Religion in Contemporary China (4 Vols.)
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The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou. -
Protestants in China
Background Paper Protestants in China Issue date: 21 March 2013 (update) Review date: 21 September 2013 CONTENTS 1. Overview ................................................................................................................................... 2 2. History ....................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Number of Adherents ................................................................................................................ 3 4. Official Government Policy on Religion .................................................................................. 4 5. Three Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and the China Christian Council (CCC) ................... 5 6. Registered Churches .................................................................................................................. 6 7. Unregistered Churches/ Unregistered Protestant Groups .......................................................... 7 8. House Churches ......................................................................................................................... 8 9. Protestant Denominations in China ........................................................................................... 9 10. Protestant Beliefs and Practices ............................................................................................ 10 11. Cults, sects and heterodox Protestant groups ........................................................................ 14 -
Chinese Protestant Christianity Today Daniel H. Bays
Chinese Protestant Christianity Today Daniel H. Bays ABSTRACT Protestant Christianity has been a prominent part of the general religious resurgence in China in the past two decades. In many ways it is the most striking example of that resurgence. Along with Roman Catholics, as of the 1950s Chinese Protestants carried the heavy historical liability of association with Western domi- nation or imperialism in China, yet they have not only overcome that inheritance but have achieved remarkable growth. Popular media and human rights organizations in the West, as well as various Christian groups, publish a wide variety of information and commentary on Chinese Protestants. This article first traces the gradual extension of interest in Chinese Protestants from Christian circles to the scholarly world during the last two decades, and then discusses salient characteristics of the Protestant movement today. These include its size and rate of growth, the role of Church–state relations, the continuing foreign legacy in some parts of the Church, the strong flavour of popular religion which suffuses Protestantism today, the discourse of Chinese intellectuals on Christianity, and Protestantism in the context of the rapid economic changes occurring in China, concluding with a perspective from world Christianity. Protestant Christianity has been a prominent part of the general religious resurgence in China in the past two decades. Today, on any given Sunday there are almost certainly more Protestants in church in China than in all of Europe.1 One recent thoughtful scholarly assessment characterizes Protestantism as “flourishing” though also “fractured” (organizationally) and “fragile” (due to limits on the social and cultural role of the Church).2 And popular media and human rights organizations in the West, as well as various Christian groups, publish a wide variety of information and commentary on Chinese Protestants. -
Reflections on Place and Place-Making in the Cities of China
Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKIJURInternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research0309-1317© 2007 The Author. Journal Compilation © 2007 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd200731225779Original ArticlesReflections on places and place-making in ChinaJohn Friedmann Volume 31.2 June 2007 257–79 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00726.x Reflections on Place and Place-making in the Cities of China JOHN FRIEDMANN Abstract This article is about the small spaces of the city we call ‘places’. Places are shaped by being lived in; they are spaces of encounter where the little histories of the city are played out. They are, of course, also shaped by the state through planning, supervision, ordinances, and so forth. The patterns and rhythms of life in the small spaces of the city are therefore not simply a straightforward projection of civil life. Places are also sites of resistance, contestation, and actions that are often thought to be illegal by the (local) state. After introducing the concept of place, the remainder of this article is a reflection on places and place-making (but also place-breaking) in urban China. Because the patterns and rhythms of urban life have continuity, however, my approach to their study was historical. The story told here is roughly divided into four major periods: Imperial China, Republican China, the People’s Republic under Mao Zedong, and the reform period from about 1980 onward. I then return to the concepts of place and place-making with which I began, summarizing my findings and suggesting some topics for further research. -
Religion in China BKGA 85 Religion Inchina and Bernhard Scheid Edited by Max Deeg Major Concepts and Minority Positions MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.)
Religions of foreign origin have shaped Chinese cultural history much stronger than generally assumed and continue to have impact on Chinese society in varying regional degrees. The essays collected in the present volume put a special emphasis on these “foreign” and less familiar aspects of Chinese religion. Apart from an introductory article on Daoism (the BKGA 85 BKGA Religion in China prototypical autochthonous religion of China), the volume reflects China’s encounter with religions of the so-called Western Regions, starting from the adoption of Indian Buddhism to early settlements of religious minorities from the Near East (Islam, Christianity, and Judaism) and the early modern debates between Confucians and Christian missionaries. Contemporary Major Concepts and religious minorities, their specific social problems, and their regional diversities are discussed in the cases of Abrahamitic traditions in China. The volume therefore contributes to our understanding of most recent and Minority Positions potentially violent religio-political phenomena such as, for instance, Islamist movements in the People’s Republic of China. Religion in China Religion ∙ Max DEEG is Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Cardiff. His research interests include in particular Buddhist narratives and their roles for the construction of identity in premodern Buddhist communities. Bernhard SCHEID is a senior research fellow at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the history of Japanese religions and the interaction of Buddhism with local religions, in particular with Japanese Shintō. Max Deeg, Bernhard Scheid (eds.) Deeg, Max Bernhard ISBN 978-3-7001-7759-3 Edited by Max Deeg and Bernhard Scheid Printed and bound in the EU SBph 862 MAX DEEG, BERNHARD SCHEID (EDS.) RELIGION IN CHINA: MAJOR CONCEPTS AND MINORITY POSITIONS ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 862. -
Cross-Strait Relations Under Stress: Chinese Pressure and Implications for Taiwan
ASIA REPORT ISSUE NO. 47 DECEMBER 2019 Cross-Strait Relations under Stress: Chinese Pressure and Implications for Taiwan As China increases pressure on governments and corporations around the world to support its political objectives, Taiwan has emerged as a focal point in the region that exemplifies how to withstand or mitigate Chinese challenges. Nevertheless, Chinese military and political belligerence has numerous implications for Taiwanese security and domestic politics ranging from the tightening of Taiwan’s international space to the use of Chinese sharp power to influence the electorate. The Sigur Center for Asian Studies recently hosted a conference featuring two expert panels to discuss the impacts of Chinese pressure campaigns on Taiwan and other involved nations as well as how cross-strait relations might proceed because of these actions. Keeping Taiwanese Democracy Secure The conference began with opening remarks from Christine M. Y. Hsueh, Deputy Representative at the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office. Deputy Representative Hsueh highlighted Taiwan’s role as a beacon of democracy, which contributes to pressure and attacks from China, such as election interference. With the recent failure of the “one country, two systems” policy in Hong Kong and Chinese President Xi Jinping’s threat to use force in reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwanese government is working to ensure that the status quo is not unilaterally altered by Chinese aggression. Although Taiwan faces many challenges in maintaining security and stability, outspoken support from Vice President Mike Pence and other figures in the current US administration have been encouraging signs for Taiwan moving forward. China’s Rising Militarism and Assertiveness The first panel offered perspectives on defense and security, and ASIA REPORT began with June Dreyer, Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, giving an overview of recent developments in ISSUE NO. -
Title Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by HKU Scholars Hub Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common Title People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, by Shuk-wah Poon. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2011. X+208 pp. Author(s) Palmer, DA Citation The China Journal, 2013, v. 69, p. 232-234 Issued Date 2013 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195629 Rights Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, by Shuk-wah Poon. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2011. X+208 pp. Book review by David A. Palmer PRE-PUBLICATION VERSION Published in The China Journal 69 (2012): 232-234. Recent scholarship on state-religion relations in China has highlighted the continuities between republican-era and PRC anti-superstition campaigns and state management of religion, as well as the creative adaptation of religious groups within an unfavourable regulatory environment. Negotiating religion is an excellent addition to this literature, using the case of Guangzhou fron the late 19th century to the 1930s. The first reform to affect the traditional religious ecology was the “convert temples to schools” movement, which began in 1898. It was the large Buddhist and Daoist monasteries that were the first targets of this campaign, rather than the more numerous territorial temples. An important reason was that territorial temples were owned and managed by entire local communities, represented by their local elites, rather than by small numbers of socially stigmatized monks and nuns. -
Renao (Heat-Noise), Deities’ Efficacy, and Temple Festivals in Central and Southern Hebei Provincel
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Journal of Cambridge Studies 1 Renao (Heat-noise), Deities’ Efficacy, and Temple Festivals in Central and Southern Hebei Provincel Zhiya HUA School of Social Administration, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, PRC [email protected] Abstract: There is a tradition of holding temple festivals in villages in central and southern Hebei Province. This tradition was once suspended after the establishment of P.R.C., but it revived and thrived after the reform and opening-up. Temple festivals are a kind of renao (热闹, heat-noise) events in rural life, and the organizers of temple festivals pursue the effect of renao as much as possible. Renao is a popular life condition welcomed by people; meanwhile, it can be regarded as an important exterior indicator of the efficacy of deities. Hence holding temple festivals and make renao at them provides an opportunity not only for people to experience and enjoy renao, but to acknowledge, publicize, and even produce the efficacy of deities. These sacred and secular rewards can partly account for the enduring resilience and vitality of the local tradition of holding temple festivals. Key Words: Temple festivals, Renao, Efficacy, Folk religion, Central and Southern Hebei Province This article is based on a part of the author’s Ph.D. dissertation. The author is grateful to Prof. Graeme Lang for his instruction and criticism. In addition, the author wants to thank Dr. Yue Yongyi for his criticism and help. This article is also one of the outcomes of a research project sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program (No. -
Shuk-Wah Poon, Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, 2011 Luca Gabbiani
[Compte-rendu] Shuk-Wah Poon, Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, 2011 Luca Gabbiani To cite this version: Luca Gabbiani. [Compte-rendu] Shuk-Wah Poon, Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, 2011. 2011, p. 287-292. halshs-03134663 HAL Id: halshs-03134663 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03134663 Submitted on 8 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie Shuk-Wah Poon, Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, 2011 Luca Gabbiani Citer ce document / Cite this document : Gabbiani Luca. Shuk-Wah Poon, Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937, 2011. In: Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, vol. 20, 2011. Buddhism, Daoism, and Chinese Religion. pp. 287-292; https://www.persee.fr/doc/asie_0766-1177_2011_num_20_1_1384 Fichier pdf généré le 06/02/2019 Shuk-Wah Poon, Negotiating Religion in Modern China: State and Common People in Guangzhou, 1900-1937. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2011. 208 + x pages. ISBN: 9789629964214. US$ 45. Professor Suk-Wah Poon's book is a welcome addition to the number of recent works devoted to the history of Canton in the first half of the twentieth century.1 Like most of these, it seeks to tackle the central question of China's strenuous modernization process, as it can be observed from the country's major southern metropolis at the time. -
Citizenship and Government in Transition in Nationalist China, 1927±1937Ã
IRSH 46 (2001), Supplement, pp. 185±207 DOI: 10.1017/S0020859001000372 # 2001 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis ``Begging the Sages of the Party-State'': Citizenship and Government in Transition in Nationalist China, 1927±1937à Rebecca Nedostup and Liang Hong-ming The premise of the Nationalist government at Nanjing (1927±1937) rested on a precarious balance of democracy and paternalism. The Nationalists drew their power from China's citizens, but they also subjected them to a regimen of training and control. Petitions from the ``Nanjing decade'' highlight the resulting tensions between government and the governed. Citizens from all walks of life accepted the ruling party's invitation to participate in the construction of the republic. Yet they also used petitions to seek redress when they believed the Nationalists had fallen short of their obligations. These documents mark a turbulent period of transition from imperial rule to representative democracy. They also characterize an era when new political ideas, new media, and new social organizations helped people take an old device and transform it into a useful weapon for asserting their rights as modern citizens. TUTELARY GOVERNMENT AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE MODERN PETITION The ®nal Chinese dynasty had been overthrown in 1911 because it was unresponsive to the changing opinions of its subjects. The imperial government had maintained a tradition of court memorials circulated between local and higher of®cials, all the way up to the Emperor.1 But this à The materials used in this article were gathered with support from the Center for Chinese Studies (Taipei, Taiwan), the Fulbright Foundation, the Chiang-Ching Kuo Foundation, the Committee on Scholarly Communication with China, and the American Council of Learned Societies. -
Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2019
CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION NOVEMBER 18, 2019 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 36–743 PDF WASHINGTON : 2019 VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate JAMES P. MCGOVERN, Massachusetts, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Co-chair Chair JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio TOM COTTON, Arkansas THOMAS SUOZZI, New York STEVE DAINES, Montana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey TODD YOUNG, Indiana BEN MCADAMS, Utah DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER SMITH, New Jersey JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon BRIAN MAST, Florida GARY PETERS, Michigan VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS Department of State, To Be Appointed Department of Labor, To Be Appointed Department of Commerce, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed At-Large, To Be Appointed JONATHAN STIVERS, Staff Director PETER MATTIS, Deputy Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:38 Nov 18, 2019 Jkt 036743 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 0486 Sfmt 0486 G:\ANNUAL REPORT\ANNUAL REPORT 2019\2019 AR GPO FILES\FRONTMATTER.TXT C O N T E N T S Page I. -
Religious Beliefs and Environmental Behaviors in China
religions Article Religious Beliefs and Environmental Behaviors in China Yu Yang 1,* and Shizhi Huang 2 1 Department of Public Administration and Moral Development Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China 2 School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; yzfl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 January 2018; Accepted: 5 March 2018; Published: 7 March 2018 Abstract: The role of religion in the environment has yet to be empirically investigated in the country with the largest atheist population across the globe. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2013, we examined the effects of religious beliefs on environmental behaviors in China. Dependent variables of private and public environmental behaviors were identified by factor analysis. The estimation revealed a contradictory result that most religious beliefs had negative effects on private environmental behaviors while having positive effects on public environmental behaviors. The findings suggest a religion–politics interactive mechanism to enhance pro-environmental behavior in China. Keywords: private and public environmental behaviors; Chinese religions; ecological civilization; government 1. Introduction Scholarly interest in studying the role of religion in the environment has received substantial attention for the past half-century. Since historian Lynn White(1967) argued that Judeo-Christianity with a domination ethic over nature had caused the ecological crisis, the consequences of the interactions between religions and the environment have been debated quite extensively in the literature (Berry 2013). With different perspectives and technical details as well as the multidimensional nature of environmental attitudes and actions, researchers have stimulated divergent results. Some researchers have provided empirical support for White’s argument (Dunlap and Van Liere 1984; Eckberg and Blocker 1989; Sherkat and Ellison 2007), while others held evidence with contrasting results (Boyd 1999; Shibley and Wiggins 1997).