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Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia
M. Vasiliew, Student N. Kostynska, doradca językowy Żytomierski Instytut Medyczny ŚWIATOWA ORGANIZACJA ZDROWIA Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia wyspecjalizowana agencja Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych, jest główną organizacją międzynarodową, zajmuąca się problemami zdrowia. Jej siedzibą jest Genewa. W 1946 r. ONZ zwołała Międzynarodową Konferencję Zdrowia w Nowym Jorku, gdzie 61 krajów ratyfikowało konwencję WHO. W roku 1948 w liczbie już 88 członków ratyfikowano powstanie WHO. Do WHO należą obecnie 194 kraje. Głównym obchodem, organizowanym przez WHO co roku w dniu 7 kwietnia, jest Światowy Dzień Zdrowia. Zadaniem WHO jest: działanie na rzecz zwiększenia współpracy między państwami w dziedzinie ochrony zdrowia, zwalczania epidemii chorób zakaźnych, ustalanie norm dotyczących składu lekarstw i jakości żywności, dąży również do zapewnienia opieki medycznej ludności świata oraz zmniejszenia śmiertelności niemowląt. [6, c.3] Do największych sukcesów tej organizacji należy zwalczanie epidemii groźnych chorób, takich jak: gruźlica, malaria, cholera czy dżuma poprzez masowe szczepienie. WHO walczy także z AIDS. Główne organy Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia to: Sekretariat na czele z dyrektorem generalnym, Światowe Zgromadzenie Zdrowia, Rada Wykonawcza, Komitety Regionalne. Działalność WHO jest wspomagana przez 6 biur regionalnych oraz 147 biur krajowych i łącznikowych. Oprócz biura stałego mieszczącego się w Genewie, WHO posiada regionalne biura: Afryka – Brazzaville, dla obu Ameryk – Waszyngton, dla płd.-wsch. Azji – New Delhi, dla Europy Kopenhaga, dla regionu śródziemnomorskiego – Каir dla regionu zach. Pacyfiku – Manila. Władzą naczelną WHO jest Światowe Zgromadzenie Zdrowia, które stanowią przedstawiciele wszystkich krajów członkowskich, które zbiera się raz do roku w Genewie. Zgromadzenie wybiera na okres 3 lat Komitet Wykonawczy, w którego skład wchodzi 34 ekspertów w dziedzinie zdrowia proponowanych przez kraje członkowskie. Zadaniem Komitetu jest realizacja decyzji i wytycznych Zgromadzenia. -
CANDAU, Marcolino Gomes, Brazilian Physician and Second Director
1 CANDAU, Marcolino Gomes, Brazilian physician and second Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) 1953-1973, was born 30 May 1911 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and died 23 January 1983 in Geneva, Switzerland. He was the son of Julio Candau and Augusta Gomes Pereira. On 30 May 1936 he married Ena de Carvalho, with whom he had two sons. After their divorce he married Sîtâ Reelfs in 1973. Source: www.who.int/features/history/1940_1959/en/index7.html Candau’s family was of French-Portuguese ancestry. Candau studied at the School of Medicine of the State of Rio de Janeiro, where he earned his living by tutoring his fellow students on anatomy, and completed his medical training in 1933. Shortly after finishing his studies he decided to work in public health and demonstrated administrative skills in his first job as head of a provincial health unit in São João Marcos. A state scholarship allowed him to take a special course in public health at the University of Brazil in 1936. He also worked in the city health departments of Santana de Japuiba and Nova Iguaçu. In 1938 he was promoted to Assistant Director-General of the Department of Health of the State of Rio de Janeiro and appointed assistant professor of hygiene at the School of Medicine. In the same year Fred L. Soper, representative of the Rio de Janeiro-based Rockefeller Foundation in Brazil, asked Candau to work under his direction in a major eradication campaign against a malaria outbreak produced by the Anopheles gambiae mosquito, which resulted in Candau’s fieldwork as a medical officer in the Northeast Malaria Service. -
The Highest Attainable Standard: the World Health Organization, Global Health
The Highest Attainable Standard: The World Health Organization, Global Health Governance, and the Contentious Politics of Human Rights Benjamin Mason Meier Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2009 © 2009 Benjamin Mason Meier All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Highest Attainable Standard: The World Health Organization, Global Health Governance, and the Contentious Politics of Human Rights Benjamin Mason Meier The human right to health—proclaimed seminally in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and codified in the 1966 International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) as “the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health”—has become a cornerstone of global health governance. Heralded as a normative framework for international public health, the right to health is seen as foundational to the contemporary policies and programs of the World Health Organization (WHO). It was not always so. This dissertation traces the political history leading up to WHO’s invocation of human rights for the public’s health. With both the UDHR and WHO coming into existence in 1948, there was great initial promise that these two institutions would complement each other, with WHO upholding human rights in all its activities. In spite of this promise and early WHO efforts to advance a human rights basis for its work, WHO intentionally neglected the right to health during crucial years of its evolution, with the WHO Secretariat renouncing its authoritative role in human rights policy to pursue medical care programming. -
Ross Ellis Memorial Lecture Ross Ellis
Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 19, ISSUE 3 Studies Ross Ellis Memorial Lecture Ross Ellis: A Canadian Temperate Hero Geoffrey Hayes Lieutenant-Colonel Ross Ellis was a remarkable soldier who led the Calgary Highlanders, and later his community and province with distinction. Ellis had those powerful but elusive qualities of a leader, defined by a British doctor in 1945: the technical knowledge to lead, but also the moral equipment to inspire.1 This article has two purposes. First it explores briefly what kind of man the wartime Canadian Army sought for its commissioned leadership. It then draws upon the correspondence between Ross Ellis and his wife Marjorie to see how one remarkable soldier negotiated his first weeks in battle in the summer of 1944. These letters reveal how, with Marjorie’s encouragement, Ross Ellis sustained his own morale and nurtured 1 Emanuel Miller, “Psychiatric Casualties Among Officers and Men from Normandy: Distribution of Aetiological Factors.” The Lancet 245, no. 6343 (March 1945): pp. 364–66. ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2019 ISSN : 1488-559X VOLUME 19, ISSUE 3 a leadership style that would become legendary within the Calgary Highlanders community. Like so many others, Ross Ellis practiced a kind of temperate heroism2 a reaction not only to the idealized, heroic vision of officership in the First World War, but also to British and especially German representations of wartime leadership. The First World War cast a wide shadow over Ross Ellis’ generation. And although much changed between the two wars, there were still remarkable similarities in the way in which soldiers understood and endured the war. -
Qua~Er Thought and Life Today
Qua~er Thought and Life Today VOLUME 10 JUNE 15, 1964 NUMBER 12 @uR period h"' dedded Painter of Peaceable Kingdoms for a secular world. That was by Walter Teller a great and much-needed deci sion . .. It gave consecration and holiness to our daily life and work. Yet it excluded those deep things for which UN Experiments in Peacekeeping religion stands: the feeling for by Robert H. Cory, Jr. the inexhaustible mystery of life, the grip of an ultimate meaning of existence, and the invincible power of an uncon A Fable for Friends drtional devotion. These things cannot be excluded. If by James J. Pinney we try to expel them in their divine images, they re-emerge in demonic images. - PAUL TILLICH What About Irish Friends? by Helen F. Campbell Civil DisobediJence: A Student View THIRTY CENTS $5.00 A YEAR Letter from England 266 · FRIENDS JOURNAL June 15, 1964 Civil Disobedience-A Student View FRIENDS JOURNAL (A report by Friends' Select School seniors) N three occasions early this spring, Friends' Select School 0 in Philadelphia was presented with the gentle challenge of George Lakey, secretary of the Friends' Peace Committee. A most effective speaker, he was immediately popular, even with those who radically disapproved of his viewpoint. He attempted an explanation and defense of nonviolent civil dis obedience, both as a social tactic and as an individual ethic, illustrating his talks with such profound examples as his own Published semimonthly, on the first and fifteenth of each recent experiences in Albany, Georgia. month, at 1515 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PennSYlvania 19102, by Friends Publishing Corporation (LO 3-7669). -
Cholera in Egypt and the Origins of WHO, 1947
CholeraCholera inin EgyptEgypt andand thethe OriginsOrigins ofof WHO,WHO, 19471947 Marcos Cueto Professor Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Part of a larger study on the history of WHO, Global Health Histories initiative, E. Fee, T. Brown et al. GeneralGeneral themetheme andand questions:questions: In 1947 the organizers of WHO planned to hold the 1st World Health Assembly within a few months but the process took longer and faced urgent problems such as a cholera outbreak Tension between the need to respond to emergencies and institution building processes How to combine relief with prevention? How to modernize quarantine regulations? How to work in a conflictive region and period? (Palestine refugees, the creation of Israel, the beginning of the Cold War) John Lennon “Life is what happens to you while you are busy making other plans” BackgroundBackground Between 1882-1920s part of the British Empire but never officially a colony In 1922 the UK unilaterally declared independence However, British influence continued (maintaining its control over the Suez canal) Occupied by the Germans during most of the WWII In the early 20th century an export economy: cotton In 1947 the total population of the country over 19 million British soldiers at the piramid of Giza, c. 1899 www.artehistoria.com H.M. Farouk I, King of Egypt and of Sudan. ruled Egypt between 1936 and 1952. Undermined by accusations of a lavish royal lifestyle in a poor country, corruption and pick-pocketing In 1945 Egypt became a member of the Arab League with headquarters in Cairo; against UN plan for partition of Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish state Egypt was defeated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War but maintained control of a strip of territory around Gaza A country on the threshold of a revolution A military coup in 1952, directed by Gamal A. -
CHISHOLM, George Brock (Known As Brock), Canadian Deputy Minister
1 CHISHOLM, George Brock (known as Brock), Canadian Deputy Minister of Health and first Director-General of the World Health Organization, 1948-1953, was born 18 May 1896 in Oakville, Ontario, and passed away 4 February 1971 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He was the son of Frank Hubert Chisholm, Canadian militia officer, and Lizzie Annett McCraney. On 21 June 1924 he married Grace MacLean Ryrie. They had one daughter and one son. Source: www.who.int/entity/dg/emeriti/chisolm_sepia.jpg; no copyright information found Chisholm, the third of six children, was born into a family with strong ties to his hometown Oakville, founded by his great-great-grandfather in 1827, and to the military. One of his ancestors fought under Sir Isaac Brock, ‘the Hero of Upper Canada’, in the War of 1812 against the United States of America (US) and his father was a militia officer. Boys in the family wore the name Brock, and Chisholm inverted the order of his first names to go by Brock. The Chisholm family was prominent in the town but not rich; his father later ran a coal yard. His mother suffered from fragile health and the older daughter Faith took care of the children. The family was Presbyterian and observed religious service, but Chisholm took his distance to become anti-religious. When he was five, an uncle gave him a toy doctor’s set and from that point on it is said that Chisholm wanted to become a doctor (Irving 1998: 23). In 1915, when still a student at the Oakville High School, he volunteered for the Canadian Overseas Expeditionary Force created to fight in the First World War, thus keeping up with the family tradition. -
“NOTICIAS DE SALUD” UNIDAD DE GESTION DE INFORMACION Y CONOCIMIENTO Representación OPS/OMS En Cuba
BOLETIN SEMANAL “NOTICIAS DE SALUD” UNIDAD DE GESTION DE INFORMACION Y CONOCIMIENTO Representación OPS/OMS en Cuba No. 9, 30 de octubre al 3 de noviembre del 2006 Estimados Usuarios: El Boletín Semanal “Noticias de Salud” estará disponible en nuestra página WEB (www.cub.ops-oms.org). Cordialmente, Unidad de Gestión de la Información y el Conocimiento Representación OPS/OMS, Cuba SERVICIO ESPECIAL DE LA AIN Avanza en Cuba uso de red de transmisión de imágenes médicas Francis Norniella: Avanza en Cuba uso de red de transmisión de imágenes médicas Por Dania Sánchez Parra Fruto del desarrollo de la telemedicina en Cuba, más de 50 hospitales y servicios están conectados a un sistema de transmisión de imágenes médicas digitales denominado "Imagis", que se integra al proceso de diagnóstico de enfermedades. Esa útil herramienta cuenta con opciones para el envío, recepción, visualización, procesamiento y almacenamiento de las imágenes obtenidas en estudios imagenológicos en tomógrafos, resonancia magnética, ultrasonido, rayos X y angiógrafos, entre otros. La imagenología es un recurso clínico que proporciona al médico, mediante la revelación de imágenes internas del cuerpo humano, la información necesaria para un diagnóstico exacto. Los detalles de los pacientes, estudios y series de imágenes se visualizan en forma de tabla y pueden ordenarse en forma ascendente o descendente. ''Imagis'' figura entre los logros científicos del Centro de Biofísica Médica de Santiago de Cuba, institución que fabricó el primer tomógrafo cubano de Resonancia Magnética para el diagnóstico precoz y no invasivo de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central. La introducción de ''Imagis'' en el sistema nacional de salud ha sido posible por la labor conjunta con Softel, empresa de software del Ministerio de Informática y las Comunicaciones. -
8 the World Health Organization, the Evolution of Human Rights, and the Failure to Achieve Health for All
8 The World Health Organization, the evolution of human rights, and the failure to achieve Health for All Benjamin Mason Meier 1 Introduction Human rights are heralded as a modern guide for public health. Cited by health advocates throughout the world, the human right to health – proclaimed semin- ally in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and codified in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) as ‘the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health’ – has become a cornerstone of global health govern- ance. As a normative framework for international public health, the right to health is seen as foundational to the contemporary policies and programs of the World Health Organization (WHO). It was not always so. This chapter traces the political history leading up to WHO’s invocation of human rights for the public’s health. With both the UDHR and WHO coming into existence in 1948, there was great initial promise that these two institutions would complement each other, with WHO – as a specialised agency of the United Nations (UN) – upholding human rights in all its activities. In spite of this prom- ise, and early WHO efforts to advance a human rights basis for its work, WHO policy intentionally neglected the right to health during crucial years of its evolution, projecting itself as a technical organisation above ‘legal rights’. Where WHO neglected human rights – out of political expediency, legal incapacity and medical supremacy – it did so at its peril. After 25 years of shunning the development of the right to health, WHO came to see these legal principles as a political foundation upon which to frame its ‘Health for All’ strat- egy under the Declaration of Alma-Ata. -
WHA5 63 Eng.Pdf (1.239Mb)
UNITED NATION'S NATIONS UNIES WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION MONDIALE ORGANIZATION DE LA SANTÉ FIFTH WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY A5/65 * 19 May 1952 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH EXTENSION OF THE CONTRACT OF THE DIKECTfiR-GENERAL Draft resolution proposed by the delegations of - Afghanistan Indonesia Norway Austria Iraq Pakistan Brazil Iran Panama Burma Ireland ; i Peru .Cambñdia Israel Philippines Canada Japan'. Saudi Arabia Ceylon Jordan Sweden Chile Korea Switzerland Costa Rica Laps Syria Denmark Lebanon Thailand Egypt Liberia Union of Sguth Africa El Salvador Libya United States qf America Ethiopia Monaco Viet Nam Iceland New Zealand Yugoslavia In/Ha Nicaragua In accordance with the provisions of Rule 105 pf the. Rules of Procedure of the Health Assembly," the Fifth World Health Assembly may wish te suspend Rule 6 for the purpose of adding an item "Extension ç>f the Contract of the Director- General"--to its Agenda, and tp adopt a resolution along the following lines:' Whereas the First World Health Assembly elected and appointed Dr. Brock Chisholm as Director-General of the Warld Health Organization ; Whereas the First World Health Assembly provided in the Agreement Qf the Terms of Employment of the Director-General for his appointment to be .... 2 for a five-year period- as from 21 July .1948 j and. ^Handbook of Resolutions and Decisions, p.205 it tt A5/63 page 2 • • Whereas under Article 31 of the Constitution of the World Health Organization "the Director-General shall be appointed by the Health Assembly on the nomination of the Executive Board on such terms as the Health Assembly may determine"; The Fifth World Health Assembly, 1. -
Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age
Med. Hist. (2018), vol. 62(1), pp. 27–49. c The Author 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press 2017 doi:10.1017/mdh.2017.75 Healing a Sick World: Psychiatric Medicine and the Atomic Age RAN ZWIGENBERG* Department of Asian Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 203 Old Botany Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Abstract: The onset of nuclear warfare in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far-reaching implications for the world of medicine. The study of the A-bomb and its implications led to the launching of new fields and avenues of research, most notably in genetics and radiation studies. Far less understood and under-studied was the impact of nuclear research on psychiatric medicine. Psychological research, however, was a major focus of post-war military and civilian research into the bomb. This research and the perceived revolutionary impact of atomic energy and warfare on society, this paper argues, played an important role in the global development of post-war psychiatry. Focusing on psychiatrists in North America, Japan and the United Nations, this paper examines the reaction of the profession to the nuclear age from the early post-war period to the mid 1960s. The way psychiatric medicine related to atomic issues, I argue, shifted significantly between the immediate post-war period and the 1960s. While the early post-war psychiatrists sought to help society deal with and adjust to the new nuclear reality, later psychiatrists moved towards a more radical position that sought to resist the establishment’s efforts to normalise the bomb and nuclear energy. This shift had important consequences for research into the psychological trauma suffered by victims of nuclear warfare, which, ultimately, together with other research into the impact of war and systematic violence, led to our current understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). -
Pugwash NEWSLETTER
Pugwash NEWSLETTER issued by the Council of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Nobel Peace Prize 1995 Nuclear Impasse? Volume 37 Ⅲ Number 1 Ⅲ June 2000 To the Pugwash Community New Directions for Pugwash Pugwash Study Group on Intervention and Sovereignty he beginning of the year 2000 witnessed a num- This newly created study group met for the first time in ber of developments that set in train a wide- Venice, Italy in December 1999 to discuss ways of build- Tranging review of where and how Pugwash ing greater international support on the issue of when and should be devoting its efforts regarding major threats to where the international community should intervene in the global peace and security. internal affairs of a nation state. Papers from the Venice In the realm of nuclear weapons, Secretary General workshop were published in a new publication series, the George Rathjens convened two high-level consultations to Pugwash Occasional Papers (also available on the web) help him and the Pugwash Executive Committee think and a report on the workshop can be found on page 24. through just where Pugwash can marshal its resources to With the recent experiences of Kosovo and East Timor help the international community reverse a number of seri- freshly in mind, and with the global community facing ous recent setbacks to the control and elimination of new challenges in Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic nuclear weapons. His report on these consultations, held of the Congo, and elsewhere, the Pugwash study group in La Jolla in January and in London in March, can be will work over the next several years to devise consulta- found on the pages following, and members of the tion and implementation strategies by which the interna- Pugwash community are invited and urged to respond tional community can respond in more timely fashion to with their thoughts and suggestions (via the Pugwash avert and reverse humanitarian disasters.