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Volume 60.Qxp Layout 1 14/12/19 10:35 Pagina 71 volume 60.qxp_Layout 1 14/12/19 10:35 Pagina 71 Atti Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Trieste 60 2019 71 - 151 XII 2019 ISSN: 0335-1576 INDAGINE CECIDOLOGICA DELL’ARCIPELAGO DI MURTER (Dalmacija, Šibenik, Hrvatska) ETTORE TOMASI Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, Via dei Tominz, 4 – I-34139 Trieste, Italia Abstract – Cecidological survey of the Archipelago of Murter (Dalmatia, Sibenik, Croatia). The autor reports the re- sults of the cecidological survey carried out between 2006 and 2016, relating to the phyto-zoocecids concerning the Murter Archipelago (Dalmatia, Sibenik, Croatia). In the area, 714 galligene species were identified on 579 (to mention 988) host plants, tjus distributed. Fitocecidi: Fitoplasmi (1), Bacteria (5) Ascomycota (16), Basidiomycota (189), Chytridiomycota (10), Oomycota (18), Plasmodiophoromycota (3), Mitosporic Fungi (4); Zoocecidi: Nematoda (9), Acari (96), Thysanop- tera (6), Heteroptera (9), Homoptera (107), Coleoptera (74), Diptera (115), Lepidoptera (19), Hymenoptera (33). The cecidological species detected by the survey can not find comparisons because of the absence of previous similar works. Keywords: Fito-Zoocecidi Murter, Dalmacija, Hervatska. Kratak sažetak – Cehidološka murterskog arhipelaga (Dalmacija, Šibenik, Hervatska). Autor donosi rezultate cehi- dološkoh istraživanja koji su napravljeni između 2006 i 2016 godine i svojstveni phytozoocecidima koji se odnose na ar- hipelag Murtera (Dalmacija, Šibenik, Hrvatska). Na podrucju su identificirane 714 vrsta galigena kod 579 biljnih domačina (citiranih 988), ovako razdjeljene: Fitocecidi: Fitoplasmi (1), Bacteria (5) Ascomycota (16), Basidiomycota (189), Chy- tridiomycota (10), Oomycota (18), Plasmodiophoromycota (3), Mitosporic Fungi (4); Zoocecidi: Nematoda (9), Acari (96), Thysanoptera (6), Heteroptera (9), Homoptera (107), Coleoptera (74), Diptera (115), Lepidoptera (19), Hymenoptera (33). Cecidološke vrste odkrivene u anketi ne mogu nači usporedbe radi odsutnosti sličnog rada prethodno. Ljučna riječ: Phyto-Zoocecidi Murter, Dalmacija, Hrvatska. Riassunto breve – Indagine cecidologica dell’Arcipelago di Murter (Dalmazia, Sebenico, Croazia). L’Autore riporta i risultati dell’indagine cecidologica effettuta tra il 2006 e il 2016, inerente i fito-zoocecidi riguardanti l’Arcipelago di Murter (Dalmazia, Sebenico, Croazia). Nell’area sono state identificate 714 specie galligene su 579 piante ospiti (citate 988), così ripartite. Fitocecidi: Fitoplasmi (1), Bacteria (5) Ascomycota (16), Basidiomycota (189), Chytridiomycota (10), Oomycota (18), Plasmodiophoromycota (3), Mitosporic Fungi (4); Zoocecidi: Nematoda (9), Acari (96), Thysanoptera (6), Heteroptera (9), Homoptera (107), Coleoptera (74), Diptera (115), Lepidoptera (19), Hymenoptera (33). Le specie cecidologiche rilevate dall’indagine, non possono trovare confronti a causa dell’assenza di lavori analoghi pre- cedenti. Parola chiave: Fito-Zoocecidi Murter, Dalmazia, Croazia. 1. – Introduzione In seguito ai numerosi soggiorni effettuati nel comprensorio dalmata-spalatino dell’Arcipelago di Murter (Dalmacija, Šibenik, Hrvatska), tra il 2006 e il 2016, l’in- teressante presenza ambientale e botanica, tipica mediterranea, ha suscitato notevole interesse per l’aspetto cecidologico. È nel giugno 2006, che in quest’area insulare sono iniziate le ricerche sia sull’isola principale di Murter, quanto in alcune isole mi- nori più vicine e che sono descritte più avanti. Da alcune ricerche svolte sul Web e nella letteratura cecidologica, non si è rin- venuto nessun lavoro precedente su questa disciplina scientifica, nell’ambito della volume 60.qxp_Layout 1 14/12/19 10:35 Pagina 72 72 Dalmacija. Abbiamo trovato esclusivamente brevi e sporadiche note riguardanti la Penisola Balcanica in generale, mentre in particolare qualche nota su Zara, Sebenico e altre località minori (VISIANI, 1842; TROTTER, 1902-1947, 1903, 1908-1910; NOVAK, 1940), con determinazioni precise ma dati e località incerte. Motivo, quindi, maggiormente importante per avviare la ricerca sia per l’aspetto bioecologico che indaga, sia e soprattutto per gli aspetti galligeni che coinvolgono Fi- toplasmi, Bacteri e Fungi (Fitocecidi), Nematoda, Acari e Insecta (Zoocecidi), da con- siderarsi importanti nella buona gestione degli ecosistemi e insieme ad altri aspetti biologici che sono all’attenzione degli specialisti (Università degli Studi di Zadar e Šibenik, Guardie Forestali, ecc.), per la salvaguardia dell’ingen te patrimonio natura- listico regionale. La ricerca cecidologica realizzata tra il 2006 e il 2016, probabilmente rappresenta il primo contributo sulla conoscenza e distribuzione dei Fito-Zoocecidi nel compren- sorio di Murter. M. Čvrdak. panorama di Jezera e le aree di Poljana, Blato e Gušć. Nel presente lavoro sono incluse delle specie che pure se definibili pseudogalle, quindi non galle, cio nonostante determinano alterazioni morfologiche più o meno evidenti e facilmente apprezzabili sulle loro piante ospiti, che negli elenchi sono indi- cate con (*); con lo stesso criterio abbiamo indicato anche le piante ospiti coltivate (c) e, infine, con (x) quelle specie di Nematoda, Acari e Insetti non riportati da Faunaeu per la Croazia. L’attività di ricerca svolta durante questo progetto è stata realizzata nell’ambito del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste, dove l’Autore è ospitato quale ricer- catore esterno volontario e dov’è depositata la ricerca stessa. volume 60.qxp_Layout 1 14/12/19 10:35 Pagina 73 73 2. – Descrizione dell’area esaminata Per quanto riguarda il territorio esaminato, che comprende l’isola di Murter e alcuni dei 34 isolotti minori facenti parte del comprensorio insulare di Murter, occupa un posto al centro del Mare Adriatico. L’isola di Murter fu menzionata per la prima volta da Tolomeo, che la chiamò Scardon e fu abitata da tribù illiriche e quindi dai Romani. Tra il IX e il XI sec. fece parte del Regno croato, mentre nel XIII sec. col nome di Veliko Selo, Villa Magna, Gramina o Hramina, già annoverava oltre 200 abitanti. Nella vicina altura di Bettina, detta Gradina (m 67), posta all’inizio del Canale di Murter, si ergeva un Castelliere preistorico illirico, di cui rimangono tracce del vallo e sul quale i Romani eressero un castrum che chiamarono Colentum (ALBERI, 2008). L’isola maggiore, che è posta vicinissima al continente e unita alla terraferma da un ponte girevole lungo 40 metri, presenta una superficie di 17.9 Km² (RUBIČ, 1952) ed ospita quattro insediamenti urbani (Murter, Betina, Jezero e Tisno) e vari insediamenti minori (Lućica, Slanica, Gradina, Plitka Vala, Jezera-Lovišća, Sv. Ni- kola, Podjasenovac, Kosirina, Čigrada, ecc.). L’isola è collinare, coltivata e popolata, la cui vetta maggiore è rappresentata dal M. Raduč (m 125), che si erge a sud del centro di Murter, la cui vegetazione è rappresentata da densa macchia mediterranea che si alterna, nella parte pianeggiante, a diffuse aree coltivate a livello familiare. La viabilità interna all’isola, inoltre, è garantita da una comoda strada centrale asfaltata, che da Tisno collega i quattro insediamenti principali e dalla quale si staccano altre strade secondarie interne, alcune asfaltate e altre sterrate, quest’ultime generalmente conducono a coltivazioni di olivi o a baie e spiagge turistiche. volume 60.qxp_Layout 1 14/12/19 10:35 Pagina 74 74 Il perimetro costiero dell’isola, presenta forte rocciosità interrotta da brevi inse- nature, nelle quali si aprono delle spiagge con annesso campeggio gestito. Le parti urbanistiche occupano esclusivamente siti costieri, mentre il rimanente delle alture e dei brevi altopiani che caratterizzano l’interno dell’isola, sono occupati da formazioni forestali costituite da leccete, macchia e boscaglia mediterranea, pinete costiere, oliveti e brevi colture a carattere familiare. Per quanto riguarda le ricerche bota- niche, la letteratura riporta di un primo la- voro del Visiani, svolto tra il 1842 e il 1852, segue quello di Mira Jundra-Runac, del 1966-67, poi quello di Franjić nel 1993 e, infine, le ricerche si concludono per que- st’area, con quelle di Marija Pandža (VI- SIANI, 1842; ŠUGAR, 1978; FRANIĆ, 1993; PANDŽA, 1998 e 2002). Oltre all’isola principale, sono state visitate alcune isolette minori, parti inte- granti del grande arcipelago, che sono ge- neralmente disabitate – salvo casi particolari – la cui vegetazione rispecchia volume 60.qxp_Layout 1 14/12/19 10:35 Pagina 75 75 quella mediterranea dell’isola principale, con un’infinità di muretti a secco, che deli- mitano altrettanti piccoli possedimenti, che un tempo venivano intensamente sfruttati. Da una vista dal satellite, è evidente la simmetria di questi muretti e delle strade d’ac- cesso regolari, da cui si denota una intensa attività agricola in passato. Isola di Radej (Per gentile concessione di Google Earth, 2018) Ci sono tuttavia delle particolarità, come l’isoletta di Sustipanac (Mojster), posta a NE di Bettina, di forma elittica e che ospita quanto resta del Monastero di Sv. Ku- lusic, attualmente disabitato, con un faro automatico e vecchie colture di fico e vite (PERUZZI & CAPARELLI, 2010). Poi sono state visitate alcune isole del lato nord-ovest, più vicine a Murter (Te- gina, Vinik Veli, Zminjak e Radej), dove oltre alla macchia mediterranea e lecci sono presenti brevi colture a olivo e, nel caso di Vinik Veli, anche di colture orticole e se- minativi. Gli altri isolotti visitati infine (Prišnjak, Školjić, Tužbina), sul versante Sud-ovest dell’isola e quelli del golfo di Jezera (Ljutac, Hrbošnjak, Bisage e Veli Dražemanski), sono caratterizzati
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