Phylum: Chytridiomycota (Zoosporic Fungi)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Phylum: Chytridiomycota (Zoosporic Fungi) 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Phylum: Chytridiomycota (Zoosporic Fungi) (Zoosporic Fungi) Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Chytridiomycota Kingdom: Straminipila Phylum: Oomycota Protista Phylum: Myxomycota Phylum: Chytridiomycota 1. True Fungi. 2. The most primitive fungi. 3. Aquatic, flagellated fungi. 4. Branching hyphae. 5. Cell wall composed of Chitin. 6. Produce motile spores called zoospores. 7. Remember: these are the only fungi with flagellated cells. 8. Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants and animals. Main characteristics: Somatic stage Coenocytic hyphae with globular, ovoid or well-develop mycelium. Mostly haploid, but some species are diploid. Cell wall are mainly chitin and glucan. Reproduction Asexual reproduction by production of single posterior whiplash zoospore in ZOOsporangium Sexual reproduction by formation of resting sexual spore by mean of planogametic copulation. Classification 123 genera, 900 species in 5 orders: • Chytridiales - Spizellomycetales • Blastocladiales - Monoblepharidales • Neocallimasticales 1 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Zoospore • Microscopic (2-14 x 2-6 micron), uninucleate, unicellular, flagellated spore lacking a cell wall. • Formed in a zoosporangium by a process involving mitosis and cytoplasmic cleavage. • Zoospores rely on endogenous energy reserves. Flagella: 0.25 microns wide, up to 50 microns long. One to many flagella depending on the taxonomic group. May have only whiplash, whiplash + tinsel, or only tinsel, flagellum may be unequal in length (= heterokont). Zoosporangium • A typically multinucleate structure that produces zoospores by a process called zoosporogenesis. • Zoosporogenesis includes mitosis and cleavage of zoospores from zoosporangium cytoplasm. • Zoospores release through one of several methods: - Breakdown of zoosporangial wall. - Opening of cap-like cover called operculum. - Discharge papillae plugged with gelatinous material. Thallus types relative to substrate • Endobiotic: Thallus produced inside host or substrate. • Epibiotic Thallus produced outside host or substrate; rhizoides formed from thallus to absorb substrate. 2 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Endobiotic Epibiotic Resting zoosporangium in zoosporangium during releasing of Resting zoosporangium in Allomyces zoospore Flagellate zoospore Sporophyte of Allomyces Male and femal gamantagium of Allomyces in Agar culture 3 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Asexual Reproduction • Uniflagellate zoospore One whiplash flagellum inserted in posterior part of zoospore. • Zoospores formed in zoosporangia and released through an operculum or discharge papilla Sexual Reproduction • Plasmogamy and karyogamy results in formation of resting sporangium. Thickened, often pigmented and/or ornamented wall. • Germination of resting sporangium occurs after meiosis by cleavage of cytoplasm into zoospores. 4 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Synchytrium SPP. ◆ S. endobioticum is a parasitic genus causing black wart disease on potato. ◆ Characterized by enlargement of surface cell (hypertrophy) and increase numbers of cell (hyperplasia). Classification • Kingdom : Fungi • Phylum : Chytridiomycota • Order : Chytridiales • Family : Synchytriaceae • Genus : Synchytrium • Species : endobioticum • Common names: Black wart of potato Synchytrium Endobioticum • Does not produce hyphae and is an obligate, endobiotic parasite. • It is a long-cycled chytrid characterized by a short-lived swarm (summer) sporangial stage resulting from host infection by uniflagellate zoospores and a resting (winter) sporangial stage resulting from host infection by conjugated zoospores (biflagellate zygotes). • Both sporangial types germinate to release 200-300 zoospores, which are pear-shaped infective units and motile by means of a posterior flagellum. Resting sporangia are golden brown and spheroidal. • The resting sporangium wall has prominent exterior ridges and contains chitin. Winter (resting)(left) and summer (right)sporangia of Synchytrium endobioticum 5 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Symptoms: Potato wart symptoms can be found on all underground plant parts except roots. 1- Stem – Galls form at the base of the stem; initially white, but turning black when decaying; may be as small as a pin or as large as a fist; surface is rough-warty in appearance. 2- Tubers - Eyes develop cauliflower-like swellings; when formed underground, they are the same color as the potato skin, darkening with age, or green if exposed to light. Typical warts are soft and pulpy and easier to cut than a healthy tuber. 3- Stolons - Symptoms similar to tubers. 4- Aerial buds - Small greenish warts form in the position of the aerial buds at the stem bases. Black wart disease caused by S. endobioticum Cross section of a potato infected with black scab (Synchytrium endobioticum) fungus. The cells balloon out and later turn into sporangia (pink patches), which contain numerous spores. 6 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Disease cycle: 1. In the spring, resting sporangia in decaying warts and soil germinate to release haploid (uninucleate) zoospores. 2. These zoospores migrate in soil water for a limited distance (50 mm or less) via a single flagellum to arrive at epidermal cells of meristematic tissues of growing points, buds, stolon tips, or young leaf primordia. 3. Zoospores are short-lived and must encyst and infect susceptible host tissue within 1-2 hr after their formation. 4. After infection by zoospores, potato host cells greatly enlarge and haploid sori form inside the host cells while neighboring host cells begin to proliferate, resulting in the characteristic warty galls and the increased presence of the meristematic tissue that provides new infection courts for the fungus. 5. Each sorus contains 1 to 9 summer sporangia, which in turn germinate to produce new haploid zoospores which reinfect susceptible tissue (i.e., a secondary disease cycle). 6. zoospores also may conjugate to form uninucleate, diploid, biflagellate zygotes which infect the host tissue to form resting sporangia. 7. Following infection by zygotes, the host cell in which resting sporangia form does not swell but divides to form galls. 8. The host cell wall remains closely attached and forms an outer layer to the resistant, thick- walled resting (winter) sporangium. As these galls decay and disintegrate, they release the thick-walled resting sporangia into the soil environment. Resting sporangia are endogenously dormant and can remain viable for 40 to 50 years at depths of up to 50 cm (20 inches) in the soil profile. 9. Resting sporangia survive passage through the digestive system of animals fed infected potatoes, and contaminated manure also can disperse inoculum. Earthworms have also been found to serve as means of inoculum dispersal, and resting sporangia can be dispersed by wind-blown soil or by flowing surface water. 7 7th Lab Practical Mycology 2021 Synchytrium life cycle 8 .
Recommended publications
  • Synchytrium Endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Pest Risk Assessment for Oregon
    Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Pest Risk Assessment for Oregon This pest risk assessment follows the format used by the Exotic Forest Pest Information System for North America. For a description of the evaluation process used, see http://spfnic.fs.fed.us/exfor/download.cfm. IDENTITY Name: Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Taxonomic Position: Chytridiales: Synchytriaceae Common Name: Potato wart disease RISK RATING SUMMARY Numerical Score: 6 Relative Risk Rating: HIGH Uncertainty: Very Certain Uncertainty in this assessment results from: Potato wart has been extensively studied in the countries in which it is established. RISK RATING DETAILS Establishment potential is HIGH Justification: Potato wart is apparently native to the Andes Mountains and has subsequently been spread throughout the world through the movement of infected or contaminated tubers. It has become successfully established in several countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania. Previous detections in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia had reportedly been eradicated by 1974, although surveys conducted in Maryland revealed the presence of resting spores of the pathogen were still present in one home garden. The spores were reportedly non-viable. Spread potential is MODERATE Justification: Potato wart has been spread throughout the world through the movement of infested tubers. Local spread is primarily through the movement of contaminated soil on equipment, vehicle tires, tubers, and plants. Spores may also be spread by wind. Symptoms in the field may not manifest until after repeated cultivation of susceptible hosts within a field or garden. Infected tubers may not manifest symptoms until in storage; however, meristematic tissue (sprouts) may be so severely affected plants will not emerge from infected seed tubers.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Causal Organism of Black Wart Disease of Potato)
    Online class- TDC Part I Date-19.4.21 Synchytrium (Causal Organism of Black Wart Disease of Potato) Classification- (Alexpoulos and Mims,1979) Division- Mycota Sub division- Eumycotina Class- - Chytridiomycetes Order- Chytridiales Family- Synchytriaceae Genus- Synchytrium Species- endobioticum Synchytrium is a soil borne fungus which do not possess mycelium and is designated as holocarpic. It is placed under the order Chytridiales, series Uniflagellatae of Class Phycomycetes (Lower fungi) as classified by Sparrow (1960). It is worldwide in distribution, occurring in tropical, temperate and arctic zones. It has been found present even at higher altitudes of above 11000 ft. All the species are parasitic and infect algae, mosses, ferns and most commonly flowering plants. It causes Black wart disease in Potato. As a result potato tubers are affected and become malformed due to formation of warts on them. There are 200 species of Synchytrium, but about 60 species have been reported from India. The most common species is S. endobioticum, well known for disease on potato. It mainly infects solanaceous plants. Some important species are S. anemones; S.cajani; S.phaseoli-radiati; S. cyperi; S. fistulosus; S. luffae; S. indicum; S.meliloti etc. Somatic structure- The body of the fungus is composed of a single uninucleate cell with definite cell wall. The fungus resides in the potato tuber in most part of its life cycle and produces many uniflagellate motile zoospores. These zoospores are the carrier of fresh infection in healthy tubers. The fungus induces the host tissue to multiply in number and to grow in size. Due to this, many warts develop in the tubers; hence the disease is known as wart disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Fungi of Phytoplankton: Ecological Roles and Implications for Microbial Food Webs
    Vol. 62: 123–137, 2011 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Published online January 19 doi: 10.3354/ame01448 Aquat Microb Ecol REVIEW Parasitic fungi of phytoplankton: ecological roles and implications for microbial food webs Serena Rasconi, Marlène Jobard, Télesphore Sime-Ngando* LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome & Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand II, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France ABSTRACT: Microbial parasites typically are characterized by their small size, short generation time, and high rates of reproduction, with a simple life cycle occurring generally within a single host. They are diverse and ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, comprising viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Recently, environmental 18S rDNA surveys of microbial eukaryotes have unveiled major infecting agents in pelagic systems, consisting primarily of chytrids (Chytridiomycota). Chytrids are external eucarpic parasites that infect diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae, primarily diatoms and fila- mentous species. They produce specialized rhizoidal systems within host cells, i.e. the nutrient con- veying system for the formation of fruit bodies (sporangia) from which propagules (motile uniflagel- lated zoospores) are released into the environment. In this review, we summarize the ecological potential of parasites of phytoplankton and infer the implications for food web dynamics. We focus on chytrids, together with other parasitic eukaryotes, with special emphasis on (1) the role of micropar- asites in driving the structure of phytoplankton communities, (2) the role of chytrid zoospores in mat- ter and energy transfer, and (3) the potential consequences of infections for food web dynamics. We raise the question of genetic potential from host–parasite interactions and also of how environmental factors might affect the host–parasite relationships in the pelagic realm.
    [Show full text]
  • 1993 Li, Heath and Packer.Pdf
    The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiornycota. 11. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord.nov. JINLIANCLI, I. BRENTHEATH,] AND LAURENCEPACKER Dep(~rittiet~tof Biology, York Utliversity, North York, Otzt., Cotzodc~M3J IP3 Receivcd May 15, 1992 LI, J., HEATH,I. B., and PACKER,L. 1993. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiornycota. 11. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocalli- masticales ord.nov. Can. J. Bot. 71: 393-407. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of thc Chytridiomycota and the chytridiomycetous gut fungi with a cladistic analysis of42 morphological, ultrastructural, and mitotic characters for 38 taxa using both maximum parsimony and distance algorithms. Our analyses show that there are three major clades within the Chytridiomycota: the gut fungi, thc Blastocladiales, and the Spizellomycetales-Chytridialcs- Monoblepharidales. Conscqucntly. we elevated the gut fungi to the order Neocallimasticales ord.nov. Our results suggest that a modified Chytridiales, including the Monoblepharidales. is a monophyletic group. In contrast the Spizellomycetales are paraphyletic because the Chytridiales arose within them. The separation of the traditional Chytridiales into two orders is thus doubtful. Although the Blastocladiales are closer to members of the Spizellomycetales than the Chytridiales, the cladistic analyses of both structural and rRNA sequence data do not support the idea that the Blastocladiales were derived from the Spizellomycetales. We suggest emendations to the classification of the Chytridiomycota and note which groupings require further analysis. Our phylogeny for the currently recognized species of gut fungi is inconsis- tent with the existing classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Class Tutorial B.Sc(Botany)Part-I Life Cycle of Synchytrium
    Class Tutorial B.Sc(Botany)Part-I Life cycle of Synchytrium Dr. Devanand kumar Department of Botany B.N college, Patna University, Patna Life cycle of Synchytrium ➢Systematic position- ▪ Kingdom-Mycota ▪ Division-Eumycota ▪ Class-Chytridiomycetes ▪ Order-Chytridiales ▪ Family-Synchytriaceae ▪ Genus-Synchytrium Life cycle of Synchytrium ➢Habit and habitat- ▪ Synchytrium includes about 200 species. ▪ Wildly distributed through out the world. ▪ Most species are parasite on flowering plant growing in cool and moist climate. ▪ Synchytrium endobioticum is a serious parasite of potato tubers causing black wart disease. ▪ Black wart diseae of potato was first repoted in 1895 from Hungary. ▪ In India, it was first reported by Ganguly and Paul(1953) from Darjeeling. Life cycle of Synchytrium ➢Vegetative body- ▪ The thallus is unicellular, endobiotic and holocarpic and represented by a nacked posteriorly uniflagellate zoospore. ➢Sympotoms- ▪ Usually the disease affects the underground parts of host except roots i.e. tubers, buds of stem and stolen. ▪ The disease appears as warty, tuberous and dirty cauliflower like outgrowths on infected parts Life cycle of Synchytrium • Warts are even larger than the tubers covering the whole tuber. • Warts varry in size and colour from greenish white to cream and black depending upon the exposure of light. • Galls and tumor may be formed on aerial parts as well. Life cycle of Synchytrium • According to British mycologist, K.M. Curtis, a zoospore comes to rest on the epidermis of the host, make a minute pore on the epidermal wall and penetrates leaving its flagellum outside. • Formation of thick walled and rounded summer spore called prosorus or summer sporangia within the host cell takes place.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Body Administered by the Natural Environment Research Council, As the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (IFE)
    Published work on freshwater science from the FBA, IFE and CEH, 1929-2006 Item Type book Authors McCulloch, I.D.; Pettman, Ian; Jolly, O. Publisher Freshwater Biological Association Download date 30/09/2021 19:41:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/22791 PUBLISHED WORK ON FRESHWATER SCIENCE FROM THE FRESHWATER BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, INSTITUTE OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY AND CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, 1929–2006 Compiled by IAN MCCULLOCH, IAN PETTMAN, JACK TALLING AND OLIVE JOLLY I.D. McCulloch, CEH Lancaster, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK Email: [email protected] I. Pettman*, Dr J.F. Talling & O. Jolly, Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry Landing, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK * Email: [email protected] Editor: Karen J. Rouen Freshwater Biological Association Occasional Publication No. 32 2008 Published by The Freshwater Biological Association The Ferry Landing, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK. www.fba.org.uk Registered Charity No. 214440. Company Limited by Guarantee, Reg. No. 263162, England. © Freshwater Biological Association 2008 ISSN 0308-6739 (Print) ISSN 1759-0698 (Online) INTRODUCTION Here we provide a new listing of published scientific contributions from the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) and its later Research Council associates – the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (1989–2000) and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (2000+). The period 1929–2006 is covered. Our main aim has been to offer a convenient reference work to the large body of information now available. Remarkably, but understandably, the titles are widely regarded as the domain of specialists; probably few are consulted by administrators or general naturalists.
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeo-Electronica.Org
    Palaeontologia Electronica http://palaeo-electronica.org A POSSIBLE ENDOPARASITIC CHYTRIDIOMYCETE FUNGUS FROM THE PERMIAN OF ANTARCTICA J.L. García Massini Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University PO Box 750395 Dallas TX 75275-0395 ABSTRACT Several stages of the life cycle of an endoparasitic fungus of the Chytridiomycota, here assigned to the extant genus Synchtrium, are described as the new species per- micus from silicified plant remains from the Late Permian (~250 Ma) of Antarctica. The thallus of Synchtrium permicus is holocarpic and monocentric and consists of thick- walled resting sporangia, thin-walled sporangia, and zoospores in different stages of development. A life cycle is hypothesized from the range of developmental stages. The life cycle begins when zoospores encyst on the host cell surface, subsequently giving rise to thin-walled sporangia with motile spores. Some zoospores (haploid) function as isogamous gametes that may fuse to produce resting sporangia (diploid). Roots, leaves, and stems of plants are among the tissues infected. Host response to infection includes hypertrophy. Morphological and developmental patterns suggest similarities with the Synchytriaceae (Chytridiales), particularly with Synchytrium. Previous records of chytridiomycetes are known from the Devonian Rhynie Chert and from the Carbonif- erous and the Eocene of the northern hemisphere; this report is the first on chytridio- mycetes from the Permian. KEY WORDS: Endoparasitic fungi, fossil fungi, chytridiomycetes, Synchytrium INTRODUCTION genetic studies using protein sequences suggest that they originated in the Precambrian, 1400-1600 The Chytridiomycota are considered to be million years ago (Heckman et al. 2001). An primitive organisms whose affinities with all other ancient origin for the group is indicated by the fungi are debatable (Bowman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Synchytrium Endobioticum
    Synchytrium endobioticum Scientific Name Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival Synonyms: Chrysophlyctis endobiotica Schilbersky Synchytrium solani Massee Common Name Potato wart, potato wart disease, wart disease of potato, black wart of potato, cauliflower disease, potato tumor, potato cancer, potato canker, warty disease Type of Pest Fungal pathogen Taxonomic Position Kingdom: Fungi, Class: Chytridiomycetes, Order: Chytridiales, Family: Figure 1. Live resting (winter) sporangium of Synchytriaceae Synchytrium endobioticum. Image courtesy of Central Science Laboratory, York (GB) British Reason for Inclusion in Crown. Manual Previous CAPS Target: AHP Prioritized Pest List - 2005 through 2009 Additional Pest of Concern List (2010 to 2013); Solanaceous Hosts survey; Select Agent Pest Description A pathotype is a subdivision of a pathogen species characterized by its pattern of virulence or avirulence to a series of differential host varieties or cultivars. Ballvora et al. (2011) state there are 38 pathotypes of Synchytrium endobioticum occurring in Europe alone. Franc (2007), in contrast, states that there are approximately 43 pathotypes described from Europe, but that many presumably persist in small garden potato plots, not in commercial potato plots. The true number of pathotypes is unknown as researchers from different countries have used different sets of cultivars to identify and characterize pathotypes (Franc, 2007). Ballvora et al. (2011) state that pathotypes 1, 2, 6, and 18 are the most important occurring in Europe. Hyphae: This species does not produce hyphae (EPPO, n.d.). Last updated: January 14, 2016 1 Sporangia: Synchytrium endobioticum produces sporangia, which contain 200 to 300 mobile zoospores (EPPO, n.d.; Franc, 2007). There are two different sporangia, the winter sporangia (long-lived stage) and the summer sporangia (short-lived, quickly reproducing stage) (EPPO, n.d.).
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Plant Diseases
    K. K. WAGH COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, NASHIK DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY THEORY NOTES Course No.: - PATH -121 Course Title: - Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Credits: - 3 (2+1) Compiled By Prof. Patil K.P. Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology Teaching Schedule a) Theory Lecture Topic Weightage (%) 1 Importance of plant diseases, scope and objectives of Plant 3 Pathology..... 2 History of Plant Pathology with special reference to Indian work 3 3,4 Terms and concepts in Plant Pathology, Pathogenesis 6 5 classification of plant diseases 5 6,7, 8 Causes of Plant Disease Biotic (fungi, bacteria, fastidious 10 vesicular bacteria, Phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, viruses, viroids, algae, protozoa, and nematodes ) and abiotic causes with examples of diseases caused by them 9 Study of phanerogamic plant parasites. 3 10, 11 Symptoms of plant diseases 6 12,13, Fungi: general characters, definition of fungus, somatic structures, 7 14 types of fungal thalli, fungal tissues, modifications of thallus, 15 Reproduction in fungi (asexual and sexual). 4 16, 17 Nomenclature, Binomial system of nomenclature, rules of 6 nomenclature, 18, 19 Classification of fungi. Key to divisions, sub-divisions, orders and 6 classes. 20, 21, Bacteria and mollicutes: general morphological characters. Basic 8 22 methods of classification and reproduction in bacteria 23,24, Viruses: nature, architecture, multiplication and transmission 7 25 26, 27 Nematodes: General morphology and reproduction, classification 6 of nematode Symptoms and nature of damage caused by plant nematodes (Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Anguina etc.) 28, 29, Principles and methods of plant disease management. 6 30 31, 32, Nature, chemical combination, classification of fungicides and 7 33 antibiotics.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Are Rich and Diverse Groups of Organisms on Earth. the Kingdom Includes Some of the Most Important Organism
    Kingdom: Fungi Fungi are rich and diverse groups of organisms on earth. The kingdom includes some of the most important organisms because of their important roles in human life, such as their beneficial and harmful effects on forests, their use in the pharmacology industry, and the mass production of cultivated fungi in the food industry, as well as their vital role in biodegradation. They include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce. Fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics since 1940. Recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents. They are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases, and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals including humans. Approximately 100 000 species of fungi have been described; however, some estimates of total numbers suggest that 1.5 million species may exist. Fungi show a great diversity in morphology and habitat. They obtain their nutrients by absorption. Their cell walls are mostly made up of carbohydrate chitin, while the cell wall in plants is made of cellulose. The carbohydrates are stored in fungi as glycogen. Nutrition in fungi is by absorbing nutrients from the organic material in which they live. Fungi digest their food before it passes through the cell wall into the hyphae.
    [Show full text]
  • End-40-75 (Endode-Endope) Mohammed AL- Hamdany
    الموسوعة العربية ﻷمراض النبات والفطريات Arabic Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology &Fungi إعداد الدكتور محمد عبد الخالق الحمداني Mohammed AL- Hamdany End-40-75 (Endode-Endope) Contents Codes Page No. Table of contents 1 Endod… Endodermophyton End-40 2 Endodesmia (Broomeola) End-41 4 Endodesmidium Canter 1949 End-42 5 Endodothella ( Phyllachora ) End-43 6 Endodothiora Petr., 1929. End-44 19 Endodromia ( Echinostelium) End-45 21 Endog Endogenospora R.F. Castañeda, O. Morillo & Minter, 2010. End-46 22 Endogenous Inoculum End-47 24 Endogloea (Phomopsis) End-48 25 Endogonaceae End-49 34 Endogonales End-50 35 Endogone Link, 1809. End-51 36 Endogonella (Claziella) End-52 39 Endogonomycetes End-53 41 Endogonopsidaceae End-54 41 Endogonopsis R. Heim, 1966. End-55 42 Endoh… Endohormidium ( Corynelia) End-56 43 Endohyalina Marbach, 2000. End-57 46 Endol… Endolepiotula Singer, 1963. End-58 49 Endolpidium (Olipdium ) End-59 52 Endom…. 1 Endomelanconiopsidaceae End-60 55 Endomelanconiopsis E.I. Rojas & Samuels,2008 End-61 56 Endomelanconium Petr., 1940. End-62 58 Endomeliola S. Hughes & Piroz.,. 1994. End-63 60 Endomyces Reess, Bot. 1870 End-64 62 Endomycetaceae End-65 64 Endomycetales End-66 66 Endomycodes Delitsch, 1943 End-67 67 Endomycopsella End-68 68 Endomycopsis (Saccharomycopsis) End-69 70 Endomycorrhizae End-70 73 Endon… Endonema ( Pascherinema) End-71 75 Endonevrum (Mycenastrum) End-72 77 Endopa-Endope Endoparasites End-73 79 Endoparasitic Nematodes End-74 80 Endoperplexa P. Roberts,1993 End-75 82 References 85 End-40. الجنس الكيسي المختلف عليهEndodermophyton أقرت قانونية إسم الجنس الكيسي Endodermophyton Castell., 1910 وأنواعه الثمانية بضمنها النوع اﻷصلي Endodermophyton castellanii (Perry) Castell.
    [Show full text]