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Mamey (Mammea Americana L.) in Martinique Island: an Inheritance to Be Developed

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Mamey (Mammea Americana L.) in Martinique Island: an Inheritance to Be Developed Original article Mamey (Mammea americana L.) in Martinique Island: an inheritance to be developed Laurent GERVAIS, Christian LAVIGNE* Cirad, UPR 77, PRAM, Mamey (Mammea americana L.) in Martinique: an inheritance to be Petit Morne, BP 214, developed. 97285 Le Lamentin Cedex 2, Abstract –– Introduction. Mamey (Mammea americana L., Clusiaceae) was present in Martini- Martinique, France que before the Spanish colonization. Its distribution area includes tropical America and the Carib- [email protected] bean. A significant phenotypical diversity is observed on the island, with fruits of very uneven quality as well as various agronomic, pomological and biochemical characteristics. The aim of our work was to localize, identify and characterize trees considered of superior quality. Materials and methods. A survey carried out between April and September 2005 allowed the selection of 10 trees renowned by the people as bearing high-quality fruits. These fruits present a small number of seeds and nonadhesive pulp, and develop a sweet taste as well as a strong fla- vor. During the year 2006, pomological description and biochemical analysis (total soluble solids and total titrable acidity) were carried out on the fruits. Results and discussion. The biometric and biochemical characteristics measured were generally better than those cited in the literature. Some accessions stand out and present great assets for their promotion for the fresh market as well as for processing. Moreover, some tendencies emerged from the variability observed for a few characters: thus, the variability of the biochemical characteristics measured within one acces- sion, as well as between accessions originating from the same land, is low. It is null for the seed adhesion to the pulp for fruits belonging to the same accession. Conclusion and perspectives. Our work is one of the first relating to identification and characterization of phenotypical diver- sity of the M. americana L. species, especially in Martinique Island. Our results are likely to pro- mote the development of a diversification network. Some highlighted trends suggest new research to be able to distinguish the role of the environmental versus genetic components in the performance of the phenotypes observed. Caribbean / Martinique / Mammea americana / fruits / genetic variation / diversification / selection criteria L’abricot des Antilles (Mammea americana L.) à la Martinique : un patrimoine à valoriser. Résumé –– Introduction. L’abricot des Antilles (Mammea americana L., Clusiaceae) était pré- sent à la Martinique avant la colonisation espagnole. Son aire de répartition englobe l’Amérique tropicale et la zone caraïbe. Une importante diversité phénotypique est observée sur l’île, avec des fruits de qualité très inégale et des caractéristiques agronomiques, pomologiques et biochi- miques bien différenciées. Notre étude a porté sur l’identification d’individus réputés comme supé- rieurs et la caractérisation phénotypique de leurs fruits. Matériel et méthodes. Une prospection réalisée entre avril et septembre 2005 a permis la collecte de fruits de 10 arbres remarqués par la population comme donnant une production de bonne qualité : présence dans les fruits de grai- nes peu nombreuses et non adhérentes à la pulpe, ainsi que saveur bien sucrée et arôme prononcé de la pulpe. Au cours de la période de production de 2006, des analyses biométrique et biochi- mique complémentaires (extrait sec soluble et acidité libre totale) ont été réalisées sur les fruits * Correspondence and reprints à la récolte. Résultats et discussion. Les caractéristiques biométriques et biochimiques mesurées lors de nos analyses ont été le plus souvent supérieures à celles citées dans la bibliographie. Cer- taines accessions de Martinique se sont distinguées et présentent des atouts importants pour leur Received 17 October 2006 diffusion en frais et pour une transformation de qualité. D’autre part, certaines tendances se déga- gent par rapport à la variabilité observée de certains caractères. Ainsi, la variabilité des caracté- Accepted 7 February 2007 ristiques biochimiques mesurées au sein d’une même accession et entre accessions d’un même terroir est faible. Elle est nulle lorsqu’il s’agit de l’adhérence des graines à la pulpe de fruits appar- tenant à une même accession. Conclusion et perspectives. L’étude présentée est l’une des pre- Fruits, 2007, vol. 62, p. 237–246 mières portant sur l’identification et la caractérisation de la diversité phénotypique présente chez © 2007 Cirad/EDP Sciences l’espèce M. americana L. en général et plus particulièrement sur l’île de la Martinique. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants pour le développement d’une filière de diversification. Certaines ten- All rights reserved dances mises en évidence dégagent de nouvelles perspectives de recherches quant au rôle des DOI: 10.1051/fruits:2007019 composantes environnementales et génétiques dans la performance des phénotypes observés. www.fruits-journal.org Caraïbe / Martinique / Mammea americana / fruits / variation génétique / RESUMEN ESPAÑOL, p. 246 diversification / critère de sélection Fruits, vol. 62 (4) 237 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.fruits-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits:2007019 L. Gervais, C. Lavigne 1. Introduction the first explorers [4]. It is a tree which can measure up to 25 m in height. It presents a Since the Sixties, the agricultural research slowed-down growth on sandy grounds [3] center for developing countries (CIRAD) has such as eroded and compacted grounds [5]. continued a program of diversification of the M. americana can be observed up to fruit-bearing production in the West Indies, 1600 m of altitude [5]. The species is com- in order to reduce the economic and agro- monly planted in Creole gardens and near nomic risks related to an agriculture based the roads of Martinique Island. It is very on only the pivotal crops (banana, sugar appreciated by the local populations for its canes and pineapple). The present few pro- fruit or its wood; it is also used as an align- ductions of diversification (citrus fruits, ment tree. M. americana also has many mango and guava) are intended primarily medicinal virtues: pest-destroying treatment for the local market. Consequently, research of the skin (Venezuela), use against fevers efforts today relate to the valorization of the (Brazil) or to complement quinine (Brazil), local biodiversity and, in particular, to the assistance with the extraction of foreign indigenous species of the Caribbean basin, bodies accidentally entered into the flesh, particularly threatened because of their washing and cicatrization of wounds (the insular environment: land pressure, exces- Antilles) [3, 6] and insect-repellant proper- sive deforestation, appearance of invasive ties [3, 7]. plants, and pollution of agricultural, indus- The fruit is a berry [3] which on average trial or domestic origin. In this context, we weighs (500 to 2000) g [5]. The exocarp is were interested in the diversity of the of clear beige to brown dark color, and of mamey (Mammea americana L.), which variable thickness and verrucosity. The mes- belongs to the fruit-bearing inheritance of ocarp is reduced to a whitish film subjacent, Martinique inhabitants. Our study is inte- more or less adherent to the exocarp and grated into a total program set up in the West slightly bitter. The endocarp, the edible part Indies to improve the availability of fruits of of the fruit, is of yellow to orange color, rel- quality, and to develop a local inheritance atively firm, and contains one to four seeds, which is still too little known. adherent or not to the pulp. It is possible to The mamey presents real nutritive and observe vestiges of aborted seeds in these gustatory properties, as well as commercial fruits [1]. The seeds have an average weight potential at a local level, and even at an of 70 g [1, 5]. According to recent studies on export level; however, little work has been the biology of its reproduction, the species undertaken on the phenotypical character- M. americana presents a “cryptic” androdi- ization of its diversity. However, a recent oecy, i.e., there exist individuals with male American study identified and collected flowers and individuals with functionally clones of high quality while being based on female hermaphrodite flowers [8]. a prospecting similar to that which we The propagation of mamey is primarily adopted, but it was carried out over a geo- carried out by sowing, which allows the graphical area broader than ours, including maintenance of a great genetic variability. In Central America, the Hawaiian islands and Martinique Island, the principal crop period the Dominican Republic [1]. In addition, extends from April to September, but certain former studies have revealed some general trees produce fruits at other periods of the knowledge of M. americana, that we syn- year. The fruits are consumed fresh or arti- thesize as a precondition to the presenta- sanally or industrially transformed into juice tion of our work. and jams. The flowers were formerly dis- The species M. americana belongs to the tilled for making of an aromatized liquor family of Clusiaceae. It originates from the called “Creole water” [3, 4, 9]. Only three West-Indian Arc and the North of South bibliographical references deal with fruit America [2, 3] and is found in the whole of composition and storage: fruits are climac- the Martinique territory, especially in the teric [10], their storage is the
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