DOCSLIB.ORG

Primates, Atelidae): Interactions and the Development of Behavioral Patterns 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The first seven months of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae): interactions and the development of behavioral patterns 1 João M. D. Miranda 2, Lucas M. Aguiar 2, Gabriela Ludwig 2, Rodrigo F. Moro-Rios 2, 3 & Fernando C. Passos 2 1 Contribution number 1564 of the Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná. 2 Laboratório de Biodiversidade, Conservação e Ecologia de Animais Silvestres, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. 3 Bolsista CNPq/PIBIC. ABSTRACT. The development of the interactions of an infant primate with its mother and the other members of its social group plays a special role in the ethology and demography of the species, with consequences for their survive and their conservation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the development of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812) in the wild, its behavior and interactions during its first seven months of age, in a remnant of Araucaria Pine Forest in Paraná State, Brazil. Using the method of instantaneous scanning with 5 min intervals, a total of 46 hours and 15 minutes of direct observation (555 individual records) showed that the infant behavioral patterns during its first four months were characterized by high dependency, which decreased progressively until the appearance of typically juvenile behaviors during the remaining 3 months. The first records of feeding on solid food, tail functionality and allomaternal care were also recorded and discussed. This work contributes to an understanding of the ontogenetic development of a poorly known aspect of this species, and thus for a more understanding of the genus Alouatta Lacépède, 1799. KEY WORDS. Infancy, ontogenetic development, parental care, social behavior. RESUMO. Os sete primeiros meses de um infante de Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primatesimates, Atelidae)Atelidae): interações e desenvolvimento dos padrões comportamentais. O desenvolvimento das interações do infante primata com a mãe e demais membros do grupo social tem importância na etologia e na demografia da espécie, apresentando profundas conseqüências para sua sobrevivência e portanto, na conservação da espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desenvolvimento de um infante de Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812) em vida livre, seu comportamento e interações durante os sete primeiros meses de vida, em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Através do método de varredura instantânea com intervalo de cinco minutos, um total de 46 horas e 15 minutos de observações diretas (555 registros individuais) mostraram que os padrões comportamentais do infante foram de alta dependência nos primeiros quatro meses, diminuindo progressivamente até o aparecimento dos comportamentos típicos de indivíduos juvenis durante os últimos três meses. Os primeiros registros de alimen- tação sólida, funcionalidade da cauda e registros de cuidados alomaternais também foram tomados e discutidos, contribuindo para o entendimento do desenvolvimento deste infante. PALAVRAS CHAVE. Comportamento social, cuidado parental, desenvolvimento ontogenético, infância. The principal, longest and most intense social link among pri- ing and interacting with her, the infant learns what to eat and mates is that between mother and offspring (FEDIGAN 1982, STRIER what to fear, who to dominate and who to submit to, where to 2003). Contrary to other mammal orders, the survivorship of walk, sleep and drink (FEDIGAN 1982). In addition, the mother the infant primate is completely dependent on the care pro- might represent a source of thermoregulation, grooming and vided by members of its social group, particularly through defense against predators and other aggressors (STRIER 2003). maternal care. Therefore, it is crucial that mothers recognize Over time, the infant progressively becomes independent of their infants as their own offspring, and that they are moti- her, acquiring important biological and psychological advan- vated to provide maternal care (MAESTRIPIERI 2001). By observ- tages, such as the familiarity with its physical and social mi- Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22 (4): 1191–1195, dezembro 2005 1192 J. M. D. Miranda et al. lieu. At the same time, this enables the mother additional The goal of the present study was to investigate the de- chances for mating and reproducing, providing simultaneous velopment of an infant of Alouatta guariba, subspecies A. g. increase in several facets of her inclusive fitness (RHEINGOLD & clamitans Cabrera, 1940 in the wild, as well as its maternal and ECKERMAN 1970). allomaternal relationships during the first seven months of its Starting with the pioneer work of HARLOW & ZIMMERMANN life, in a remnant of Araucaria Pine forest in Southern Brazil. (1959) on the affective links of infants of Macaca Lacépède, 1799, several studies in the field and in captivity, have addressed MATERIAL AND METHODS the behavioral interactions between mother and offspring in The present study was conducted in a 700 ha remnant of non–human primates, both in the Old and in the New World Araucaria Pine Forest located in the Bugre district, Municipal- (RHEINGOLD & ECKERMAN 1970). Therefore, special emphasis on ity of Balsa Nova, State of Paraná (25º29’52”W and 49º39’24”S). the study of this behavior are of crucial importance to under- The climate in the region is of the Cfb type according to the stand the biology, ethology and demography of these animals, Köpen classification (IAPAR 1978), with an average annual tem- given that, once the success of this ontogenetic phase is guar- perature of 18ºC and average annual rainfall of 1600 mm (data anteed, there is increased chance of recruitment and thus of obtained from the Meteorological Station of the Municipality group and population growth. of Lapa). Being composed mostly of altered primary forest, this In addition to maternal care, paternal investments and remnant experienced a pressure of selective tree cutting over other forms of allomaternal care might be present in several spe- its history. Currently, this region is conserved as part of the cies depending on their social systems. The quality and quan- State Area of Environmental Protection of the Devonian Scarp. tity of allomaternal interactions with infants would depend on This study was planned during the monitoring of one of the degree of kinship: when group members are closely related the groups of A. guariba that have been followed in the study (1), the interactions of this kind could be more cooperative; area since 2002 (MIRANDA & PASSOS 2004, 2005). Beginning on however, when group members are not closely related (2), ex- the birth of the infant in question (in the week between 11 pected interactions could be of a more competitive nature (CLARKE and 18 April 2004), it was possible to study its development et al. 1998). and its interactions in the wild. In April of 2004, time of the In the case of neotropical primates, polygynic systems birth of the infant, the group was composed by an adult male, such as the one found in Cebus Erxleben, 1777 and monogamic two adult females, a sub-adult male, a juvenile I and a juvenile families such as those found in callitrichids might produce the II (age/sex classification sensu MENDES 1989). During the next allomaternal interactions expected under (1) (see SÁNCHEZ et al. seven months, this infant and its mother were the main foci of 1999, SCHRADIN & ANZENBERGER 2001, TARDIFF et al. 2002). On the observation, being followed during data collection with respect other hand, in the genus Alouatta Lacépède, 1799 the social to their interactions and behavioral patterns. These data were system is shaped by male and female migrations, generating obtained using the method of instantaneous scann sampling lower relatedness, causing interactions to be expected to corre- with records every five minutes (ALTMANN 1974). spond to (2). However, few studies have addressed directly those The infant was born in the Fall of 2004, more precisely interactions in species of the genus Alouatta. In general, such in the week between 11 and 18 of April, when it was first seen descriptions are concentrated on the two most studied species: and, together with its mother and the other members of the A. seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766) and A. palliata (Gray, 1848) (LYALL group, started to be followed by the observers. The mother and 1996 and see reviews in NEVILLE et al. 1988, DEFLER 2004), in the infant were followed during the first seven months of the addition to the works by CALEGARO-MARQUES & BICCA-MARQUES infant’s life, totaling 46 hours and 15 minutes of direct obser- (1993a) on Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812). vations, and 555 individual records. With regard to the investigation of infancy of individu- als of A. guariba (Humboldt, 1812), a species endemic to the RESULTS South and Southeast portions of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, no study has hitherto given priority to this theme During the first days of its life, the infant was positioned in such studies. Given that it is still unclear how the informa- 100% of the time ventrally of its mother, being active only tion based on the three well known species described above during nursing (Fig. 1). At the end of the first month of life, can be extrapolated to the rest of the genus Alouatta (RUMIZ the use of this position gradually started to decrease and the 1990), studies on the behavioral mother-offspring interaction dorsum of the mother was used more frequently: 60 % in the in A. guariba and other species are necessary to understand this ventral position and 30% in the dorsal position. Also follow- genus in a more holistic way. This information might also con- ing a progressive manner, peaking during its fifth month of tribute vital information for the conservation of this species, age, the infant began to behave more independently, with ex- which is currently enlisted vulnerable to extinction in several ploratory behaviors and movements away from its mother (Fig.
Recommended publications
  • PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BRAZILIAN HOWLER MONKEYS, GENUS Alouatta (PLATYRRHINI, ATELIDAE), BASED on Γ1-GLOBIN PSEUDOGENE SEQUENCES

    PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BRAZILIAN HOWLER MONKEYS, GENUS Alouatta (PLATYRRHINI, ATELIDAE), BASED on Γ1-GLOBIN PSEUDOGENE SEQUENCES

    Genetics and Molecular Biology, 22, 3, 337-344 Phylogenetic(1999) relationships of Brazilian howler monkeys 337 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BRAZILIAN HOWLER MONKEYS, GENUS Alouatta (PLATYRRHINI, ATELIDAE), BASED ON γ1-GLOBIN PSEUDOGENE SEQUENCES Carla Maria Meireles1, John Czelusniak1, Stephen F. Ferrari2, Maria Paula Cruz Schneider2 and Morris Goodman1 ABSTRACT The genus Alouatta (howler monkeys) is the most widely distributed of New World primates, and has been arranged in three species groups: the Central American Alouatta palliata group and the South American Alouatta seniculus and Alouatta caraya groups. While the latter is monotypic, the A. seniculus group encompasses at least three species (A. seniculus, A. belzebul and A. fusca). In the present study, approximately 600 base pairs of the γ1-globin pseudogene were sequenced in the four Brazilian species (A. seniculus, A. belzebul, A. fusca and A. caraya). Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods yielded phylogenetic trees with the same arrangement: {A. caraya [A. seniculus (A. fusca, A. belzebul)]}. The most parsimoni- ous tree had bootstrap values greater than 82% for all groupings, and strength of grouping values of at least 2, supporting the sister clade of A. fusca and A. belzebul. The study also confirmed the presence of a 150-base pair Alu insertion element and a 1.8-kb deletion in the γ1-globin pseudogene in A. fusca, features found previously in the remaining three species. The cladistic classification based on molecular data agrees with those of morphological studies, with the monospecific A. caraya group being clearly differentiated from the A. seniculus group. INTRODUCTION southern Mexico to northern Argentina, and is found in tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems throughout Bra- The systematics of the New World monkeys (infra- zil (Hirsch et al., 1991).
  • The Current Status of the Newworld Monkey Phylogeny Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, Vol

    The Current Status of the Newworld Monkey Phylogeny Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, Vol

    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil Schneider, Horacio The current status of the NewWorld Monkey Phylogeny Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 72, núm. 2, jun;, 2000, pp. 165-172 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32772205 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative The Current Status of the New World Monkey Phylogeny∗ ∗∗ HORACIO SCHNEIDER Campus Universitário de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n – 68600-000 Bragança, Pará, Brazil Manuscript received on January 31, 2000; accepted for publication on February 2, 2000 ABSTRACT Four DNA datasets were combined in tandem (6700 bp) and Maximum parsimony and Neighbor-Joining analyses were performed. The results suggest three groups emerging almost at the same time: Atelidae, Pitheciidae and Cebidae. The total analysis strongly supports the monophyly of the Cebidae family, group- ing Aotus, Cebus and Saimiri with the small callitrichines. In the callitrichines, the data link Cebuela to Callithrix, place Callimico as a sister group of Callithrix/Cebuella, and show Saguinus to be the earliest offshoot of the callitrichines. In the family Pithecidae, Callicebus is the basal genus. Finally, combined molecular data showed congruent branching in the atelid clade, setting up Alouatta as the basal lineage and Brachyteles-Lagothrix as a sister group and the most derived branch.
  • World's Most Endangered Primates

    World's Most Endangered Primates

    Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A. Mittermeier, Chair, IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. Citation (report): Schwitzer, C., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Chiozza, F., Williamson, E.A., Macfie, E.J., Wallis, J. and Cotton, A. (eds.). 2017. Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA. 99 pp. Citation (species): Salmona, J., Patel, E.R., Chikhi, L. and Banks, M.A. 2017. Propithecus perrieri (Lavauden, 1931). In: C. Schwitzer, R.A. Mittermeier, A.B. Rylands, F. Chiozza, E.A. Williamson, E.J. Macfie, J. Wallis and A. Cotton (eds.), Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018, pp. 40-43. IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), and Bristol Zoological Society, Arlington, VA.
  • A Brief Litterature Review of the Spidermonkey, Ateles Sp

    A Brief Litterature Review of the Spidermonkey, Ateles Sp

    A literature review of the spider monkey, Ateles sp., with special focus on risk for extinction Julia Takahashi Supervisor: Jens Jung Department of Animal Environment and Health _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet Examensarbete 2008:49 Fakulteten för veterinärmedicin och ISSN 1652-8697 husdjursvetenskap Uppsala 2008 Veterinärprogrammet Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Degree project 2008:49 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and ISSN 1652-8697 Animal Sciences Uppsala 2008 Veterinary Medicine Programme CONTENTS Sammanfattning ................................................................................................. 3 Summary ............................................................................................................ 3 Resumo .............................................................................................................. 4 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6 Taxonomy ....................................................................................................... 6 Anatomy and characteristics........................................................................... 9 Geographical distribution .............................................................................
  • The Effects of Habitat Disturbance on the Populations of Geoffroy's Spider Monkeys in the Yucatan Peninsula

    The Effects of Habitat Disturbance on the Populations of Geoffroy's Spider Monkeys in the Yucatan Peninsula

    The Effects of Habitat Disturbance on the Populations of Geoffroy’s Spider Monkeys in the Yucatan Peninsula PhD thesis Denise Spaan Supervisor: Filippo Aureli Co-supervisor: Gabriel Ramos-Fernández August 2017 Instituto de Neuroetología Universidad Veracruzana 1 For the spider monkeys of the Yucatan Peninsula, and all those dedicated to their conservation. 2 Acknowledgements This thesis turned into the biggest project I have ever attempted and it could not have been completed without the invaluable help and support of countless people and organizations. A huge thank you goes out to my supervisors Drs. Filippo Aureli and Gabriel Ramos- Fernández. Thank you for your guidance, friendship and encouragement, I have learnt so much and truly enjoyed this experience. This thesis would not have been possible without you and I am extremely proud of the results. Additionally, I would like to thank Filippo Aureli for all his help in organizing the logistics of field work. Your constant help and dedication to this project has been inspiring, and kept me pushing forward even when it was not always easy to do so, so thank you very much. I would like to thank Dr. Martha Bonilla for offering me an amazing estancia at the INECOL. Your kind words have encouraged and inspired me throughout the past three years, and have especially helped me to get through the last few months. Thank you! A big thank you to Drs. Colleen Schaffner and Jorge Morales Mavil for all your feedback and ideas over the past three years. Colleen, thank you for helping me to feel at home in Mexico and for all your support! I very much look forward to continue working with all of you in the future! I would like to thank the CONACYT for my PhD scholarship and the Instituto de Neuroetología for logistical, administrative and financial support.
  • Central American Spider Monkey Ateles Geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador

    Central American Spider Monkey Ateles Geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador

    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321428630 Central American Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820: Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador... Chapter · December 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 18 7 authors, including: Pedro Guillermo Mendez-Carvajal Gilberto Pozo-Montuy Fundacion Pro-Conservacion de los Primates… Conservación de la Biodiversidad del Usuma… 13 PUBLICATIONS 24 CITATIONS 32 PUBLICATIONS 202 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Connectivity of priority sites for primate conservation in the Zoque Rainforest Complex in Southeastern Mexico View project Regional Monitoring System: communitarian participation in surveying Mexican primate’s population (Ateles and Alouatta) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Gilberto Pozo-Montuy on 01 December 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Primates in Peril The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018 Edited by Christoph Schwitzer, Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, Federica Chiozza, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Elizabeth J. Macfie, Janette Wallis and Alison Cotton Illustrations by Stephen D. Nash IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG) International Primatological Society (IPS) Conservation International (CI) Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Published by: IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), Conservation International (CI), Bristol Zoological Society (BZS) Copyright: ©2017 Conservation International All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries to the publisher should be directed to the following address: Russell A.
  • The New World Monkeys

    The New World Monkeys

    The New World Monkeys NEW WORLD PRIMATE TAG Husbandry WORKSHOP Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1980’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Cebidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cebus Cacajao Capuchin Monkeys Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Saimiri Bearded Sakis Cebuella Squirrel Monkeys Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta Howler Monkeys Callimico Goeldi’s Monkey Ateles Spider Monkeys Brachyteles Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Lagothrix Woolly Monkeys Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1990’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Atelidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Cebidae Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cebus Cacajao Capuchin Monkeys Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Saimiri Bearded Sakis Cebuella Suirrel Monkeys Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta Howler Monkeys Callimico Goeldi’s Monkey Ateles Spider Monkeys Brachyteles Woolly Spider Monkeys (Muriqui) Lagothrix Woolly Monkeys Taxonomy of New World primates circa 1990’s Suborder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini SuperFamily Ceboidea Family Callitrichidae Atelidae Aotus Leontopithecus Owl Monkeys Lion Tamarins Cebidae Callicebus Saguinus Titi Monkeys Tamarins Cebus Cacajao Capuchin Monkeys Uakaris Callithrix Marmosets Chiropotes Saimiri Bearded Sakis Cebuella Suirrel Monkeys Pygmy Marmosets Pithecia Sakis Alouatta *DNA analysis Howler Monkeys Callimico suggested that
  • Gene Expression CARLA M

    Gene Expression CARLA M

    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 2607-2611, March 1995 Evolution Fate of a redundant y-globin gene in the atelid clade of New World monkeys: Implications concerning fetal globin gene expression CARLA M. M. MEIRELES*t, MARIA P. C. SCHNEIDER*t, MARIA I. C. SAMPAIO*t, HoRAcIo SCHNEIDER*t, JERRY L. SLIGHTOM4, CHI-HUA CHIUt§, KATHY NEISWANGERT, DEBORAH L. GuMucIoll, JOHN CZELUSNLAKt, AND MORRIS GOODMANt** *Departamento de Genetica, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil; Departments of tAnatomy and Cell Biology and §Molecular Biology and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201; tMolecular Biology Unit 7242, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49007; 1Westem Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593; and IlDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0616 Communicated by Roy J. Britten, California Institute of Technology, Corona Del Mar, CA, December 19, 1994 (received for review August 19, 1994) ABSTRACT Conclusive evidence was provided that y', purifying selection. One outcome was that a mutation that the upstream of the two linked simian y-globin loci (5'-y'- made the qr locus a pseudogene was fixed -65 MYA in the 'y2-3'), is a pseudogene in a major group of New World eutherian lineage that evolved into the first true primates (4, monkeys. Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified genomic frag- 8). A later outcome, most likely favored by positive selection, ments of predicted sizes revealed that all extant genera of the was that embryonically expressed -y-globin genes became platyrrhine family Atelidae [Lagothrix (woolly monkeys), fetally expressed in the primate lineage out of which platyr- Brachyteles (woolly spider monkeys), Ateles (spider monkeys), rhines and catarrhines descended (1-3,9, 10).
  • Locomotion and Postural Behaviour Drinking Water

    Locomotion and Postural Behaviour Drinking Water

    History of Geo- and Space Open Access Open Sciences EUROPEAN PRIMATE NETWORK – Primate Biology Adv. Sci. Res., 5, 23–39, 2010 www.adv-sci-res.net/5/23/2010/ Advances in doi:10.5194/asr-5-23-2010 Science & Research © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Proceedings Locomotion and postural behaviour Drinking Water M. Schmidt Engineering Institut fur¨ Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitAccess Open at¨ and Jena, Science Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany Received: 22 January 2010 – Revised: 10 October 2010 – Accepted: 20 March 2011 – Published: 30 May 2011 Earth System Abstract. The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diversity of primate locomotor Science behaviour for people who are involved in research using laboratory primates. The main locomotor modes displayed by primates are introduced with reference to some general morphological adaptations. The relationships between locomotor behaviour and body size, habitat structure and behavioural context will be illustratedAccess Open Data because these factors are important determinants of the evolutionary diversity of primate locomotor activities. They also induce the high individual plasticity of the locomotor behaviour for which primates are well known. The article also provides a short overview of the preferred locomotor activities in the various primate families. A more detailed description of locomotor preferences for some of the most common laboratory primates is included which also contains information about substrate preferences and daily locomotor activities which might useful for laboratory practice. Finally, practical implications for primate husbandry and cage design are provided emphasizing the positive impact of physical activity on health and psychological well-being of primates in captivity.
  • Monkeys and Prosimians: Social Learning D

    Monkeys and Prosimians: Social Learning D

    Monkeys and Prosimians: Social Learning D. M. Fragaszy and J. Crast, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA ã 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Tarsiiformes (tarsiers of Southeast Asia). All prosimians live in tropical habitats in Africa and Asia and the vast In this chapter, we highlight examples of social influ- majority are arboreal and nocturnal. Prosimians are some- ences on learning observed in prosimians and monkeys times referred to as ‘living fossils’ because they appear to and consider the role of socially mediated learning in have some physical similarities to ancestral primates of the biology of these animals. Learning is always the approximately 50 Mya. In general, prosimians rely to a outcome of interacting physical, social, and individual greater extent than other primates on olfaction. Some are factors and takes place over time. Thus, we cannot parse solitary foragers; others travel and forage in groups ranging learning, either as a process or as an outcome, into from small family units to larger social groups of as many as portions that are socially influenced and portions that 27 individuals. Weknow less about the lifestyles and behav- are not. Instead, we can document how social processes ior of prosimians than of monkeys. affect behavior relevant to the learning process, and In comparison with prosimians, species in the suborder we can seek evidence for social contributions to learning Anthropoidea are characterized by a relatively larger outcomes. brain for their body mass, diurnal lifestyle, and a greater To begin, we provide some background on the taxo- reliance on vision than on olfaction.
  • Primate Families-Short

    Primate Families-Short

    The Primates compiled by Dana Visalli A male Mandrill Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment. Most primate species remain at least partly arboreal. There are a surprisingly large number of primates, or ‘monkeys and their kin.’ The total number is variable, but settles in the range of approximately 325 species. The word ‘primate’ comes from a Latin root meaning ‘first rank’ or ‘numeral uno,’ a reflection of ever-present an- thropocentrism (human self-centeredness) of our species, which tends to judge nearby Homo sapiens (which means ‘wise man’) as the pinnacle of the infinitely long evolutionary journey, while those Homo sapiens at a distance are often considered to be ‘the other’ and ‘the enemy’ and therefore not wise at all. Primates range in size from a tiny lemur in Madagascar called Madame Berthe’s Mouse Lemur, which weighs one ounce, to the lowland gorillas in Africa, which weigh in at well over 400 pounds. Genetic studies indicate that the primate line originated about 85 million years ago, in the mid-Cretaceous Peri- od. New primate species are still being discovered. More than 25 species were taxonomically described in the decade of the 2000s and eleven have been described since 2010. Primates are characterized by large brains relative to other mammals, as well as an increased reliance on stereoscopic vision at the expense of smell, the dominant sensory system in most mammals. These features are more developed in monkeys and apes and noticeably less so in lorises and lemurs.
  • Vertical Support Use and Primate Origins Gabriel S

    Vertical Support Use and Primate Origins Gabriel S

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Vertical support use and primate origins Gabriel S. Yapuncich 1, Henry J. Feng1, Rachel H. Dunn2, Erik R. Seifert 3 & Doug M. Boyer1 Adaptive scenarios of crown primate origins remain contentious due to uncertain order of acquisition Received: 1 May 2019 and functional signifcance of the clade’s diagnostic traits. A feature of the talus bone in the ankle, Accepted: 6 August 2019 known as the posterior trochlear shelf (PTS), is well-regarded as a derived crown primate trait, but Published: xx xx xxxx its adaptive signifcance has been obscured by poorly understood function. Here we propose a novel biomechanical function for the PTS and model the talus as a cam mechanism. By surveying a large sample of primates and their closest relatives, we demonstrate that the PTS is most strongly developed in extant taxa that habitually grasp vertical supports with strongly dorsifexed feet. Tali of the earliest fossils likely to represent crown primates exhibit more strongly developed PTS cam mechanisms than extant primates. As a cam, the PTS may increase grasping efciency in dorsifexed foot postures by increasing the path length of the fexor fbularis tendon, and thus improve the muscle’s ability to maintain fexed digits without increasing energetic demands. Comparisons are made to other passive digital fexion mechanisms suggested to exist in other vertebrates. These results provide robust anatomical evidence that the habitual vertical support use exerted a strong selective pressure during crown primate origins. Te talus is an important element for reconstructing positional behavior throughout primate evolution because the bone’s morphology correlates well with locomotor and postural behaviors of living euarchontans (the mam- malian clade including Primates, Scandentia, Dermoptera) and it is frequently preserved in fossil assemblages1–4.