UNIT 4 ___ . . . ___ During the 1600s, people began printing books in America. Quaker William Penn founded the Pennsylvania colony as a place dedicated to freedom. High ranking Page from the Bay Psalm Book Englishmen founded the North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia colonies. American Jonathan Edwards and Englishman George Whitefield led Thirteen English a revival called the Great Awakening. We finish the unit learning about life in colonial Williamsburg. Colonies, Part 2

AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL

119 119 Beginning of Genesis in the “Eliot Indian Bible”

Lesson 16 Printing Books in Daily Life Colonial America

he first books published and printed in America reflected the Tfaith of its first European settlers. The Cambridge Press The Puritans established Boston and other villages when they arrived in Massachusetts Bay in 1630. One of those villages was Newtowne. The Massachusetts Bay colony organized a college in Newtowne in 1636. It was the first college in the colonies. Its purpose was to train ministers. Puritan minister John Harvard, who lived in the village of Charlestown, died Massachusetts Hall at Harvard College, built in 1790 in 1638. In his will, he gave the new college his library of 400 books and half of his large estate. Colony officials named the school Harvard College. In 1638 Newtowne was renamed Cambridge, after the University of Cambridge in England. That same year, minister Jose Glover and his family sailed from England to settle in the Massachusetts Bay colony. Glover brought a printing press and types with him. He also brought Stephen Daye as an indentured servant, and Daye’s two sons.

120 Glover died on the way to America. His widow married Henry Dunster, the president of Harvard College. Henry Dunster hired Stephen Daye to run the Cambridge Press. Though Daye was in charge, his son Matthew ran the printing press. Matthew had been a printer’s apprentice in England. Daye’s first printing project was a broadside, titled “The Freeman’s Oath,” printed in 1639.

The Bay Psalm Book Thirty Puritan leaders translated the 150 Psalms in the Bible and arranged them into verses for their congregations to sing. In 1640 the Cambridge Press printed them with the title, The Whole Book of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into English Metre. This hymn book is usually called simply the Bay Psalm Book. It was the first book printed in America. The Cambridge Press printed about 1,700 copies. Today there are only 11 known copies still in existence.

John Eliot and the “Eliot Indian Bible” Puritan minister John Eliot became known as the Apostle to the Indians. Eliot was born in 1604 in England and was educated at the University of Cambridge. Eliot came to the Massachusetts Bay colony on the English ship the Lyon in 1631. This was the same ship that brought Roger Williams (founder of Rhode Island) and his wife to America, but Eliot came a few months after the Williams family. Eliot helped to found the village of Roxbury and became one of its ministers. He was one of the main translators of the Bay Psalm Book. Eliot wanted to share the gospel of Jesus with local native nations. He learned to speak Natick, the local Algonquian dialect. He learned it so well that he was able to preach to native people without an interpreter.

Psalm 1 in the Bay Psalm Book

121 The English Parliament established the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians in 1649. The Society supported Eliot’s efforts. In 1654 Eliot published A Primer or Catechism in the Massachusetts Indian Language to use as a teaching tool. This was the first book in a native language to be printed in the English colonies. John Eliot spent fourteen years translating the Bible into the Natick dialect. The Cambridge Press printed this Bible between 1660 and 1663. Stephen Daye supervised John Eliot preaches to native people. Samuel Green while he printed 1,000 copies. Printer Marmaduke Johnson arrived from England bringing 100 reams of paper. He also brought 80 pounds of new type, including plenty of “O’s” and “K’s,” which were necessary to print the Bible in the Natick language. Johnson became Samuel Green’s assistant. The Bible is titled The Holy Bible Containing the Old Testament and the New, Translated into the Indian Language. This Bible, which is often called the “Eliot Indian Bible,” was the first complete Bible printed in the New World. It was the largest printing project completed in the 1600s in America. See the top of the first page of Genesis on page 120.

John Cotton, The Patriarch of New England John Cotton became a Puritan while living in England. The archbishop of Canterbury leads the Church of England. Because of his Puritan beliefs, the archbishop commanded John Cotton to appear before him. Instead of going to Canterbury to be reprimanded or punished, John Cotton fled to Boston in 1633. John Cotton was another of the thirty ministers who helped with the Bay Psalm Book. Cotton served First Church in Boston until he died. He had a good reputation. People admired him for his piety. He was called the Patriarch of New England. Cotton believed strongly that people who did not conform to Puritan laws should be punished. In 1645 he published The John Cotton by John Smibert Way of the Churches of Christ in New England.

122 A Family of Ministers: Richard, Increase, and Cotton Mather Three generations of ministers in the Mather family wrote or helped to write several of the first books printed in America. Richard Mather came to the Massachusetts Bay colony from England in 1635. He served the Dorchester, Massachusetts, church from 1636 until his death in 1699. He was one of the ministers who worked on the Bay Psalm Book. Richard Mather’s son Increase was born in Dorchester in 1639. Increase graduated from Harvard at age seventeen. He went to Dublin, Ireland, to study. He later preached in England for a short time. After returning to Massachusetts, Increase married Maria Cotton, daughter of John Cotton. He became the minister of North Church (now called Old North Church) in Boston. In 1676 Increase Mather published a book about King Philip’s War. The title was A Brief History of the War with the Indians in New England. Narragansett warriors captured Mary Rowlandson. In 1682 Increase Mather helped her to publish The Sovereignty and Goodness of God . . . A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mary Rowlandson. Increase Mather served as the president of Harvard for sixteen years.

Increase and Maria Mather named their Mather Family oldest son Cotton after his grandfather, John Cotton. Cotton Mather attended Harvard and then served alongside his father at North Church. He published 469 books, articles, and pamphlets. He wrote about theology, history, politics, and science. In his book, Magnalia Christi Americana, which means The Great Works of Christ in America, he gives a detailed history of New England. The book praises the Puritan founders. Cotton Mather Richard Mather Increase Mather by John Foster by James Hopwood also published The Negro Christianized. In this book, he encouraged people to educate the Africans who were being brought to America as enslaved persons. The book also encouraged the Puritans to accept them as church members. Cotton Mather, print by Peter Pelham 123 Roger Williams Roger Williams wrote A Key into the Language of America in 1643. In this book, he wrote about the Narragansett language and about customs of the native nations of New England.

Puritan Poets In the 1600s, many Puritans wrote journals and devotional poetry. The purpose of their writings was to examine their hearts and lives. When people visited one another’s homes, they sometimes read their personal poems aloud to one another. Anne Bradstreet was the first American to publish a book of poetry. Her book, The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, was published in England in 1650. Anne had come to America on the Arbella with Massachusetts Bay Governor Anne Bradstreet John Winthrop. She traveled with her parents, her siblings, and her husband, Simon, to whom she had been married for two years. She and Simon reared eight children.

American Children’s Literature of the 1600s In 1690 Benjamin Harris published The New England Primer in Boston. It included the Lord’s Prayer, the Ten Commandments, stories, an alphabet in rhyme, and other rhymes. In 1646 John Cotton published Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes. It was a 13- page book of questions and answers. Early editions of The New England Primer included this short book. This is an opening in The New England Primer. Benjamin Franklin printed this 1764 edition.

124 Early American Printers Early American printers served as publishers, printers, and booksellers. Often they had printing presses in the back of their business and a bookshop in the front. Cambridge Press was the main printing company in America for 34 years. It published only one book each year. Marmaduke Johnson, who had helped print the “Eliot Indian Bible,” began a print shop in Boston in 1674. William Bradford, who was a Quaker (not to Print shop at Old Sturbridge Village, Massachusetts be confused with William Bradford of Plymouth), began a print shop in Philadelphia in 1685. Bradford moved to New York City in 1693 and opened a printing business there. Thomas Short opened the first print shop in New London in the Connecticut colony in 1709. In 1720, 80 years after the first print shop opened in the Massachusetts Bay colony, those four cities were the only cities in the colonies that had a print shop.

Parents in New England taught their children to read so that they could read the Bible. They understood their children’s need to know the word of God.

How can a young man keep his way pure? By keeping it according to your word. Psalm 119:9

Activities for Lesson 16 We the People – Read “New England Primer Rhyming Alphabet” on page 15.

Timeline – In Timeline of America the Beautiful next to 1640, write: The first book printed in America is the Bay Psalm Book.

Student Workbook or Lesson Review – If you are using one of these optional books, complete the assignment for Lesson 16.

Creative Writing – In your notebook, write one or more paragraphs about how being able to read and having access to books help you.

Literature – Read chapter 10 in Growing Up Dakota.

Family Activity – Follow the instructions for the Colonial Printing activity on pages 126-127.

125 Unit 4 — Family Activity Colonial Printing

Supplies This project uses • 1 sheet of craft foam, 9” x 12” or larger (available at scissors. Make sure craft stores) your child is safe! • liquid glue • scrap cardboard (such as the side of a cereal box, cut to 8 1/2” x 11”) • black non-toxic craft paint • sponge paintbrush • heavy 8 1/2” x 11” paper or cardstock • heavy book (8 1/2” x 11” or larger, covered in waxed paper to keep it clean) • newspaper • paper plate or bowl

Instructions For this activity, you are going to recreate the basic printing method used for the Bay Psalm Book. Remember that the Bay Psalm Book, and every book or newspaper printed at the time, contained thousands of letters and required many hours to create. You are going to print the phrase TRUST IN THE LORD AND DO GOOD from Psalm 37:3. We recommend that you wear an apron just like a colonial printer would have! Some steps must be done quickly, and you will need to know what is coming next. Carefully familiarize yourself with all the instructions before you begin.

Step 1: Make movable type. Write TRUST IN THE LORD AND DO GOOD in bubble (outline) letters about 1.5 inches tall on the craft foam. Make all of the letters the same height. Cut out all of the letters. This is your movable type.

Step 2: Set type. In colonial times, the person who set movable type to form words and sentences was called a compositor. The rack that held the set type was called a galley. You can use a piece of cardboard for a galley. Place your letters in the correct order to spell the phrase BACKWARDS. That means you need to start on the top right side and spell to the left, placing every letter facing backwards. On the second line, start on the right side again. When all of your “type” is “set,” put two or three dots of glue on the underside of each letter to hold it in place. Give the glue about 20 minutes to dry while you prepare your ink and cover your work surface with newspaper.

126 Step 3: Ink the letters. This job was done by the beater. He used a leather covered ball on a wooden handle to put ink on the letters. You can use a sponge paintbrush. Put black paint in a paper plate or bowl (about two tablespoons). Stir in 3 or 4 drops of water to thin the paint. Dampen your paintbrush with water and squeeze it out completely. Dip the brush into the “ink” and brush over all your letters. Make sure all the letters are neatly and evenly covered. Work quickly so the paint does not begin to dry. Immediately lay a piece of heavy paper evenly over the letters.

Step 4: Pressing the platen. In colonial printshops, the pressman lowered the platen to make the impression of the letters on paper. You can use a heavy book (covered with wax paper to keep it clean) for a platen. Carefully set the book on top of the paper and press down hard with your hands. Don’t let anything slide! Hold the book firmly for 20-25 seconds, making sure there is pressure on the whole surface. Lift the book and set it aside. Starting with one corner, slowly peel off the paper and lay it flat on the table.

Step 5: Proofread and Improve. Look at your printing carefully. Did the ink make a good impression of all the letters? Are there any smudges or dry spots? Are there any spelling mistakes? Make any changes that are needed and print three more copies of the page. Re-ink your letters each time. Colonial printers used this basic method to create multiple copies of the pages of books, newspapers, stationary, posters, and pamphlets.

You will become a better printer with practice. Now that you know the printing process, you can print anything! Your foam letters are reusable (just pull them gently off the cardboard and wash them), and you can make more letters. What else would you like to print? Your name, perhaps? You can also cut shapes and pictures to print. Colonial printers used pictures carved in wood called woodcuts to print illustrations. Remember that everything must be set backwards to come out forwards!

Printer by Andreas Praefcke

127 The Landing of William Penn by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris

Lesson 17 William Penn, American Biography Founder of Pennsylvania

illiam Penn was born in London, England, on October 14, 1644. He was the first of three children. His mother, Margriet (Margaret) Jaspers, was Dutch. His father, Sir WWilliam Penn, was a brave naval officer. Because of his skill in a 1653 battle between England and the Netherlands, English Protector Oliver Cromwell appointed Sir William as general at sea. Young William was homeschooled until he was 11 years old. Afterwards he attended Chigwell Academy. The Penns spent part of William’s childhood in Ireland, where Sir William owned a castle. By this time, George Fox, the son of a weaver, had founded the Religious Society of Friends in England. Enemies of the group insulted them by calling them Quakers, a term that is no longer considered an insult. While the Penn family was living in Ireland, young William heard a sermon by a Quaker preacher. After the Penns returned to England, William entered Oxford University. When he protested mandatory Anglican (Church of England) chapel, the university expelled him. The Penn family was in a high social class. In 1661 William attended the coronation of England’s King Charles II. William’s parents sent him on a tour of Europe. He then enrolled in a French Huguenot university. He studied under a professor who taught that people should tolerate the religious beliefs of others. When William returned to England, he was a handsome and athletic young gentleman. He began to study at a respected London law firm. He left the study of law for a short time and went to sea with his father during conflict with the Dutch. He returned to England with messages from his father to King Charles II. William became close to the king’s brother James, the Duke of York, for whom New York is named and who later became King James II.

128 William Penn, the Quaker Sir William Penn sent his son to Ireland to take care of some of his affairs there. On a trip back home, he saw the devastation in London after the Great Fire. During William’s time in Ireland, he heard the same Quaker preacher he had heard before. William decided to become a Quaker. At a Quaker meeting, authorities arrested Penn and other attendees. Since Penn was from a higher class, officials released him. However, William insisted that he be treated the same as the others, so he went to jail. He William Penn, age 22 was later released. Sir William asked his son to come back to England. The two disagreed about William’s new religion. William’s father ordered his son to leave his house. However, they continued to love one another, and William wrote letters to his father. William began living with various Quaker families. William spent time in prison several times, including in the notorious Tower of London. William used his legal training to fight back through the English court system. He was able to help himself and many other imprisoned Quakers. One time he was arrested for preaching in front of a Quaker meeting house that English authorities had locked. While he was in prison that time, he wrote to his father: “. . . whatever shall come to pass I hope in all conditions to prove thy obedient son.” Sir William was deeply grateful for his son’s letter. When he answered it, he called him “Son William.” Sir William was near death, so in his letter he asked his son to bury him beside his mother. He told his son, “Live all in love.” William was soon released. He made it back to his father before he died. Sir William left his son a large inheritance.

129 In 1672 William Penn married Quaker Gulielma Springett. Like Penn, she was from a high social class. The couple had seven children. Penn soon became involved in the English colonies in America. He convinced Lord Baltimore to give Quakers in Maryland more freedom. He wrote laws for a portion of New Jersey so that people there would have more freedom and rights. Penn became a famous speaker. Thousands went to hear him. In 1677 Penn traveled and preached in the Netherlands and Germany. His wife and children remained at their family home, Warminghurst. Before sailing, he went to visit his mother. The captain of the boat gave Penn and his traveling companions the best accommodations because the captain had known Sir William Penn.

William Penn Plans a “Holy Experiment” King Charles II had borrowed money from Sir William Penn. In 1681, ten years after Sir William’s death, the king had still not paid it back. Penn wrote to him, requesting that he give him land in America to pay the debt. Penn wanted to start a colony. The king agreed to do so. King Charles named the colony Pennsylvania after Sir William. Pennsylvania means Penn’s Woods. William Penn thought of his colony in America as a “holy experiment.” He wanted it to be a place for Quakers to be safe, but he welcomed everyone. Penn sent his cousin, William Markham, to America to help organize the colony and to choose land beside the Delaware River for a Penn estate. He planned a government for the colony. Penn got more land when the Duke of York granted him the area that is now Delaware. Penn made plans for a city he called Philadelphia, which means “brotherly love.” He recruited settlers to go to Pennsylvania. He wanted carpenters, day laborers, farmers, masons, merchants, smiths, tailors, tanners, shoemakers, shipwrights, and weavers. By this time, a great number of Dutch, Finnish and Swedish settlers were living in Penn’s Pennsylvania. Penn wrote letters to them, telling them not to worry about his new government. He told them they would live under laws they made themselves.

William Penn meets with King Charles II in this detail of the painting The Birth of Pennsylvania by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris.

130 Penn sold his land to settlers who paid just 100 English pounds for 5,000 acres. The first people who bought land got a bonus: free lots in the city of Philadelphia. Penn wrote tracts to advertise his colony. Some of these were translated into Dutch and German. Pennsylvania became a safe place for people suffering religious persecution. Quakers, Catholics, French Huguenots, Lutherans, Amish, and Mennonites moved there. Penn’s Treaty with the Indians by Edward Hicks First Trip to America William Penn sailed to Pennsylvania on the Welcome in 1682 without his family. He arrived in November. Penn’s City of Brotherly Love was laid out as he had planned and was about a year old when he arrived. Spruce, Broad, Pine, and other streets in Philadelphia are names that Penn chose. While in America, he oversaw workers building his estate called Pennsbury Manor. Penn enjoyed good relationships with native nations. He had written to the local Lenape Nation, admitting to them that other Europeans had treated them badly. He asked themto live peacefully with the people of the Pennsylvania colony. Penn made a treaty with some native people. Notice the painting above and the treaty at left. This treaty is in the collection of the Library of Congress, but its origin is unknown. Penn wrote a constitution for the colony. It protected people’s property, allowed them to conduct business freely, and granted those accused of violating the law, including the Lenape, the right to a trial by jury. A jury is a group of regular citizens who decide a person’s guilt or innocence in court. Native people respected him for coming among them without weapons, for learning their languages, and for his physical strength. He ran races with native men and could run faster than many.

131 With courtesy and fairness, William Penn won the affection of native people. Wampum was important to many native nations of the Northeast. These beaded belts told stories from a nation’s history. A descendant of William Penn presented the wampum pictured above to the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1857. It may be a record of Penn’s treaty with native people. Back in England In August 1684, Penn returned to England where he continued to help English people who were being persecuted. He helped many Quakers to be released from prison, including Quaker founder George Fox. In 1694 Gulielma Penn died at age 49 after a long illness. William and Gulielma had been married for 22 years. In 1696, when Penn was 52 years old, he married another Quaker, 25-year-old Hannah Callowhill.

The Marriage of William Penn and Second Trip to America Hannah Callowhill by Ernest Board, 1696 Penn brought Hannah to Philadelphia in 1699. Many colonists welcomed them when they disembarked from their ship. They remained in Philadelphia for a few months before moving into Pennsbury Manor. Hannah gave birth to one of their children while they were staying in Philadelphia. They named Penn’s only child born in America John. John always had the nickname, “the American.” William, Hannah, his daughter Letitia from his first marriage, and baby John moved to Pennsbury Manor. While Penn was in Pennsylvania this second time, the colony adopted a constitution called the Charter of Privileges. A Final Trip Home to England William and Hannah Penn returned to England in 1701. Penn faced more persecution and had poor health beginning in 1712. Penn died in England in 1718. He and Hannah had been married 22 years. They had seven children.

132 FAST FORWARD TO 1751

In 1751 Pennsylvania celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Charter of Privileges, adopted just before William Penn left the colony for the last time. As part of the celebration, the colony ordered a bell from Great Britain. The bell became a famous American symbol—the Liberty Bell.

William Penn left behind a colony that became accustomed to freedom. His City of Brotherly Love would play a key role in the fight for freedom almost a century after its founding. Engraved on the Liberty Bell are these words from Leviticus:

. . . Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof . . . Leviticus 25:10 KJV

Activities for Lesson 17 We the People – Read “Salvation from Sin by Christ Alone” on page 16.

Map Study – Complete the assignments for Lesson 17 on Map 6 “The Thirteen Colonies” in Maps of America the Beautiful.

Timeline – In Timeline of America the Beautiful next to 1682, write: William Penn sails to Pennsylvania.

Student Workbook or Lesson Review – If you are using one of these optional books, complete the assignment for Lesson 17.

Thinking Biblically – William Penn used his time in prison to write about his faith. The apostle Paul wrote some of his letters while he was in prison for his faith in Jesus. Read 2 Timothy 1:1-12.

Literature – Read chapter 11 in Growing Up Dakota.

133 Live oak trees, Charleston, South Carolina

Lesson 18 Live Oaks of the God’s Wonder Carolinas and Georgia

n one ship after another, European settlers came to America. This time in American history is called the colonial period. So far we have learned about ten colonies: Virginia, IMassachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. God created beautiful southern live oaks to grow in the coastal plain of the other three colonies the English established in America—the colonies of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Live oaks grow in various environments, including swamp hammocks, sand dunes, pine woods, and on barrier islands. Live oaks produce a great deal of wood. A live oak tree trunk can reach 5 or 6 feet in diameter. The average tree is about 50 feet tall with a crown 80 feet wide. However, some grow up to 85 feet tall with crowns spreading out to 150 feet.

Angel tree on John’s Island, near Charleston, South Carolina Live oak acorns

134 Spanish moss Resurrection ferns

The wood of the southern live oak tree was perfect for building the wooden ships that brought settlers and goods from Europe and that carried back goods American colonists produced.

Settlers in the Southern Colonies felled live oak trees and shipped Florida scrub jay them north to be used in shipbuilding. The wood from live oaks is strong, and it resists decay. Notice the curves on the live oak trees on these two pages. The tree’s natural curves match the curves needed to build frames for wooden ships. Baby live oaks sprout from the roots and the root collar of the parent tree, producing many new live oaks every year. Live oaks are some of the world’s longest growing trees. They can live to be 1,000 years old. The name “live oak” comes from the fact that, unlike other oak trees, the live oak is almost an evergreen. Live oaks keep their leaves until spring. When their leaves fall in the Bobwhite spring, new leaves sprout quickly. When the leaves sprout, the trees produce small brown flowers. Wood ducks Live oaks produce many acorns. Acorns can even grow on live oak sprouts. Native people extracted an oil from live oak acorns. It is similar to olive oil. Live oak acorns feed a variety of birds. Northern bobwhites, Florida scrub jays, mallards, wood ducks, quail, and wild turkeys eat live oak acorns. Black bears, squirrels, Squirrel in live oak tree raccoons, and white-tailed deer eat them, too. Resurrection ferns and Spanish moss live on live oak trees, but they don’t get nutrients from them. These plants get their nourishment from rain and from the air around them. Some birds use Spanish moss when building their nests. The beautiful live oak with its hanging Spanish moss has become a symbol of the Deep South.

Raccoon Mallard

135 Carolina Settlers Just 34 years after Christopher Columbus first came to the New World, Spaniard Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón tried to start a Spanish colony in what is now South Carolina. In 1526 seven ships brought Ayllón, 600 men and women, and 83 horses to a location on the South Carolina coast. These Spanish settlers had many hardships and many died. A few months after they arrived, the 150 settlers who had survived sailed back to Spain. As we learned on page 62, French Huguenots tried to settle on Parris Island in Port Royal Sound in 1562. They built a fort and called their settlement Charlesfort. They also left quickly. Admiral Menéndez, the commander of the Spanish who built St. Augustine, arrived on Parris Island in 1566. He established the village of Santa Elena. Relations between native people and the Spanish were troubled. We learned about Menéndez on page 63. Find Port Royal Sound on the map on page 63. When the Spanish learned that the English were founding Roanoke in what is now North Carolina in 1587, they decided to abandon Santa Elena. Its settlers moved to St. Augustine. The first permanent European settler in what became North Carolina was Nathaniel Batts, a resident of the Virginia colony who bought land from local native people in 1660.

King Charles II Gives Carolina to Eight Proprietors In 1663 (the year before England captured New York and nineteen years before William Penn came to Pennsylvania), King Charles II of England granted eight proprietors a large area south of Virginia. These proprietors were some of the king’s most loyal subjects. The English Coronation medal for King Charles II Parliament named the colony Carolina in honor of the king’s father, Charles I. Carol is the French version of the name Charles. Anthony Ashley-Cooper became the leader of the proprietors. The Cooper River in present-day North Carolina and the Ashley River in South Carolina are named for him. Cooper’s grandfather had worked in the governments of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. Cooper worked in the government of King Charles II. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury by John Greenhill

136 The Carolina brought settlers to the area near the Ashley River in 1670. They founded a settlement which they named Charles Town for King Charles II. Charles Town settlers were in constant danger from pirates, certain native nations, and from the French and Spanish. They constructed a wall out of brick, palmetto logs, and tabby. Charles Town is now called Charleston. The proprietors tried to establish a lifestyle in Carolina that was similar to life in the Middle Ages. Settlers would live in distinct social classes. The proprietors would be at the top. Nobles would be below them, freemen below them, and tenants (called leetmen) would be at the bottom. The three top classes would own land, but the tenants would not. Slavery would be legal. The proprietors did allow freedom of religion, so many persecuted believers came to the Carolinas.

Carolina Becomes Two Colonies The northern and southern settlements were different because of Carolina’s geography. As in all American colonies, people settled near the Atlantic Ocean first. The eastern area of North Carolina had thick forests and many marshes and swamps. Most settlements there were small. The people generally lived and worked on small farms.

Coastal marsh and forest in Croatan National Forest, Outer Banks, North Carolina

In 1711 Henrietta Johnston, wife of the minister of Charleston’s Saint Philip’s Church, painted Henriette Charlotte Chastaigner, the 11-year-old daughter of French Huguenots who lived there.

137137 The geography and climate of South Carolina allowed people to establish large plantations. In 1712 the proprietors appointed a separate governor to govern the northern part of Carolina. In 1707 the countries of England and Scotland joined together to become the Kingdom of Great Britain. The eight proprietors and their descendants controlled Carolina until 1729 when seven of them sold their rights to the British crown. At that time the area was officially divided into the North Carolina colony and the South Carolina colony. The family of the eighth proprietor continued to own a portion of North Carolina until the late 1700s. Colonists established large rice plantations in South Carolina. Great Britain paid high prices for South Carolina rice, so it became one of the richest colonies in America.

The Founding of Georgia The thirteenth and last British colony founded in America was Georgia. The first European settlers in Georgia were the Spanish, who called the area Guale. In 1566 they established a mission and fort on St. Catherine’s Island. The Spanish built more missions and forts along the coast during the next century. Priests from the missions converted many Native Americans to Catholicism. The Spanish had left Guale by 1684. In 1732 Member of Parliament James Edward Oglethorpe asked King George II of Great Britain for permission to begin a colony in America. He wanted the colony to be a sanctuary for the poor, those suffering religious persecution, and people who were in prison. King George granted Oglethorpe a charter to form the colony of Georgia from land taken from South Carolina. The king hoped that having a colony between South Carolina and Spanish Florida would protect British colonies from the Spanish. The colony is named for King George. By this time, the British government was appointing a governor to lead each of the twelve colonies. Rather than appoint a governor for Georgia, the king appointed Oglethorpe and twenty others to be trustees for the colony. In November 1732, Oglethorpe left Gravesend in England and arrived in Georgia in January 1733. There he met Tomochichi, the elderly chief of the new Yamacraw Nation, which included about two hundred people from the Creek and Yamassee peoples. Chief Tomochichi gave his consent for Oglethorpe to build a settlement.

Statue of Oglethorpe in Chippewa Square in Savannah, Georgia

138 Soon the 114 men, women, and children Oglethorpe had brought with him founded the city of Savannah on Yamacraw Bluff. Savannah was the first permanent European settlement in Georgia. Oglethorpe designed Savannah with 24 public squares with homes and other buildings surrounding them. Twenty-two squares survive today as beautiful public parks, including those pictured below and on page 138. Drawing of Oglethorpe and Tomochichi by W. P. Snyder In 1734 Chief Tomochichi went to Great Britain with Oglethorpe. The chief was a man of noble character who adapted graciously to British customs. Tomochichi asked the British to give his people education and fair trade. When he returned home, he encouraged other native people to work peacefully with the settlers. Oglethorpe often asked Tomochichi for his advice. In 1735 English ministers John and Charles Wesley came to Georgia. John Wesley was the founder of the Methodist Church. John and Charles taught European settlers and native people, often preaching outdoors. The Wesley brothers met Tomochichi. He asked them for Christian education for his people. That fall, the Wesleys’ traveling companion, Benjamin Ingham, helped begin a school for the Yamacraw.

Reynolds Square with statue Wright Square of minister John Wesley

139 Fort Frederica with a British flag

In 1736 colonists built Fort Frederica on St. Simons Island to protect the colony from the Spanish. By 1743 almost 1,000 people lived there. Spain and Great Britain signed a peace treaty in 1748. In the mid-1700s, many immigrants from Europe landed first in or near Philadelphia. They then traveled south along the native trail called the Warrior’s Path. Colonists widened and improved the road until wagons could travel on it. They then called it the Great Wagon Road. This road took settlers into the Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia colonies.

FAST FORWARD TO 1797

The first United States president, George Washington, ordered that warships be built for a U.S. Navy. One of these ships was the U.S. Constitution, launched in 1797. It is the world’s oldest commissioned warship still afloat. Its nickname is Old Ironsides. Builders used live oak wood in its construction.

140 Just as God provided Squanto at the right time to help the Pilgrims of Plymouth, He provided Tomochichi to help the colonists in Georgia. The elderly chief died just six and a half years after meeting Oglethorpe. Tomochichi was probably in his late nineties. Oglethorpe gave him a British military funeral. He was buried in one of Savannah’s squares. According to tradition, Charles Wesley preached under a live oak tree on St. Simons Island. Some believe that John Wesley preached there, too. The tree became known as the Wesley tree. The first Psalm compares a person who delights in the law of the Lord to a healthy tree.

He will be like a tree firmly planted by streams of water, Which yields its fruit in its season And its leaf does not wither; And in whatever he does, he prospers. Psalm 1:3

Activities for Lesson 18 Map Study – Complete the assignments for Lesson 18 on Map 4 “God’s Wonders” and Map 6 “The Thirteen Colonies” in Maps of America the Beautiful. Timeline – In Timeline of America the Beautiful next to 1734, write: The year after Oglethorpe founded Georgia, Chief Tomochichi goes to England with him. Student Workbook or Lesson Review – If you are using one of these optional books, complete the assignment for Lesson 18. Vocabulary – In your notebook, copy each sentence below, filling in each blank with one of these words: environment, barrier, extract, proprietor, consent. 1. When we got the new puppy, we put a gate across the kitchen doorway as a ______. 2. Mr. Anthony is the ______of our apartment house. 3. Mom used tweezers to ______the splinter from my foot. 4. I want to do my part to keep the ______clean in my state. 5. I asked my mom if I could make a dessert for supper and she gave her ______.

Thinking Biblically – Tomochichi asked John and Charles Wesley to give his people a Christian education. Copy Proverbs 1:8-9 in your notebook. Thank your parents for teaching you about Jesus. Literature – Read chapters 12-13 in Growing Up Dakota.

141 Detail of an illustration of New York in 1730 by William Burgis

Lesson 19 The Great Awakening Our American Story

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142 New England Colonies, Middle Colonies, and Southern Colonies In the mid-1700s, the New England colonies included Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Many New Englanders, who were also called Yankees, were descendants of the English Puritans. Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania were the Middle Colonies. Philadelphia in Pennsylvania grew to be one of the largest cities in the colonies. The Middle Colonies had a diverse population with English, Welsh, Dutch, French, Irish, and German residents. Immigrants from Northern Ireland also moved there. They were called Scots-Irish because many had emigrated from Scotland to Northern Ireland before coming to America. Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were the Southern Colonies. A large percentage of southern colonists were English.

Examples of Colonial Architecture

New England Colonies Middle Colonies The Mohican Nation gave minister Eight Mennonite families came John Sergeant permission to live to what is now Lancaster County, among them. Sergeant built Mission Pennsylvania, in 1710. In 1719 House around 1742. The home is settler Hans Herr built this house. now in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. New England Colonies The Dexter Grist Mill was built in 1654 in Sandwich, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod.

Southern Colonies John Drayton was born into a wealthy Charleston, South Carolina, family in 1715. Construction on his home, Drayton Hall, began in 1738. John Drayton eventually owned 100 plantations.

143143 Colonial Churches Most American colonists were religious. Most believed in Jesus Christ. Most attended church. They built many church buildings in the early 1700s. The illustration of New York on page 142 includes a Huguenot church, a Lutheran church, and two Dutch Reformed churches. Most New England churches were Congregational. Most churches in the Southern Colonies were part of the Church of England. However, many southern colonists belonged to Baptist, Presbyterian, or Quaker churches. The Middle Colonies had a mix of Baptist, Church of England, Congregational, Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Quaker churches. Pilgrims, Puritans, Catholics, Huguenots, and Quakers had come to America for religious freedom. However, a century had passed since the Pilgrims and Puritans came to Massachusetts. The population of New England included new immigrants, but many residents there were the great-grandchildren of the first colonists. Some were devoted followers of Jesus, but some were simply church members without a personal commitment to Him. In the mid-1700s, American churches experienced a revival that historians call the Great Awakening. Many ministers encouraged their churches and communities to become devoted followers of Christ. Two prominent leaders were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

Churches Built in the Early 1700s

New England Middle Colonies Colonies Christ Church, usually Saint John’s Church in called the Old North Richmond, Virginia, was Church, in Boston, completed in 1741. Massachusetts, was built in 1723.

Southern Colonies Saint James Church in Goose Creek, South Carolina, was completed around 1719. 144144 Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was born in East Windsor, Connecticut, in 1703. His father Timothy was a Congregationalist minister. His mother Esther’s father, Solomon Stoddard, was the minister of the Congregationalist church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Jonathan was an only son with ten sisters. His parents did an excellent job of homeschooling him. Jonathan loved learning and he had a deep love for God. When Jonathan was thirteen years old, he entered Yale

College. After graduation, he stayed to study theology. He Jonathan Edwards by Henry became even more devoted to Christ. One day, after talking Augustus Loop, Joseph Badger with his father about what he was thinking and feeling, he took a walk. He wrote: “. . . as I was walking there and looking upon the sky and clouds, there came into my mind so sweet a sense of the glorious majesty and grace of God as I know not how to express.” Edwards served as a minister first in New York and later in Connecticut. He then worked as a tutor at Yale College. In 1726 he moved to Northampton to help his grandfather in the Northampton church. That same year Edwards married Sarah Pierrepont whom he had known since she was 13 and he was 20. They enjoyed a loving marriage. They would rear ten children. When Edwards’ grandfather died in 1729, he became the Northampton church’s minister. Throughout his life, Edwards spent hours studying God’s Word. He also observed God’s creation and thought deeply about the truth that God uses Creation to teach us. While serving as a minister, Edwards took long rides to think. When he had a fresh idea, he wrote it down on a paper scrap and pinned it to his cloak. Friends said that by the time he got home, he looked like a snowstorm. Sarah organized these notes for him. Edwards believed that all people are sinners and that we need salvation in Jesus Christ. He believed that the members of his church needed to give their whole hearts to God. Edwards wrote that “Holiness . . . appeared to me to be of a sweet, pleasant, charming, serene, calm nature, which brought an inexpressible purity, brightness, [and] peacefulness . . . to the soul.” Edwards changed his style of preaching in 1734. He began to use his sermons to teach the hearts of his congregation. Almost all of the singing in Congregationalist churches was from the book of Psalms. Edwards encouraged his congregation to sing new hymns, especially the hymns by British minister Isaac Watts.

Isaac Watts by John Shury

145 Edwards did not talk loudly, walk around, or move his arms in large gestures. He chose his words carefully and described ideas well. His listeners could see how intensely he felt by what he was saying. By the following spring, 30 people per week were giving their lives to God. In 1736 Edwards wrote about what was happening in Northampton. It was published as a pamphlet called A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God. Ministers in other parts of America began to preach like Edwards preached. His best sermons were published in a book. Many people in America and in Great Britain read them. One of those readers was George Whitefield.

George Whitefield Eleven years after Jonathan Edwards was born in Connecticut, George Whitefield (pronounced whit-field) was born in England. He was also homeschooled as a child. He paid his way through Oxford University by working for other students. At Oxford, Whitefield came to know John and Charles Wesley. Whitefield became a minister in the Church of England. He became a powerful evangelist, speaking to thousands of non- believers and to people from many churches in Great Britain and in America. Whitefield made seven visits to the American colonies. His first visit was to Georgia, where he founded an orphanage. During his second visit in 1739, he preached first in Philadelphia. The crowds who came to hear him speak were so large that he had to speak outdoors. Whitefield traveled from town to town in the colonies, speaking to large crowds.

Charles Wesley and John Wesley stained glass windows Whitefield’s portable pulpit

146 Whitefield’s sermon style was the opposite of Jonathan Edwards’. Hearing him was like watching an actor perform in a play. Whitefield was loud and active in his movements, but he was sincere. He often prayed for hours before speaking. Edwards invited Whitefield to speak at Northampton. The whole congregation, including Edwards, cried while they listened. Sarah Edwards was impressed with Whitefield’s sincerity. Whitefield was likewise impressed with Edwards and with his wife and children. He wrote in his journal: “A sweeter couple I have not yet seen.” During his second trip to America, Whitefield traveled 5,000 miles and spoke 350 times. His last George Whitefield by John Wollaston sermon was in the Boston park known as Boston Common. Over 20,000 people came to hear him.

Evangelists in the Middle and Southern Colonies

William and Gilbert Tennent, who were father and son, preached powerful and convicting sermons in New Jersey and the other Middle Colonies. George Whitefield met and encouraged Gilbert Tennent during his 1739-1740 trip to America. The Tennents began a school in the Pennsylvania colony to train missionaries. It came to be called the Log College. Samuel Davies Samuel Davies traveled and preached in many places in the Southern Colonies. His audiences included both free people and enslaved people. He baptized many enslaved people and taught them to read. Enslaved African Americans also went to hear George Whitefield.

Philadelphia’s Second Presbyterian Church, built between 1750 and 1753, is in the distance. Tennent was its minister.

147 During the Great Awakening, Sarah Osborn from Newport, Rhode Island, hosted religious meetings in her home. People came to pray and study the Bible. In the 1760s, as many as 500 people might come to her home in a week. Sarah welcomed free colonists and enslaved persons. Both Gilbert Tennent and George Whitefield encouraged Sarah. Sarah’s first husband died when she was only twenty years old, leaving her with a young son. She and her second husband had three children, but he was too ill to work. Sarah taught in her own school to support her husband and children. She wrote thousands of pages about her life and her deep faith.

The Practice of Slavery in the Southern Colonies The terrible practice of slavery existed in all thirteen colonies. In addition to its colonies in America, Great Britain controlled islands in the Caribbean. Europeans owned sugar plantations there. Growing and producing sugar required many workers. English traders traveled to Africa, where powerful African leaders sold their prisoners of war to the traders. The traders brought these people to the Caribbean on terribly overcrowded ships. Many enslaved people died before they reached the islands. Plantation owners in the Southern Colonies began purchasing more enslaved Africans, mostly from the Caribbean. Many enslaved people whom wealthy rice farmers purchased had once lived in the rice-growing regions of Africa. This home on the Hopsewee Plantation once housed These Africans brought their enslaved Africans. Thomas Lynch Sr. founded the Hopsewee Plantation in the mid-1700s to grow rice. techniques with them and helped By 1738, 11 enslaved Africans worked there. to make rice plantations profitable.

When Jonathan Edwards was 47 years old, he became the minister of a small Congregationalist church in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He also served as a missionary to 150 Mohawk and Mahican families. Edwards’ son-in-law Aaron Burr Sr. served as president of Princeton College. When Burr died late in 1757, the college asked Edwards to become president. Other ministers urged him to accept the position.

148 While serving as president of Princeton, Edwards preached in the college chapel and taught theology. Edwards served for only two months. He died after receiving one of the first vaccinations for smallpox ever given. American colonists respected Edwards as the most outstanding philosopher and theologian of his day. His students at Princeton appreciated the “light and instruction” they In 1932 Yale University founded Jonathan Edwards College received from him. in honor of the prominent leader of the Great Awakening.

For so the Lord has commanded us, “I have placed You as a light for the Gentiles, That You may bring salvation to the end of the earth.” Acts 13:47

Activities for Lesson 19 We the People – Read “The Pharisee and the Publican” in We the People page 17.

Map Study – Complete the assignments for Lesson 19 on Map 6 “The Thirteen Colonies” in Maps of America the Beautiful.

Timeline – In Timeline of America the Beautiful next to 1739, write: Large crowds come to hear evangelist George Whitefield speak in Philadelphia.

Student Workbook or Lesson Review – If you are using one of these optional books, complete the assignment for Lesson 19.

Thinking Biblically – Read Romans 6:1-14, remembering British sculptor Enoch Wood created this bust of George the Great Awakening and the way it changed people’s Whitefield, c. 1790. view of sin and their need for Jesus.

Literature – Read chapters 14-15 in Growing Up Dakota.

149 Reconstructed Governor’s Palace

Lesson 20 Colonial Williamsburg American Landmark

n 1632 English colonists settled on a peninsula between the James and York Rivers. The colonists named their settlement Middle Plantation because the settlement was halfway Ibetween the rivers. Here they built wooden buildings and a palisade for protection. In 1693 King William III and Queen Mary II of England signed a charter to establish the College of William and Mary in Middle Plantation. One of the purposes was to train ministers to serve in American congregations of the Church of England. In 1695 the college constructed the College Building, pictured below. The building still stands (today it is called the Christopher Wren Building). In 1700 the college founded the Indian School to educate students from native nations. The College of William and Mary is the second oldest college in America. Jamestown served as the first capital of the Virginia colony. However, as other settlements grew, many colonists wanted to move the capital. Middle Plantation became the new capital in 1699. Colonists named it Williamsburg in honor of King William III.

The Christopher Wren Building at the College of William and Mary and the Wren Chapel inside

150150 The Governor, the Council, and the House of Burgesses In 1619 Virginia colonists began to elect men to help make laws for the colony. In 1624 English monarchs began to appoint colonial governors for the Virginia colony. Beginning in 1643, the group of elected legislators came to be called the House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses, plus the colonial governor and his council, made up the general assembly. The burgesses had the right to make laws, but the governor and his council could veto them. The general assembly began meeting in Williamsburg in 1700.

A Well-Planned City Francis Nicholson was serving as the governor of the Virginia colony when Williamsburg became the new capital. He supervised workers as they laid out a new and well-planned city. The main street in Williamsburg is Duke of Gloucester Street. Street marker The street was once a narrow trace that native people used. It was later a horse path for colonists. On May 5, 1704, the House of Burgesses voted to have four old houses and an outdoor oven torn down to make way for the improved street which was to be 99 feet wide and one mile long. When completed, the street ran one straight mile from the College of William and Mary to the new state capitol building. Traffic on the street included pedestrians, oxcarts, wagons, stagecoaches, and private coaches and carriages. Colonial residents of Williamsburg strolled in the town’s English-style gardens. They traded in small shops and bought remedies at the apothecary. They read the Virginia Gazette, Virginia’s first newspaper. It began in Williamsburg in 1736. Citizens attended plays at the local theater. Williamsburg was the home of the first theater in America.

Capitol At first the general assembly met at William and Mary. Contractor Henry Cary, who had also constructed the Christopher Wren Building, completed the new brick capitol in 1705. The capitol burned in 1747. A replacement opened in 1753. Reconstructed state capitol

151 Public Magazine In 1714 Great Britain’s Queen Anne sent a shipment of muskets and powder to Williamsburg. Alexander Spotswood, who was then serving as the colonial governor, authorized the colony to build a public magazine (storage building) to store them. John Tyler (not the future president) oversaw construction of a tall, eight-sided brick tower in the center of the city. In addition to muskets and powder, colonists stored swords, tents, Restored public magazine canteens, cooking pots, and other military supplies in the magazine.

Bruton Parish Church Colonists of Middle Plantation named their church for the village of Bruton in England. They built their first church building in 1660 and their second in 1677. Minister James Blair, who served as president of the College of William and Mary, approved construction of a third church. It was completed in 1715 and continues to stand today. Governor Spotswood paid for about two-thirds of the expense. As in other colonial church buildings, members sat in box pews, which are pews surrounded by walls. Governor Spotswood sat under a canopy in a special chair. In 1718 the church added a gallery for students from William and Mary. A church record from 1716 declares:

Ordered that the Men sitt on the North side of the church, and the women on the left. Bruton Parish Church

152 Governor’s Palace Virginia’s colonial governors lived in the Governor’s Palace, pictured on page 150. Colonial governors were the British king’s representative in the colony. The Governor’s Palace, built in 1722, was a grand mansion. Colonial governors hosted balls and other parties, including a celebration for the birthdays of the British king and queen. Activities there required a staff of about 25 people. Enslaved Africans and paid servants cleaned, did laundry, cooked meals, groomed horses, worked in the gardens, and took care of the governor, his family, and their guests as maids, butlers, and stewards.

Raleigh Tavern Bedroom in Governor’s Palace Williamsburg residents began visiting Raleigh Tavern in 1717. The tavern contained a lead bust of Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the tavern was named. George Washington often ate meals there. Townspeople often enjoyed balls at the tavern. Student Thomas Jefferson, who was a cousin of Peyton Randolph, attended a ball there.

This 1943 photograph of Raleigh Tavern shows how it looked after it was rebuilt on its original foundation in 1932.

153 Peyton Randolph House Peyton Randolph was born around 1721. When he was three years old, his family moved into a large wooden home on Peyton Randolph House Williamsburg’s Market Square. The home had been built around 1715. Peyton’s father Sir John Randolph purchased the lot next door and built another house. Sir John served as speaker of the House of Burgesses. He died when Peyton was sixteen years old. Sir John left the family home and his large library to Peyton with hopes that he would study law. Peyton followed his father’s wishes and studied law at William and Mary. Peyton Randolph married Betty Harrison. They had no children. During his lifetime, he served as attorney general of the Virginia colony, a vestryman in the Bruton Parish Church, a burgess in the House of Burgesses, and a member of the board of the College of William and Mary. Randolph added a two-story central section between the original house and the one his father had built. The Peyton Randolph House is the oldest home still standing in Colonial Williamsburg. In the first half of the 1700s, the thirteen English colonies had a close relationship with Great Britain. Colonists did not elect their governors. The British monarch appointed them. In 1751 Robert Dinwiddie was serving as the colonial governor. He required colonists to pay a fee that they believed was unfair. The House of Burgesses sent Randolph to Great Britain to protest. The governor forbade him from going, but Randolph went anyway. Soon, the thirteen colonies would have serious conflict with the British government and Peyton Randolph would be one of the colonies’ boldest leaders.

FAST FORWARD TO 1932

In 1903 Dr. William A. R. Goodwin came to Williamsburg, Virginia, to serve as rector of Bruton Parish Church. Many original buildings were still standing. Goodwin worried that modern improvements would destroy the town.

In 1926 American philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. came to Williamsburg for a meeting. A philanthropist is a wealthy person who gives large amounts of money to help people. Goodwin talked to Rockefeller about his beloved town. Rockefeller asked Goodwin to give him time alone to walk around. Rockefeller agreed that the town should be restored. With the financial support of his family’s Rockefeller Foundation, restoration of Williamsburg began. Eighty-eight of Williamsburg’s earliest buildings are now restored. Hundreds more have been reconstructed on their original foundations. Colonial Williamsburg opened as a museum in 1932. Colonial Williamsburg is the largest living history museum in America.

154154 An historic interpreter portrays Thomas Jefferson speaking at top left. Others demonstrate colonial musical instruments, explain the workings of a colonial apothecary, portray a carriage driver and a footman, and demonstrate colonial dancing.

155 Wealthy people who donate a great deal of money to restore historic places bless future generations. Paul told Timothy:

Instruct those who are rich in this present world not to be conceited or to fix their hope on the uncertainty of riches, but on God, who richly supplies us with all things to enjoy. Instruct them to do good, to be rich in good works, to be generous and ready to share. 1 Timothy 6:17-18

Activities for Lesson 20 We the People – Read “Advertisements in the Virginia Gazette” on page 18.

Map Study – Complete the assignment for Lesson 20 on Map 3 “American Landmarks” in Maps of America the Beautiful.

Timeline – In Timeline of America the Beautiful next to 1932, write: Colonial Williamsburg opens as a museum.

Student Workbook or Lesson Review – If you are using one of these optional books, complete the assignment for Lesson 20. Take the test for Unit 4.

Vocabulary – In your notebook, copy each sentence below, filling in each blank with one of these words: peninsula, charter, pedestrian, apothecary, magazine.

1. When I am a ______, I always look both ways before I cross the street. 2. Ponce de León and his crew thought Florida was an island and tried to sail around it, but they couldn’t because it is a ______. 3. The army kept their weapons in a ______. 4. The founders of the university signed its first ______. 5. The colonial mother went to the ______to get medicine for her sick child.

Creative Writing – Pretend that you visited Colonial Williamsburg for a day. In your notebook, write a journal entry telling what you saw and heard. Use the photographs in this lesson for ideas.

Literature – Read chapter 16 in Growing Up Dakota.

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