021 Abstract FIRST GENOME SIZE ASSESSMENTS IN CARDUNCELLUS AND ITS RELATED GENERA FEMENIASIA AND PHONUS (ASTERACEAE, CARDUEAE), WITH DATA ON 21 TAXA.— Genome size of 18 species of the genus Carduncellus, two species of the related genus Phonus and the monotypic genus Femeniasia (F. balearica) has been assessed by flow cytometry for the first time. Ploidy levels were assigned using genome size data together with previously reported chromosome counts. A phylogenetic framework was built to visualize how cytogenetic traits distributed across taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Biological Control of Invasive
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
    [Show full text]
  • The Naturalized Vascular Plants of Western Australia 1
    12 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.19(1) 2004 Distribution in IBRA Regions Western Australia is divided into 26 The naturalized vascular plants of Western Australia natural regions (Figure 1) that are used for 1: Checklist, environmental weeds and distribution in bioregional planning. Weeds are unevenly distributed in these regions, generally IBRA regions those with the greatest amount of land disturbance and population have the high- Greg Keighery and Vanda Longman, Department of Conservation and Land est number of weeds (Table 4). For exam- Management, WA Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, Western ple in the tropical Kimberley, VB, which Australia 6946, Australia. contains the Ord irrigation area, the major cropping area, has the greatest number of weeds. However, the ‘weediest regions’ are the Swan Coastal Plain (801) and the Abstract naturalized, but are no longer considered adjacent Jarrah Forest (705) which contain There are 1233 naturalized vascular plant naturalized and those taxa recorded as the capital Perth, several other large towns taxa recorded for Western Australia, com- garden escapes. and most of the intensive horticulture of posed of 12 Ferns, 15 Gymnosperms, 345 A second paper will rank the impor- the State. Monocotyledons and 861 Dicotyledons. tance of environmental weeds in each Most of the desert has low numbers of Of these, 677 taxa (55%) are environmen- IBRA region. weeds, ranging from five recorded for the tal weeds, recorded from natural bush- Gibson Desert to 135 for the Carnarvon land areas. Another 94 taxa are listed as Results (containing the horticultural centre of semi-naturalized garden escapes. Most Total naturalized flora Carnarvon).
    [Show full text]
  • Volatile Oil Composition of Carthamus Tinctorius L. Flowers Grown in Kazakhstan
    Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 2018, Vol 25, No 1, 87–89 ORIGINAL ARTICLE www.aaem.pl Volatile oil composition of Carthamus Tinctorius L. flowers grown in Kazakhstan Aknur Amanbekovna Turgumbayeva1, Gulbaram Omargazieva Ustenova1, Balakyz Kymyzgalievna Yeskalieva2, Bakyt Amanullovna Ramazanova1, Kairolla Duysenbayevich Rahimov1, Hajiakbar Aisa3, Konrad T Juszkiewicz4 1 Asfiendiarov Kazakhstan Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan 2 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of chemistry and chemical technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan 3 Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS Urumqi, Xinjiang 4 DRK Biomedical research and Development LLC, California USA Aknur Amanbekovna Turgumbayeva, Gulbaram Omargazieva Ustenova, Balakyz Kymyzgalievna Yeskalieva, Bakyt Amanullovna Ramazanova, Kairolla Duysenbayevich Rahimov, Hajiakbar Aisa, Juszkiewicz KT. Volatile oil composition of carthamus tinctorius l flowers grown in Kazakhstan. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2018; 25(1): 87–89. doi:10.5604/12321966.1235170 Abstract Introduction and Objective. Carthamus tinctorius L. is commonly known as Safflower. C. tinctorius extracts and oil are important in drug development with numerous pharmacological activities in the world. This plant is cultivated mainly for its seed which is used as edible oil. For a long time, C. tinctorius has been used in traditional medicines as a purgative, analgesic, antipyretic and an antidote to poisoning. It is a useful plant in painful menstrual problems, post-partum haemorrhage and osteoporosis. Objective. The subject of this study is the seeds of Kazakhstan species of ‘Akmai’ safflower, collected in the flowering stage in Southern Kazakhstan. Volatile oil was carry out to study the component composition of Kazakhstan ‘AkMai’ safflower flowers. Materials and Method. Pale yellow oily extracts were obtain by varying the process parameters.
    [Show full text]