DOCSLIB.ORG

A New Chytridiomycete Fungus Intermixed with Crustacean Resting Eggs in a 407- Million-Year-Old Continental Freshwater Environment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A New Chytridiomycete Fungus Intermixed with Crustacean Resting Eggs in a 407- Million-Year-Old Continental Freshwater Environment A new chytridiomycete fungus intermixed with crustacean resting eggs in a 407- million-year-old continental freshwater environment Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Gora, Tomasz; Longcore, Joyce E.; Olesen, Jørgen; Kenrick, Paul; Edgecombe, Gregory D. Published in: P L o S One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167301 Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Strullu-Derrien, C., Gora, T., Longcore, J. E., Olesen, J., Kenrick, P., & Edgecombe, G. D. (2016). A new chytridiomycete fungus intermixed with crustacean resting eggs in a 407-million-year-old continental freshwater environment. P L o S One, 11(12), [e0167301]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167301 Download date: 08. apr.. 2020 RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Chytridiomycete Fungus Intermixed with Crustacean Resting Eggs in a 407-Million- Year-Old Continental Freshwater Environment Christine Strullu-Derrien1*, Tomasz Goral2, Joyce E. Longcore3, Jørgen Olesen4, Paul Kenrick1, Gregory D. Edgecombe1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom, 2 Imaging and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom, 3 School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME, United States of a11111 America, 4 Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Denmark * c.strullu-derrien@nhm.ac.uk Abstract The 407-million-year-old Rhynie Chert (Scotland) contains the most intact fossilised OPEN ACCESS remains of an early land-based ecosystem including plants, arthropods, fungi and other Citation: Strullu-Derrien C, Goral T, Longcore JE, microorganisms. Although most studies have focused on the terrestrial component, fossil- Olesen J, Kenrick P, Edgecombe GD (2016) A New Chytridiomycete Fungus Intermixed with ised freshwater environments provide critical insights into fungal-algal interactions and the Crustacean Resting Eggs in a 407-Million-Year-Old earliest continental branchiopod crustaceans. Here we report interactions between an enig- Continental Freshwater Environment. PLoS ONE 11 matic organism and an exquisitely preserved fungus. The fungal reproductive structures are (12): e0167301. doi:10.1371/journal. intermixed with exceptionally well-preserved globular spiny structures interpreted as bran- pone.0167301 chiopod resting eggs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy enabled us to reconstruct the Editor: Jae-Hyuk Yu, University of Wisconsin fungus and its possible mode of nutrition, the affinity of the resting eggs, and their spatial Madison, UNITED STATES associations. The new fungus (Cultoraquaticus trewini gen. et sp. nov) is attributed to Chytri- Received: September 13, 2016 diomycota based on its size, consistent formation of papillae, and the presence of an internal Accepted: November 4, 2016 rhizoidal system. It is the most pristine fossil Chytridiomycota known, especially in terms of Published: December 14, 2016 rhizoidal development and closely resembles living species in the Rhizophydiales. The Copyright: © 2016 Strullu-Derrien et al. This is an spiny resting eggs are attributed to the crustacean Lepidocaris rhyniensis, dating branchio- open access article distributed under the terms of pod adaptation to life in ephemeral pools to the Early Devonian. The new fungal interaction the Creative Commons Attribution License, which suggests that, as in modern freshwater environments, chytrids were important to the mobili- permits unrestricted use, distribution, and sation of nutrients in early aquatic foodwebs. reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Introduction Funding: This work was supported by a Marie Direct fossil evidence of fungal interactions and fungal diversity in general is relatively limited, Curie Intra-European Fellowship for Career principally because investigation of the fossil record is underdeveloped [1]. Paradoxically, one Development (SYMBIONTS GA±2011±298735) and a FP7 SYNTHESYS grant (NL-TAF 3245) of the of the few well-studied fossil fungi sites is also one of the oldest. The 407-Myr-old Rhynie European Commission to C.S.-D for data collection Chert (Scotland, UK) preserves its biotic components in exquisite detail [2]. The cherts formed and analysis. from erupted hydrothermal fluids that periodically inundated vegetation on a low-energy PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0167301 December 14, 2016 1 / 14 Devonian Fungal Foodweb Competing Interests: The authors have declared alluvial plain formed by a braided river channel. Minor variations in topology across the flood- that no competing interests exist. plain gave rise to habitats that ranged from terrestrial to fully freshwater [3]. Fungal interac- tions in the terrestrial environments include the earliest evidence of plant parasitism and symbiosis (e.g. [4±8]), whilst interactions in freshwater involve fungi and algae [9, 10]; the lat- ter also contain the earliest continental branchiopod crustaceans [11±13]. Fossil remains of Chytridiomycota (chytrids) and Blastocladiomycota (blastoclads) have been reported from both environments [8±10, 14±20]. These true Fungi are early diverging lineages in the fungal tree of life that reproduce with motile spores (zoospores). The body or thallus is formed by organs of reproduction (zoosporangia and resting sporangia) arising from a vegetative part consisting of rhizoids. The most prominent morphological feature of the thallus is the zoospo- rangium, a sac-like structure bearing one or more discharge tubes or exit papillae. Zoosporan- gia are thin-walled whereas resting sporangia are thick-walled structures that may germinate to produce a sporangium after a dormant period. Fossil remains of chytrids (Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota) have been reported from both environments [8±10, 14±20]. Chytrids are true Fungi that are an early diverging lineage in the fungal tree of life [21, 22]. Today, chy- trids and blastoclads are ubiquitous, occurring in diverse habitats from the tropics to the arctic regions [23]. They develop in terrestrial habitats [24] as saprotrophs or obligate parasites of plants [22]. They are the dominant parasites of algae and plankton in aquatic ecosystems, and recently they have been recognised as playing a fundamental role in zooplankton production and aquatic foodwebs [25]. Here we document a new freshwater chytrid from the Rhynie Chert interacting with structures of unknown affinity. Intermixed with the fungal reproductive structures are spinose fossils that we identify as resting eggs of the branchiopod crustacean Lepidocaris rhyniensis, the post-embryonic stages of which are abundant and well-preserved in the slides. Results extend our knowledge of the early fossil record of Fungi, providing compel- ling evidence of a conserved trophic role for chytrids in one of the earliest well-documented freshwater communities. Materials and Methods We examined historical collections of Rhynie Chert preparations made during the early part of the 20th century primarily to document the fossil plants. We studied a series of thin sections housed at the Natural History Museum London (NHMUK V 15641, NHMUK V 16429, NHMUK V16432, NHMUK V16433, NHMUK V 67866, NHMUK V67867, NHMUK V 67910), the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh (NMS G.1925-9-11, NMS G.1925-9-14), and Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden (Netherlands) (RH 585). Zeiss Axioskop and Nikon Eclipse LV100ND compound microscopes were used to examine and photograph specimens with transmitted light. Depth of field was enhanced through z-stack montage. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a form of optical microscopy that yields high resolution images of minute objects [26±28]. This method has been used for imaging chy- trid sporangia and spores in cellulose acetate peels [27] and plant and fungal tissues in thin sec- tion from the Rhynie Chert [8]. Using the latter as a proof of concept, we performed analyses on a larger scale to document the fungal association here described. The presence of Canada Balsam, which was used as a mounting medium, sometimes caused problems of significant background autofluorescence, but we were able to eliminate this by adjusting the setting and time of acquisition of data, and by applying correction parameters. In addition to the opacity of some of the fossil structures, which can inhibit fluorescence, the major difficulties encoun- tered were (1) the generally thicker petrographic thin sections, (2) the fact that the section of chert was not perfectly flat or equally thick across and (3) the variable thickness and quality of the glass coverslips. We were able to work around this problem using 40× and 60× lenses and PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0167301 December 14, 2016 2 / 14 Devonian Fungal Foodweb by zooming on the object. CLSM represents an accurate, non-destructive methodology for col- lecting 3D morphological data on thin sections of chert. We acquired confocal images with a Nikon A1-Si laser-scanning confocal microscope. Images were recorded with pixel dimensions of 0.31 μm. Autofluorescence of the samples was excited with the following laser lines: 405-nm line of 100 mW cube laser (Coherent Inc., USA, http://www.coherent.com), 488-nm line of 50 mW sapphire laser (Coherent Inc., USA), 561-nm line of 50 mW sapphire laser (Coherent Inc., USA) and 640-nm line of 40 mW cube
Load more
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

10 pages remaining, click to load more.

Recommended publications
  • Synchytrium Endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Pest Risk Assessment for Oregon
    Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Pest Risk Assessment for Oregon This pest risk assessment follows the format used by the Exotic Forest Pest Information System for North America. For a description of the evaluation process used, see http://spfnic.fs.fed.us/exfor/download.cfm. IDENTITY Name: Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival Taxonomic Position: Chytridiales: Synchytriaceae Common Name: Potato wart disease RISK RATING SUMMARY Numerical Score: 6 Relative Risk Rating: HIGH Uncertainty: Very Certain Uncertainty in this assessment results from: Potato wart has been extensively studied in the countries in which it is established. RISK RATING DETAILS Establishment potential is HIGH Justification: Potato wart is apparently native to the Andes Mountains and has subsequently been spread throughout the world through the movement of infected or contaminated tubers. It has become successfully established in several countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania. Previous detections in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia had reportedly been eradicated by 1974, although surveys conducted in Maryland revealed the presence of resting spores of the pathogen were still present in one home garden. The spores were reportedly non-viable. Spread potential is MODERATE Justification: Potato wart has been spread throughout the world through the movement of infested tubers. Local spread is primarily through the movement of contaminated soil on equipment, vehicle tires, tubers, and plants. Spores may also be spread by wind. Symptoms in the field may not manifest until after repeated cultivation of susceptible hosts within a field or garden. Infected tubers may not manifest symptoms until in storage; however, meristematic tissue (sprouts) may be so severely affected plants will not emerge from infected seed tubers.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016
    Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve Management Plan 2011-2016 April 1981 Revised, May 1982 2nd revision, April 1983 3rd revision, December 1999 4th revision, May 2011 Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce Ohio Department of Natural Resources National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Division of Wildlife Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 2045 Morse Road, Bldg. G Estuarine Reserves Division Columbus, Ohio 1305 East West Highway 43229-6693 Silver Spring, MD 20910 This management plan has been developed in accordance with NOAA regulations, including all provisions for public involvement. It is consistent with the congressional intent of Section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, and the provisions of the Ohio Coastal Management Program. OWC NERR Management Plan, 2011 - 2016 Acknowledgements This management plan was prepared by the staff and Advisory Council of the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve (OWC NERR), in collaboration with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources-Division of Wildlife. Participants in the planning process included: Manager, Frank Lopez; Research Coordinator, Dr. David Klarer; Coastal Training Program Coordinator, Heather Elmer; Education Coordinator, Ann Keefe; Education Specialist Phoebe Van Zoest; and Office Assistant, Gloria Pasterak. Other Reserve staff including Dick Boyer and Marje Bernhardt contributed their expertise to numerous planning meetings. The Reserve is grateful for the input and recommendations provided by members of the Old Woman Creek NERR Advisory Council. The Reserve is appreciative of the review, guidance, and council of Division of Wildlife Executive Administrator Dave Scott and the mapping expertise of Keith Lott and the late Steve Barry.
    [Show full text]
  • Causal Organism of Black Wart Disease of Potato)
    Online class- TDC Part I Date-19.4.21 Synchytrium (Causal Organism of Black Wart Disease of Potato) Classification- (Alexpoulos and Mims,1979) Division- Mycota Sub division- Eumycotina Class- - Chytridiomycetes Order- Chytridiales Family- Synchytriaceae Genus- Synchytrium Species- endobioticum Synchytrium is a soil borne fungus which do not possess mycelium and is designated as holocarpic. It is placed under the order Chytridiales, series Uniflagellatae of Class Phycomycetes (Lower fungi) as classified by Sparrow (1960). It is worldwide in distribution, occurring in tropical, temperate and arctic zones. It has been found present even at higher altitudes of above 11000 ft. All the species are parasitic and infect algae, mosses, ferns and most commonly flowering plants. It causes Black wart disease in Potato. As a result potato tubers are affected and become malformed due to formation of warts on them. There are 200 species of Synchytrium, but about 60 species have been reported from India. The most common species is S. endobioticum, well known for disease on potato. It mainly infects solanaceous plants. Some important species are S. anemones; S.cajani; S.phaseoli-radiati; S. cyperi; S. fistulosus; S. luffae; S. indicum; S.meliloti etc. Somatic structure- The body of the fungus is composed of a single uninucleate cell with definite cell wall. The fungus resides in the potato tuber in most part of its life cycle and produces many uniflagellate motile zoospores. These zoospores are the carrier of fresh infection in healthy tubers. The fungus induces the host tissue to multiply in number and to grow in size. Due to this, many warts develop in the tubers; hence the disease is known as wart disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Asymptomatic Infection of the Fungal Pathogen Batrachochytrium
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Asymptomatic infection of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in captivity Received: 5 July 2017 Joana Sabino-Pinto 1, Michael Veith2, Miguel Vences 1 & Sebastian Steinfartz1 Accepted: 14 July 2018 One of the most important factors driving amphibian declines worldwide is the infectious disease, Published: xx xx xxxx chytridiomycosis. Two fungi have been associated with this disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). The latter has recently driven Salamandra salamandra populations to extirpation in parts of the Netherlands, and Belgium, and potentially also in Germany. Bsal has been detected in the pet trade, which has been hypothesized to be the pathway by which it reached Europe, and which may continuously contribute to its spread. In the present study, 918 amphibians belonging to 20 captive collections in Germany and Sweden were sampled to explore the extent of Bsal presence in captivity. The fungus was detected by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in ten collections, nine of which lacked clinical symptoms. 23 positives were confrmed by independent processing of duplicate swabs, which were analysed in a separate laboratory, and/or by sequencing ITS and 28 S gene segments. These asymptomatic positives highlight the possibility of Bsal being widespread in captive collections, and is of high conservation concern. This fnding may increase the likelihood of the pathogen being introduced from captivity into the wild, and calls for according biosecurity measures. The detection of Bsal-positive alive specimens of the hyper-susceptible fre salamander could indicate the existence of a less aggressive Bsal variant or the importance of environmental conditions for infection progression.
    [Show full text]
  • Chytrid Fungi Associated with Pollen Decomposition in Crater Lake, Oregon Kathleen A
    APPLIED & ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY • 83 CHYTRID FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH POLLEN DECOMPOSITION IN CRATER LAKE, OREGON KATHLEEN A. PAGE* AND MEGHAN K. FLANNERY DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, SOUTHERN OREGON UNIVERSITY, ASHLAND, OR USA MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 25 OCTOBER 2017; ACCEPTED 27 JANUARY 2018 Copyright 2018, Fine Focus. All Rights Reserved. 84 • FINE FOCUS, VOL. 4(1) ABSTRACT We identified chytrid fungi that were attached to pine pollen on the surface of Crater Lake. Fungi were identified by large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene sequencing of lake pollen extracts and by isolation of a chytrid fungus that was present on the pollen. LSU rRNA PCR products were cloned, sequenced and identified. The majority of eukaryotic LSU rRNA sequences associated with pollen were found to be members of the chytrid order Rhizophyidiales. A fungal CORRESPONDING isolate was characterized culturally, morphologically, and AUTHOR by DNA sequencing and was identified as a member of the genus Paranamyces, in the order Rhizophydiales. In addition, Kathleen A. Page protist LSU rRNA sequences from the phylum Ciliophora page@sou.edu were found. The concentrations of dissolved organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphate in surface water that had visible KEYWORDS pollen rafts increased according to the concentration of pollen in the water. Each of these nutrients was detected • Chytrid at several fold higher levels in water with pollen rafts as • Pollen compared to surface water lacking pollen rafts. These results • Crater Lake ecosystem • Food Webs provide evidence for the role of chytrid fungi in nutrient • Fungal Aquatic Ecology release from pollen deposited on Crater Lake. INTRODUCTION The occurrence of pollen in Crater Lake: depth of 594 m.
    [Show full text]
  • Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota)
    VOLUME 5 JUNE 2020 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 17–38 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.05.02 Taxonomic revision of the genus Zygorhizidium: Zygorhizidiales and Zygophlyctidales ord. nov. (Chytridiomycetes, Chytridiomycota) K. Seto1,2,3*, S. Van den Wyngaert4, Y. Degawa1, M. Kagami2,3 1Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira-Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan 2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 3Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240- 8502, Japan 4Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Alte Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany *Corresponding author: kensuke.seto0427@gmail.com Key words: Abstract: During the last decade, the classification system of chytrids has dramatically changed based on zoospore Chytridiomycota ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny. In contrast to well-studied saprotrophic chytrids, most parasitic chytrids parasite have thus far been only morphologically described by light microscopy, hence they hold great potential for filling taxonomy some of the existing gaps in the current classification of chytrids. The genus Zygorhizidium is characterized by an zoospore ultrastructure operculate zoosporangium and a resting spore formed as a result of sexual reproduction in which a male thallus Zygophlyctis and female thallus fuse via a conjugation tube. All described species of Zygorhizidium are parasites of algae and Zygorhizidium their taxonomic positions remain to be resolved. Here, we examined morphology, zoospore ultrastructure, host specificity, and molecular phylogeny of seven cultures of Zygorhizidium spp. Based on thallus morphology and host specificity, one culture was identified as Z.
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitic Fungi of Phytoplankton: Ecological Roles and Implications for Microbial Food Webs
    Vol. 62: 123–137, 2011 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Published online January 19 doi: 10.3354/ame01448 Aquat Microb Ecol REVIEW Parasitic fungi of phytoplankton: ecological roles and implications for microbial food webs Serena Rasconi, Marlène Jobard, Télesphore Sime-Ngando* LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome & Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand II, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France ABSTRACT: Microbial parasites typically are characterized by their small size, short generation time, and high rates of reproduction, with a simple life cycle occurring generally within a single host. They are diverse and ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, comprising viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes. Recently, environmental 18S rDNA surveys of microbial eukaryotes have unveiled major infecting agents in pelagic systems, consisting primarily of chytrids (Chytridiomycota). Chytrids are external eucarpic parasites that infect diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae, primarily diatoms and fila- mentous species. They produce specialized rhizoidal systems within host cells, i.e. the nutrient con- veying system for the formation of fruit bodies (sporangia) from which propagules (motile uniflagel- lated zoospores) are released into the environment. In this review, we summarize the ecological potential of parasites of phytoplankton and infer the implications for food web dynamics. We focus on chytrids, together with other parasitic eukaryotes, with special emphasis on (1) the role of micropar- asites in driving the structure of phytoplankton communities, (2) the role of chytrid zoospores in mat- ter and energy transfer, and (3) the potential consequences of infections for food web dynamics. We raise the question of genetic potential from host–parasite interactions and also of how environmental factors might affect the host–parasite relationships in the pelagic realm.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing Ribosomal Tandem Repeat Barcoding for Fungi
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/310540; this version posted April 28, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Introducing ribosomal tandem repeat barcoding for fungi Christian Wurzbacher1,2,3, Ellen Larsson1,3, Johan Bengtsson-Palme4,5, Silke Van den Wyngaert6, Sten Svantesson1,3, Erik Kristiansson7, Maiko Kagami6,8,9, R. Henrik Nilsson1,3 Affiliations 1. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden. 2. Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany 3. Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 4. Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison WI 53715, Wisconsin, USA. 5. Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, 413 46, Göteborg, Sweden 6. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany 7. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden 8. Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan 9. Graduate School of Environmental and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79- 7, Hodogayaku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Abstract Sequence analysis of the various ribosomal genetic markers is the dominant molecular method for identification and description of fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • 1993 Li, Heath and Packer.Pdf
    The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiornycota. 11. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocallimasticales ord.nov. JINLIANCLI, I. BRENTHEATH,] AND LAURENCEPACKER Dep(~rittiet~tof Biology, York Utliversity, North York, Otzt., Cotzodc~M3J IP3 Receivcd May 15, 1992 LI, J., HEATH,I. B., and PACKER,L. 1993. The phylogenetic relationships of the anaerobic chytridiomycetous gut fungi (Neocallimasticaceae) and the Chytridiornycota. 11. Cladistic analysis of structural data and description of Neocalli- masticales ord.nov. Can. J. Bot. 71: 393-407. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of thc Chytridiomycota and the chytridiomycetous gut fungi with a cladistic analysis of42 morphological, ultrastructural, and mitotic characters for 38 taxa using both maximum parsimony and distance algorithms. Our analyses show that there are three major clades within the Chytridiomycota: the gut fungi, thc Blastocladiales, and the Spizellomycetales-Chytridialcs- Monoblepharidales. Conscqucntly. we elevated the gut fungi to the order Neocallimasticales ord.nov. Our results suggest that a modified Chytridiales, including the Monoblepharidales. is a monophyletic group. In contrast the Spizellomycetales are paraphyletic because the Chytridiales arose within them. The separation of the traditional Chytridiales into two orders is thus doubtful. Although the Blastocladiales are closer to members of the Spizellomycetales than the Chytridiales, the cladistic analyses of both structural and rRNA sequence data do not support the idea that the Blastocladiales were derived from the Spizellomycetales. We suggest emendations to the classification of the Chytridiomycota and note which groupings require further analysis. Our phylogeny for the currently recognized species of gut fungi is inconsis- tent with the existing classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing Ribosomal Tandem Repeat Barcoding for Fungi
    Introducing ribosomal tandem repeat barcoding for fungi Downloaded from: https://research.chalmers.se, 2021-10-05 11:45 UTC Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Wurzbacher, C., Larsson, E., Bengtsson-Palme, J. et al (2019) Introducing ribosomal tandem repeat barcoding for fungi Molecular Ecology Resources, 19(1): 118-127 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12944 N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. research.chalmers.se offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all kind of research output: articles, dissertations, conference papers, reports etc. since 2004. research.chalmers.se is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library (article starts on next page) Received: 11 May 2018 | Revised: 29 August 2018 | Accepted: 7 September 2018 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12944 RESOURCE ARTICLE Introducing ribosomal tandem repeat barcoding for fungi Christian Wurzbacher1,2,3 | Ellen Larsson1,3 | Johan Bengtsson‐Palme4,5 | Silke Van den Wyngaert6 | Sten Svantesson1,3 | Erik Kristiansson7 | Maiko Kagami6,8,9 | R. Henrik Nilsson1,3 1Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Abstract Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden Sequence comparison and analysis of the various ribosomal genetic markers are the 2Chair of Urban Water Systems dominant molecular methods for identification and description of fungi. However, Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany new environmental fungal lineages known only
    [Show full text]
  • Zoosporic Parasites Infecting Marine Diatoms E a Black Box That Needs to Be Opened
    fungal ecology xxx (2015) 1e18 available at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Zoosporic parasites infecting marine diatoms e A black box that needs to be opened Bettina SCHOLZa,b, Laure GUILLOUc, Agostina V. MARANOd, Sigrid NEUHAUSERe, Brooke K. SULLIVANf, Ulf KARSTENg, € h i, Frithjof C. KUPPER , Frank H. GLEASON * aBioPol ehf., Einbuastig 2, 545 Skagastrond,€ Iceland bFaculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Borgir v. Nordurslod, IS 600 Akureyri, Iceland cSorbonne Universites, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie e Paris 6, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France dInstituto de Botanica,^ Nucleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Av. Miguel Stefano 3687, 04301-912, Sao~ Paulo, SP, Brazil eInstitute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria fDepartment of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia gInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology & Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany hOceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh AB41 6AA, Scotland, United Kingdom iSchool of Biological Sciences FO7, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia article info abstract Article history: Living organisms in aquatic ecosystems are almost constantly confronted by pathogens. Received 12 May 2015 Nevertheless, very little is known about diseases of marine diatoms, the main primary Revision received 2 September 2015 producers of the oceans. Only a few examples of marine diatoms infected by zoosporic Accepted 2 September 2015 parasites are published, yet these studies suggest that diseases may have significant Available online - impacts on the ecology of individual diatom hosts and the composition of communities at Corresponding editor: both the producer and consumer trophic levels of food webs.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Diverging Lineages Within Cryptomycota and Chytridiomycota Dominate the Fungal Communities in Ice-Covered Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320986652 Early diverging lineages within Cryptomycota and Chytridiomycota dominate the fungal communities in ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica Article in Scientific Reports · November 2017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15598-w CITATIONS READS 2 144 6 authors, including: Keilor Rojas- Jimenez Christian Wurzbacher University of Costa Rica Technische Universität München 28 PUBLICATIONS 289 CITATIONS 59 PUBLICATIONS 398 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Elizabeth Bourne Amy Chiuchiolo Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Montana State University 9 PUBLICATIONS 450 CITATIONS 11 PUBLICATIONS 322 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: MANTEL View project HGT in aquatic ecosystems View project All content following this page was uploaded by Keilor Rojas-Jimenez on 10 November 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Early diverging lineages within Cryptomycota and Chytridiomycota dominate the fungal communities Received: 25 August 2017 Accepted: 30 October 2017 in ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Published: xx xx xxxx Dry Valleys, Antarctica Keilor Rojas-Jimenez 1,2, Christian Wurzbacher1,3, Elizabeth Charlotte Bourne3,4, Amy Chiuchiolo5, John C. Priscu5 & Hans-Peter Grossart 1,6 Antarctic ice-covered lakes are exceptional sites for studying the ecology of aquatic fungi under conditions of minimal human disturbance. In this study, we explored the diversity and community composition of fungi in fve permanently covered lake basins located in the Taylor and Miers Valleys of Antarctica.
    [Show full text]