Pacific Cod Fisheries

DEPARTMENT O F C O MMERC E

BUREAU O F FISHERIES

HUGH M. SMITH, C ommi s s ion er

PACIFIC COD FISHERIES

By JOHN N. COBB

AP P E NDIX IV TO THE RE P O RT O F THE U . S . C O MMISSIO NE R

O F F ISHE RIE S F O R 1915

Burea u of Fisheries Document N0 .

WASHINGTO N GO VE RNME NT P RINTING O F F IC E 1916 AD DITIO NAL C O P IE S

O F THIS PUBLIC ATIO N MAY B E PRO C URE D F RO M THE SUPE RINTE NDE NT O F DO C UME NTS GO VE RNME NT PRINTING O F FIC E AS I T W H NG O N, D . 0 . AT

25 C E NTS P E R C O PY

O N T E N T S C .

Natural history of the cod Distrib ution Si z e .

i r i n M g at o s . wnin Spa g .

F ood O ther memb ers of the Gadidm Speci es mi scalled c od n d d Banks freque te by co . O ffsh ore b ank s in B eri ng Sea O ffshore b an ks in the North Paciﬁc O cean h n Ins ore b a ks . h A i i h B anks on t e s at c s ore .

f h Pa ifi c dfish r History o t e c c o e y . Hi story of Alaska shore- fishi ng stations n d Perso s employe . n d Vessels a b oats . Lay of the crew Season methods etc , , n h h Dressi g t e fis .

Sh r - ati on m tho s o e st e d .

i n h in d r Wastage t e ust y . Preparing c od for market f i Use o preserv at ves . f i d Market or Pac ﬁc co .

r i na s s f Paciﬁc n d A n i c d C ompa at v e a ly e o a tla t co . Reddeni ng of c od Brown mold The i n dustry in 1915 n Perso s employed . n n I v estme t .

Prod ucts . The fishi ng fleet i n 1915 The transporting fleet in 1915 Alaska sh ore stations operated in 1915 m f catch Sum ary o . f hi n d Summary o v essel fi s g ata . Detailed data of th e fi shing fleet 1863 to 1915 f h r — i n d Summary o s o e stat o ata .

D i d o eration s of trans ortin ﬂeet 1876 to 1915 eta le p p g , h ﬂ Disasters to t e eet .

PACIFIC COD FISHERIES.

B O H O B B y J N N . C .

NA URAL HIS O R O F THE C O D T T Y .

an a a h as n Str ge to rel te , while the fishery for P cific cod bee prose cuted n a in the es n are n ot a s to th si ce e rly sixti , scie tists yet greed a e “ n B a a M proper n ame for the species . Accordi g to e n ost writers a n n a Ga dus ma cr oce ha lus h ve referred to it u der the me of p , which w as Tilesius n a a an bestowed by upo the K mch tk cod , the figure of

t a w as a n a n a . Which sugges s th t it b sed upo deformed i dividu l Cope , in 187 3 n of n a a as a new , described the you g the commo Al sk cod G u u tu s ad s a r a s n o . G e specie , , from specime s collected by Pr f eorg

a n n a a at n a a a . S n D vidso , of the U ited St tes Co st Survey , U l sk tei d achner in n z n V nn a , the Proceedi gs ( Sit u gsberichte) of the ie LXI 1 187 0 G cr o e h lu a a n a . ma c a s a a e Ac demy , , , , dopts the me p for l rg

a n in a B a u S a . In cod t ke De C stries y ( mo th of Amur River) , iberi this ex ample the length of the he a d is cont ained ex actly three times i a n en th n a a n n the tot l le gth to the extreme d of e poi ted c ud l pedu cle . a n ma n in an a h The s me proportio y , however , be fou d y pl ce w ere a n Gadus morr hua ar e a n and c an a l rge umbers of t ke , it re dily be ” r n proven to be only a matte of i dividu al v a ri a tion . 18 0 B I 8 . n F n n a . a the summer of , the l te Prof Spe cer ird , the F nd F n n a n . a n U ited St ates Commissio er of ish isheries , se t Dr T rleto B an a a n a n an d H . e to Al sk for the purpose of i vestig ti g its fish and a n d on a fisheries , he m de the first exte de report the P cific cod ?) th a t h a d been m ade up to th at time As a result of his investiga A a a n n an and a s . tio s , he co siders the tl tic P cific cod of the s me species 0 ma r oce ha lus a nd in a a nd y nn a 0 . c n Jord n a E erm a c ll it p , j ustific tio “ of this state : In extern al respects we recogn iz e n o distinction be tween this species [referrin g to a specimen 20 in ches lon g taken in the Stra it of Ju an de F uc a by the Alba tr oss ] an d the common e astern ” D fish a a a . a cod , except th t the he d seems l rger They lso quote r . d “ ilbert as : has n n n an d Gr follows It bee freque tly poi ted out , is well

O h od F s er of A a ska Ta r et H n Th T e C b on . B ea . e F s er es and F s er In us i h y l , y l i h i i h y d tr es of th e n te Sta t es t . I I s ec. 5 v ol . I . 1 98 1 99 . i U i d , p , , , p , b — l bid . , p . 1 98 2 2 6 . ° Nor t a nd M d m r Th e F s es of e A er c a b D . o a n a nd E erma n . B . W . S y n . i h h id l i , y J d t t t Na t na Mus um l et n n e S a es o e n 4 t m 25 41 2 5 42 . B u o. 7 . . l i , U i d i l . , p , p , d I i 42 b d . , p. 2 5 . 6 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

n n n a a co fish h a k ow to fisherme , th t the P cific d s a smaller air bl a dder n n or sou d th an the Atl a tic cod . Pen din g an ex amin ation of this

t n a re n ot n ow in a n a ques io , which we positio to m ke , we propose ” n z a as n to recog i e the P ciﬁc ﬁsh a disti ct species . Much ha s been said an d written of the differen ce in si z e between

n t an and a A l a the sou d of the A l tic cod th t of the Paciﬁc . a rge p rt t a a a a on ate n n of his is he rs y , b sed l rgely the st me ts of ﬁsherme , few a a a n f of whom h ve ever m de y ef ort to s a ve them . The writer cut

a n in 1913 n n a i out few sou ds , but , u fortu tely , these were lost n some w a n an a n an d a t u h h y duri g tr sport tio ; , l ho g it a d been some yea rs

in h a d a n an A an s ce he cut sou d from tl tic cod , it seemed to him

ha a n a n ot a s a n t t the P ciﬁc sou ds were lmost , if quite , l rge , but thi

n er . o ﬁ n f Some few yea rs ag the Al a ska C od sh Co . m a de a ef ort to a n at one A a a a n men s ve the sou ds of its l sk st tio s , but the refused to A a t an an . . n a n do so except exorbit t price Gree eb um , the preside t

th n n r n z e a a a e a i . of comp y , writes th t the sou ds sm ll si e The only a uthentic record the writer ha s of a direct comp a rison

a an d a nt n in a . . . n a of P ciﬁc Atl ic sou ds is letter from Dr W C Ke d ll , a ta n n t ta B a F n a of Jan ssis t , U i ed S tes ure u of isheries , u der d te

a 22 1915 in a : u ry , , which he st tes

Th e a ir bl a dder of th e b ig P a cifi c cod [ th e w eigh t of th is w as a b out 3 0 pounds a nd its tota l n th a out 3 9 nch es a t r r mo a m a sur d a out 13 nch s le g b i ] , f e e v l , e e b i e i n l en th w th no rc ti h or ns c t n s h t ro ct ons b ut it h a d a g , i pe ep ble ex ep i g lig p je i , n h f h n r or nd very l a r g e pouch o eac s ide o t e a te i e . Th e a ir bl a dder of th e b ig Atl a n tic cod [ of a weigh t of 3 44 pounds a nd a n th of 43 nch s w a s of th e s a m n th a ro ma t ouch s s ma le g % i e ] e le g pp xi ely , p e ll , but th e h orns wh ch cou not u str a h t n out m a s ur a ch 10 , i ld be f lly ig e ed , e ed e n h i n n h I n n r os n in th e fi sh th a re o l i s t . a tu a t o c u c e le g l p i i ey i ed p . Th e s ma ll P a cifi c cod [8 or pounds a nd 28 3 i nch es l ong ] w a s i n such b a d con t on th a t th e a i r a r cou not r mo nta ct b ut th e one di i bl dde ld be e ved i , n n 1 n h i n n th h orn th a t could be fou d w a s o ly i c le g . Th e other Atl a nti c cod [ weigh ts a nd leng th s a b out th e sa me] h a d a i r bl a d h n L n h h orns a n n th 1 h d ers a nd or s a s foll ow s : e gt d 3 ; le g 05 or ns 3 }7

a nd n th 10 nch s h or ns 7 a nd nch s . le g i e , i e

It is to be hoped th a t some one will soon take up the study of

n n t an a s the comp a riso of the sou ds from the cod of bo h oce s , should the P a ciﬁc soun d prove to be uniformly sma ller th an those from n n a the Atl antic cod it would furnish a disti guishi g fe ture .

DI STRI B UTIO N .

The P a ciﬁc cod is occasion ally found a s f a r south a s C a pe F l attery t F n n t a on th e W a shi ngton co a s . rom Puget Sou d orth to sou he st r n a in n o a th Al a sk a they a e sa id to be more commo , lthough p rt of is I region is a commerci a l ﬁshery m aint a ined for them . n southeast

a a in a a a a w as a n a n in an d a d Al sk , e rly ye rs , sm ll ﬁshery m i t i ed PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 7

acen a a a n t n h as e n nt j t to Ch th m Str it , but o hi g be n do e here of rece

in r yea rs . God a bun dan ce a e n ot to be foun d until the Portlock B ank F a he . an a a re a n an an d is re c d rom here to Akut P ss cod very bu d t , prob ably will be foun d in con siderable abun d an ce a lon g the Aleuti a n I B a n n a . n n Sea t n n a a an d Ch i beyo d the p ss eri g , be wee U im k P ss

B t B a are - o n a an ris ol y , t be fou d sever l l a rge d import ant b an ks a d

a n n a a n an d n n n r j ce t to U im k Isl d the Pe i sul a . They h ave bee e a s f a r n th La i B as . n an n n Sea but n n ported or St wre ce Isl d eri g , o e n i A “ a n an . a a h ve bee reported the rctic Oce Edg r 0 . C mpbell , a

- a n a B a a n on school te cher for the U ited St tes ure u of Educ tio , St .

La n an in a a S 2 1 1909 h a s wre ce Isl d , letter d ted eptember , , the fol lowin g to say a s to the presen ce of cod a roun d the isl a n d

A f ew cod fi sh e h er a nd a re ca u h t e r a r rom u to O cto r b ut f ed e g ve y ye f J ly be , not i n a n a rec a num r s ce t r th r to th a r h s a r y pp i ble be ex p eve y i d fif ye . T i ye rom s s to be a oo one a th ou h th e E s mos a re so t m th w not o p i e g d , l g ki i id ey ill g out f or mor th a n a h a m rom sh or in th r s n ca noes Some ea r s e lf ile f e ei ki . y th e fi sh sta y un til in November a nd grea t numbers of th em a re ca ugh t by the ic a s t se r z es o r H ow d o ou su os th s h a n s ? I h a s u e he a f ee ve . y pp e i ppe ve p os e th a t a s th e to of th e sea coa ts o r w th a s ush so t ice th e cod f or p d , p ve i l y f , , some rea s on or oth r it ma f or a i r um u th rou h th e i ce a n d a on e , y be , j p p g f ll th e s ur ac th r w i h t not n s uf c nt to ca rr th em ow nto wa ter f e, ei e g bei g fi ie y bel i a a n At a n ra t th s oon r ze a nd a s soon a s th e i ce i s sol nou h g i . y e ey f ee , id e g n th E s mo r n th m h om in r a t es cor w oo h s to wa o e . lk , ki b i g e e g e pil , like d d T i h h ne c s nce e c am i n 190 1 In s uch a rs th e f ox ca tch i s a s a ppe d tw i e i w e . ye sur t b e ht f or th e f ox a r e so w th a re w a r of r a r a t e o lig , ell fed ey y p ep ed b i . =I=

O n the Asi atic shore cod h a ve been reported as f a r n orth as Ca pe

Tcha lin a S a t a n n a s f a r h a s p , E st iberi , while hey h ve bee fou d sout i r a un n i h n Ja an . a a n t e e Ha kodate p They e most b d t Okhotsk S a .

SI Z E .

' A very erroneous ide a of the size of P a ciﬁc cod seems to be preva lent n in certain works on ichthyology . Even as l ate as 1907 E y erm a n b an d Goldsborough st ate : We h a ve n o record of any l a rge ex amples

' r m a a n ot a a of this c od f o the P ciﬁc , where it perh ps does re ch ” 0 n B an c t a n weight exceedin g 15 or 2 pou ds . e repor s h vi g seen m any which weighed n ot less th an 3 0 poun ds c aught on the inshore

an a re n a a an n on the b ks , where the cod ot bly sm ller th those fou d an a s a s h offshore b ks . He lso quote reports from others to cod weig n 20 50 n i g from to pou ds . The writer spen t the summer of 1913 at the Pirate Cove st a tion of

D n the a a a n o the Union F ish Co . uri g gre ter p rt of the time lmost

Mr C a m e h a d wr tt en f or nfor ma t on a ? t o h ow th e n a t es cou es t ca tc cod a . pb ll i i i iv ld b h n use f or t h ei r ow . b n n L o r u B u et n n ed a ka B W E y erma n a d E . . G s o . t Th e F s es of A s b . . i h l , y ld bo g h ll i , U i

ta tes B ureau of F s er es . vol . XXVI 1 90 6 . 3 48 . S i h i , , p 0 ‘ k b a I Th F r nd F s r Ind us Th e cod ﬁ s er of A a s a Ta r et on H . B e . e s e es a e h y l , y l i h i i h y

r es of t h e n te Sta tes t . II s ec . 5 vol . I . 2 0 2 20 3 . t i U i d , p , , , p , 8 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . sn appers were to be seen and the ﬁsh a ver a ged very l a rge— prob ably 12 15 n o . n n 15 t pou ds most of the time O Ju e he weighed 6 cod ,

a s h f n z t selected so to s ow the dif ere t si es , with the followin g resul s

O ne h 40 n n 43 n r m one weig ed pou ds , le gth i ches f o tip to tip ; 3 7 n n t 42 4 n n w weighed pou ds , le g h i ches from tip to tip ; o e eighed 22 n one h 21 n n t 3 9 n to ti pou ds , weig ed pou ds , le g h i ches from tip p one h 23 n one 11—1 n n 3 1 n weig ed 4 pou ds , weighed pou ds , le gth i ches from tip to tip . He h a d the ﬁrst ﬁsh dressed immedi a tely a fter bein g weighed and

a an d n a the a n tan 21 n . me sured , whe re dy for s lti g k it weighed pou ds B efore being weighed in the ﬁrst pl ace a ll of these ﬁsh ha d been

a u bled by h a vi ng their thro ts o t . O n a number of occ a sions he s a w ﬁsh at the shore station s which 40 n of would un doubtedly r un over poun ds if put o the sc al es . All in the ﬁsh n oted above were from in shore b anks . C od run l a rger

z on ff r an an d a a t nn n si e the o sho e b ks , it is prob ble th ﬁsh ru i g from

n re a n on: an d Sann ak B an 50 to 60 pou ds a sometimes t ke Slime ks , f n where the l a rgest cod are ou d .

n n nth the a re n an d a an d Duri g the wi ter mo s cod quite thi w tery , prob ably would n ot a ver age in the roun d much more th an 7 to 9 pounds There a re n o records of any mon ster specimen s h a vi n g been secured

a an a o a n a on the P ciﬁc b ks , simil r to those reported cc sio lly from the

M n n a t a . w h n a . . . a ho as Atl antic . C pt J A theso , of A cor es , W sh , bee

n a a n a a t a a e g ged in the cod ﬁshery for umber of ye rs , s ys h t the l rgest

- 18 n dry s alted cod he ever received from his vessels weighed p ou ds .

n an are n a a in In the souther p a rt of its r ge the cod ge er lly sm ll , m any pl aces being n o la rger th an those kn own a s sn appers on the cod b anks .

M I GRATIO N S .

an a re n the a O n the m ain cod b ks ﬁsh to be fou d throughout ye r , n ta n the n a lthough very sc a rce at times . O cer i of i shore b anks cod a re to be foun d a ll the ye a r in co nsider able abun d ance; with periods of great abund ance ; on other in shore b anks on ly durin g the win ter

n n an a n an on mon ths a re the ﬁsh fou d i y bu d ce , while others they

n n n the n . a n a a re ple tiful o ly duri g summer mo ths Pir te Cove , U g ,

ll - - a - n a n Sann a n a nd Kelleys Rock a re a the ye r rou d st tio s , the k Isla d

n re all - n n an d Northwest Ha rbor st atio s a wi ter o es , while S an born n an d Dora Ha rbors a re open on ly durin g the summer mo ths . At the sta tion s open the whole yea r the best ﬁshi ng is usu a lly from Ma rch

t t n . a n to Sep ember , bo h i clusive P rt of this superiority is u doubtedly due to the better weather which prev a ils durin g these months th an

n he a b ut an d a t t a ll a duri g t rest of the ye r , the reports st is ics gree in showi n g th a t there is a grea ter shorewa rd migr ation of the schools n duri g this period . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 9

SP AWN N I G.

are n s a n n n the n n n a in Cod fou d p w i g duri g wi ter mo ths , pri cip lly

a n a an d F a n F a an d Ma J u ry ebru a ry . Those c ught duri g ebru ry rch and a a are a n t o r the e rly p rt of April usu lly quite thi , due thei n n ha vi g sp a w ed shortly before this . In m any fem ales the eggs are n ot extruded at the regul a r period

’ and in m any in stan ces these even tu ally a rden into an “ a lmost solid ’ 1913 h n n w al a . a in a a as a m ss At Pir te Cove , , the ut or s tte tio e rly c led w n M 10 a a n . on e as r o a to these del yed sp w ers The ﬁrst obse ved y , F t n o n shortly a fter his a rriva l at the station . rom he n they occa sio a a a e n a ih A n h a t n lly ppe r d u til e rly ugust , whe t ey bec me qui e umer

25 n a ous . O n June he cut out of o e fem le a roe which weighed 8 in h n . a n a n a a the pou ds Occ sio lly the eggs would be fou d m ss. wit

n In n n an a n usu al en velope missi g . o i st ce th t he observed did this co d n a f a ﬁsh a ll t a a n itio seem to f ect the he lth of the , of hem ppe ri g to

f r a . n n a so a as n . be orm l ﬁsh food qu lities , weight , etc , were co cer ed

Y' O UTHL

’ B an se a n n a s n in Dr . e s ob rv tio s showed you g cod prese t sh allow water n ea r shore at some pl ace or other on the Paciﬁc side between

n an d n a a a n Ma and an d t a a Cooks I let U l sk betwee y October , h t bout the middle of the l atter month they re ach an aver a ge length of 4 or

5 i nches . O n 7 1913 n a n September , , the writer ﬁrst oticed l rge umbers of youn g cod from 2 to 4 in ches in len gth sw rmmmg a roun d Pir ate Cove a and e e s he in a n en o h rbor , th y w re till t re l rge umbers wh he left n a n a n September 26 . The sm ll tive boys w ould occa sio ally catch them n a a n in h h a o b ited hook or be t p , w ic the fry would e gerly pursue . They were also occa sion a lly foun d in the stom a chs of a dults brought

n n n a not di in by the ﬁsherme , showi g co clusively th t the cod do s ff n crimin ate a gainst their own o spri g .

F O O D .

The food of the P a ciﬁc cod is a s plen tif ul and as v a ried as in the

An a can a a a it s . T Atlantic . y ﬁsh th t it c pture forms p rt of food he writer opened and examin ed the stoma chs of m a ny cod at Pira te C ove 1912 n 1913 n d w n a d. a as st ation duri g the summers of , he surprised at

the a e n n . D n J 1913 h w v ri ty of food fou d therei uri g uly , , s rimp ere exceedin gly abun dant in their stom achs . He a lso fou nd three ducks “ ” n n locall as A a a n h with bright red feet , k ow y l sk pigeo s , these ad n n wa a h as h ll i evide tly bee s llowed but s ort time before , t ey were a n a a n A a a Th m l an excellen t st te of preserv tio . l sk pollock ( e gm cha co s e the a an to g ramma ) e med to be the chief food of cod , lthough , str ge 10 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

a w as n a as a n out n rel te , it fou d to be bsolutely worthless b it whe i to

' n are nt n in a a a a sal pieces . Sculpi s freque ly fou d its stom ch , s re lso mon n O lu ea allos i a n a a nd a n a n , herri g ( p p ) , c peli , h libut , s d l u ce “ ” A o u Y t mmod tes ers n a t s . a a ( y p ) ellow striped ﬁsh , or A k m ckerel P l ur o r mmus mon o ter ius a a a f n ( e g a p yg ) , is popul r rticle of ood whe

' a H ewa mmo u er cilzosus in Se a son . The m le red rock trout ( g m s s p ) , which h as green ish colored ﬂesh and is given the common n ame of n t a a a t . porgy by the ﬁsherme , is f vorite r icle of food Some imes

an d young cod a re foun d in the stom achs of the a dults . Octopi

a re a n d d n th n t shrimp f vorites of the cod , a uri g e summer mo hs their a n in a n e n stom chs will be fou d , cert i s ctio s , to be ﬁlled with the l atter .

O TH E R IVI E M B E RS O F TH E GADIDZE .

An odd fe ature of the cod ﬁsheries of the P a ciﬁc is the total ah

n a an d a a a t n se ce of the h ddock h ke , which form such l rge propor io of A A the catch of the tl an tic Ga didae ﬁshery . The pollock of l a ska is f n on e n n A i n quite dif ere t from the fou d o the tl antic . The m or species th n n of e G a didae fou d o this co a st a re described below . — Ling The ling ( Lota ma cu losa ) is our on ly fresh - w ater member

Ga ae an d a n in Y n B a n n h a s of the did , is s id to be commo the uko si , a d a n u a a F a n lso bee reported from the N sh g k , r ser , a d Columbi a Rivers . n 1 It a tt a i s a len gth of to 3 feet . Although fully as p a l a t able a s th e n n in a - a a a z a s li g fou d e st co st stre ms , it is r rely utili ed food , in B a an a n n except ritish Columbi d W shi gto , where l a rge qu antities a re m arketed . T — M omcod . a n a i cr o a dus r oxima s The tomcod , or w ch ( g p ) , is n in n an a a n I fou d abu d ce from Al sk to Mo terey . n the more southern ” n an n in portio s of its r ge it is ofte sold the m arkets a s smelt . I n

a n a an f form the tomcod is mi i ture cod , d there is dif iculty i n dis in uishin he n t g g t you g of the two species . The tomcod ra rely ex ceeds a t in n t a n d t as a delica c in ma a foo le g h is es eemed v ny loc lities .

I n n n n B n Sea th e a n a a s a the orther portio of eri g w ch , it is c lled , a an to the n a n n is of gre t import ce tives , who depe d upo it for a con

ider ble a t n th s a e n a n . M p r of their food supply duri g wi ter se so r . D all ha s the followin g to say of this ﬁshery :

h s fi sh much r s m s th e c ommon tomco of th e E a st r n Sta t s T i e e ble d e e , b ut wh ile th e l a tter i s of most i nsign ifi ca nt imp or ta nce fr om its s ca r city a nd oor ua t th e or m r s c s occu s a r m or ta nt a i n p q li y , f e pe ie pie ve y i p pl ce th e domes ti c conom of oth na t s a nd R uss a ns on oth sh or s of B r n Sea I i e y b ive i b e e i g . t s a a r nt a r ma n nt nh a ta nt of th s coa s ts b ut i s most a u n n pp e ly pe e i bi e e , b d a t i n th e a of th e a r wh n th e i ce ns to or m in th e r rs a nd a on th f ll ye , e begi f ive l g e h Th Wa uk h ni sh r comm nc s a out th e m of O c r r s . e A s o e fi e y e e b iddle tobe . t fi rs t it is ca u h t r om oa ts a nch or c os nsh or b ut a t r th e na t s cu h g f b ed l e i e, l e ive t oles

“ m s on r f A r c u t ur f or 1 8 0 3 or m s e o e 7 . 8 1 Re t of C o . p i i g i l , p PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 1 1

i n th e new i ce set u two or th r sta s w th a ma t h un u on th m to e , p ee ke , i g p e ke p off th e w n a nd s it th r a ll d a h au n th m i n a s ast as th e n is ro i d , e e y , li g e f li e d pped nt h w r Th h oo is ma of wh t w a r us or ur n s h w th a o t e a t . e i e k de i e l iv y , f i ed i i n i n h a r Th w h n s f th e or sh a r set o u b ut w t out a . e t s o p p bliq ely , i b b i e e iv y , wh ch is t cons ta nt i n mot on a ttr a cts th e fi sh b ut no a t wh a t r is i kep ly i , , b i eve In m r w h n th e ice com s r th c a nd th e co ncr a s s us . o ed N ve be , e be e ve y i k ld i e e , th e fi s h r t r to r w a t r a nd th e sh n is o r unt th e o ow n e i e deepe e , fi i g ve il f ll i g r n h a re r s r r mo n th e nt s t n s a nd r n in sp i g . T ey p e e ved by e vi g i e i e d yi g a r u nch s s tr un on s a n or th row n th m a s th a re nto on l ge b e g e l li e, by i g e ey i l g cyli nd r i ca l b a s kets ma de of twi sted gr a s s a nd keeping th em entire i n a froz en . sta te They a r e a mong th e mos t pa l a ta ble of th e ma ny fi sh found i n m r r r i r m n th s s a s a nd th e nu se s so a t a s to a ost ca cu a . e e e , be p e ved g e be l i l l ble

h s r th e n a t s f or oo th r o or i n th e roz n s ta t . h a so T ey e ve ive f d , ei e b iled f e e T ey l form a n impor ta nt a r ticle of d og feed in th e nor th er n por tions of Al a s ka near

the coa st.

a a D a a a h as n Hon . J mes Wickersh m , eleg te from Al sk , fur ished the a uthor with the followin g description of the a pp a ra tus used by the n atives an d their method of opera tin g same of r ecent ye ars

Wh en th e E s kimo w oma n is fi sh ing th rough th e i ce on B er i ng Sea f or tomcod r h n h h sh e uses a li ne w ith a b a bles s h ook a t t e e d . S e a lso a s tw o Sh or t sticks n h n n n r a r a on h er a c As soon a s s h e i er h a d s a d ge e a lly a b by st pped b k . gets a t s h s s one st c a oot or two ow n th e n a nd ns r a s n i u bi e e lip i k f d li e begi i i g t p . As s oon a s th e s t c ts too h h sh e s s th e oth r a f ew t ow th e rst i k ge ig lip e fee bel fi , but on th e oth r s of th e n a nd th us cont nu s h a u n i n th e n w th e ide li e , i e li g li e i r n n n th a h m h i h k th e sticks a lte a tely u til fi a lly e c tc co es above t e ce . Wit a quic mo m nt of th e n a nd st c th e fi sh is sh oo off a nd r u nt or it ve e li e i k k , f eq e ly bef e m n i r n h a s onto th e ice is roz n so . Th e w o a s w a a o s a nd th e f ll f e lid e i g e vy gl ve , r ea son f or not touch i ng th e wet li ne w ith th e gl oved h a nd s is to pr event th em m n w a nd c r w th i e n h m n Th e n f r o getti g et ove ed i c a d t us beco i g useles s . li e is ow r in th e s a m ma nn r a nd rom on r a ct c th e na t s are r l e ed e e , f l g p i e ive ve y ex r Th e fi sh a re ut i n a s ets a nd w r sh a s on a s th r ma n pe t . p b k ill keep f e l g ey e i A w n r a of i ce a nd s now is r u n ons r r z n . t c t uct f o e i db e k f eq e ly ed .

— Alaska pollock The Al a sk a pollock ( Them g r a c ha lcogmm/ma ) n an an d t i A is a n abu d t widely distribu ed species n l a sk a . It is foun d in the B ering Sea a nd th e n eighborin g w aters south to Sitka an d the

a n a f a nd Kurils . It usu lly swims e r the sur ce a forms a con siderable n h portion of the food of the fur se al a d t e cod . It re aches a len gth of

3 t h the a a n a a h a a . fee , lt ough ver ge is more e rly bout h lf t is At pres en t n o a it a s a th h it in t n use is m de of food , l oug will ime become a importan t item in the commerci a l ﬁsheries . In 1907 the writer

a a n a t S a a a it w s n c ught specime ew rd , Al sk , but a a pp a re tly so ra re in th a a th at n o on e h n z t loc lity t ere seemed to recog i e it .

S t S t a n a T u a . cens is ou h of i k is fou d closely rel ted species , f , which a to a n ant in n n n is s id be bu d Puget Sou d , a d is fou d a s f a r south as Mon terey B ay . E Zegin us n a v ag a is common an d abun d ant a lon g the entire Al aska

a an d on A a a s f a r t a s the a a n co st , the si tic side sou h K mch tka Peni

s a at a . a a s ul , le st It is r rely ever used food , due to the great a n an - n n bu d ce of other better k ow ﬁshes . 12 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

— m n alon P olar earl The pol a r cod ( B or eog adus w ide ) is com o g

. L oc the co a sts of Arctic Al a sk a a n d n orthern Siberi a ike the poll k , an this species h a s the lower j a w lon ger th an the upper . They form importan t a rticle of food with the Eskimos duri ng certain sea sons n M 0 h as n n the of the yea r . Joh urdoch the followi g descriptio of ﬁshery

r O f O cto r a nd a r i n o m r a t r Us ua lly d uri ng th e l a tter pa t be e ly N ve be , f e

n - cra c s orm a on th e sh or th e nat v s th e sea h a s cl osed a nd wh e tide k f l g e, i e f a ch i n a o generally c a tch a good ma ny of th em a t th e very edge o th e be b ut

r a foot of w a te . They use a sh or t li ne of wh a leb one to wh i ch is a ttached a small lure ma de k or wh ch r ou h r r s nts a n a m h o crustac a n a nd is of bl a c ened iv y , i g ly ep e e p ip d e a rmed w ith a b a rbles s h ook . r re c a u h t t a t r th e r tur n of th e s un ar in After th i s no mo e a g ill f e e , e ly The na t s s a th at th o a w a a nd it is u t ro a th a t F ebruary . ive y ey g y , q i e p b ble r If th r w r a n fi h th ey lea ve th e sh ore a nd g o off i nto deeper w a te . e e e e y s to in fi sh f or th m ur n - e w r h h e na t s w ou u n ou t _ th te be ca ug t, t ive ld d b edly e d i g n r r f r month s a s a t th is s a son th y a r e r qu tly h a d p ss d o ood . , e e f e e e e f E a rly i n F eb r ua r y th ey become ex ceedi ngly a bund a nt i n a bout 1 5 fathoms ’ of w a ter wher ever th ere i s a level field of t h e sea son s ice not over 4 feet in

n s i nclosed o b etween r ows of h ummoc s of ro n ice. La r e th i ck e s , k b ke g h na t s rom th e C a Sm th a s c a wom n a nd numbers of t e ive f pe y e vill ge, e pe i lly e h r n r s or t to th s n a r r d a a nd ca u ht th s fi sh t ra l c ild e , e ed i field e ly eve y y g e e li e l y u h by th e b s el . i a n th e h oo is t n a r th e ottom Th e fi sh a re J gged d k kep e b .

SPE C I E S M ISC ALLE D C O D .

n n a on a a n of A co fusi g fe ture the P ciﬁc co st is the umber species ,

Ga ae an d n n c un rel ated to the did o e of which resemble the true od , which a re commonly kn own a s cod an d which are frequently cl assed n with the cod by the un initi a ted . Amo g these the more prominent

re n : fa O iod n a the followi g Cultus cod , blue cod , or buf lo cod ( ph o lon a tus a a a a n a en 3 4 e an e g ) , is l rge , co rse ﬁsh re chi g l gth of to fe t , d a 3 0 40 n ﬂeSh a n in weight of or pou ds , with the livid blue or gree

. n a a n a B a a a a nd a color It is fou d from Sitk to S t rb r , is especi lly important as a food fish in B ritish Columbi a and the St a te of Wash I in n . n n to n . g cooki g , the flesh of this fish tur s white ’ B a coalfish An o lo oma mbma l ck cod , , beshow , or skill ( p p fi ) , is n ti n n fou d from the Aleu an Isla ds to Mo terey . It is most abun

an in n n a a a a d t the regio s freque ted by the h libut , from southe st Al sk to the Wa shington co ast . It atta i n s a length of 18 to 20 inches and a 5 M n r a z n n . a a in weight of pou ds y e m rket ed a fresh , fro e , or

a n n a n d n a in a . s lted co ditio , the ﬁsh is growi g ste dily popul rity It

a a n in a t 7 0 90 a is is usu lly t ke deep w er , from to f thoms , though it

n n n a t t 200 25 ofte fou d eve dep hs of to 0 fa thoms .

" Na t ura H s tor Re or t of th e I n tern a t ona P o ar E x ed tion to Point B arrow, l i y , p i l l p i A a sk 1 — a F s . 2 9 es 3 0 . l , i h , p

14 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

O F F SH O RE B AN K S I N BE RI N G SE A.

a in B n Sea f an Owing to a l ack of good h rbors eri g , the of shore b ks n n an d a re the on ly ones frequented a t prese t by the ﬁshi g vessels , these a re a mongst the most productive in all Al a ska . As the hold

n an a e n , ing groun d o these b ks is good , properly equipp d vessel fi ds n f r little difficulty in ridin g out a ll ordin a ry gales . All cod b a ks so a found a re mostly situ a ted to the ea stw a rd of a lin e conn ectin g Ca pe New enh am with the n orthwest c a pe of Un im a k Isl an d an d off the n n orthern side of Un al a ska Isl a d . Slime B ank — The first cod b an k to be rea ched by a fishing vessel a a fter entering B erin g Sea is Slime B an k . As delin e ted by the

Alba tross n off a Sa rich ef n a , it begi s directly C pe , the orthwest c pe of

a an n a in a an d a ma e Un im k Isl d , is elo g te sh pe , follows pproxi t ly the tren d of the a dj a cent co ast to within a few miles of Am a k

an nn a n n n a an off an . Isl d , its i er m rgi lyi g o ly short dist ce the l d 5 in n an d 17 in a a a n It is about 8 miles le gth miles ver ge width , bro de ing somewh at at the ea stern end ; its tot a l a rea is estim a ted at a bout n on an r an 20 squ a re miles . The depths fou d the b k ge from

50 a n n a a an to f thoms , while the bottom co sists ge er lly of bl ck s d a n a n n n a n d d gr vel , freque tly i termi gled with pebbles , sometimes

a a n d an a n n a . of gr y yellow s d , rocks lso occurri g e r the shore The deep w a ter lying off the n orthern en tran ce to Un im a k P a ss

n end an 7 0 a n n a forms the wester of the b k , f thoms bei g found e r the

an d n 100 a a an a h a a edge depths exceedi g f thoms short dist ce f rt er w y . O ff its n orthern edge the depths determin ed by the soun din gs of the

Alba tr oss a n 53 62 a a t r ge from to f thoms , with muddy bottom h n . a t e a n e d on n n three of them Tow rd e ster , however , the orther

an a n d a an d in a i side s d gr vel occur , this loc lity the prec se limits of

a a r the b nk e still un deﬁn ed . There a re n o h a rbors suit able for cod vessels alon g the a dj acen t

' a n ma n in a a ta shore , lthough protectio y be fou d sever l b ys , n o bly

n nd a B t a A a a n n . Dubli Sh w ys , duri g sou he st to southwest wi ds m a k

a n a 11 off I z enbeck B a a n Isl d , which lies bout miles y , lso fur ishes some protection durin g the preva len ce of southe a st an d southwest winds . The b an k derives its n a me from the presen ce of immen se n umbers

a a n u in a n 6 18 of l rge jellyﬁsh , brow ish or r sty color , me suri g to in a the an d ches cross disk , provided with lon g slen der ten ta cles

a n a n h vi g gre t sti ging powers . It is s a id by the fishermen th at the a re n n the a the sea j ellyfish ever observed upo surf ce of , but seem to a n nt a t z n t a the t h occupy i ermedi e o e ow rd bot om . They cl aim t a t t a n a t n t t the a h n t hese im ls some imes i erfere wi h hooks re c i g bot om , a n d n the a t n n h by coveri g b i re der it u attractive to the fish . W en brought to the surfa ce they a re u n comfort able obj ects for the fisher men n tan the to dise gle from hook an d line . They do not become PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 1 5

a n n n n a abun dant until the latter p rt of Ju e , whe the fisherme ge er lly B move on to aird B an k . Probably the fin est cod secured on any of the Alaska b anks are B taken on Slime ank . — B B B a . ann B ir d n . n n a a a k aird a k , so med by C pt T er of the n F B n a Al tr in n . . a ba oss ho or of Prof Spe cer ird , the first U ited St tes

i n F and F w as n n a n n to Comm ssio er of ish isheries , the ge er lly k ow n nd a as t M an the ﬁsherme , a is yet to few of them , the Por oller b k r and a he Albatr oss n s o groun d . As described ch rted by t , it comme ce a few miles ea st of Am ak Isl an d an d exten ds n orthea stw a rd off the northern side of the Alask a Pen in sul a to the vicin ity of C ape

hicha of at U a uk a an a C g , the mouth of the g g River , dist ce of bout 0 I has an a a a 40 an d an 23 miles . t ver ge width of bout miles extreme

58 its a a a n a at a a e width of miles , tot l re bei g estim ted bout squ r

a n a n n an in a a an d 800 miles , m ki g it the l rgest k ow b k Al sk , some B i n m e an a an n a an . iles mor th th t of Georges k , the North Atl tic Oce

Alba tr oss In a n n a a n The vestig tio s i dic ted , however , stro g prob a bility th at the Kululak groun d and the region off C ape Pierce are r a n an n a n not a n n e lly exte sions of this b k , the i vestig tio s h vi g bee n n n ca rried to a deﬁ ite co clusio with respect to this matter . Outside of B ristol B ay the observations were n ot carried beyon d the limits

an a s n Alba tr o s an d n e it of the b k deﬁ ed by the s , the e tir width of s n n western p ortion still rem a ins to be determi ed . It is also ot im

a n a . ann a e nn n ma possible , ccordi g to C pt T er , th t som co ectio y be foun d to exist between B aird and Slime B an ks tothe n orth of Ama k n f n N w nh Islan d . A li e o statio s from C ape e e am to the Northwest n a an n in C a pe of U im k Isl d , however , showed good ﬁshi g only the vicin ity of lan d .

L B an a a re n a n ike Slime k , but few h rbors to be fou d lo g the shores a dj acent to B a ird B an k . Vessels Occa sion ally t ake refuge in Port M n n B a and n a s oller , Here dee y , Port Heide , but usu lly the vessel ride out the storms or draw in close to the pen in sula shore during southea st win ds .

B - Kululak B a a a Kulula k ay . y occupies l rge p art of the region included between C a pe Constantin e and Cape New enham and con H i n n ta in s ag eme ster Isl a d a d the Wa lrus Group . Within this area Alba tross n a n in a a en the i vestig tors fou d cod isol ted spots , sc rcely n titled to the n ame of b anks . Exte sive shoa ls occur off Ha g emeister n a an 6 at n n 15 a d the W lrus Isl ds , f homs bei g fou d about miles to The n the southw ard of the l atter . pri cip al ﬁshing groun ds a re out

of a as as a a and a of side these sho ls well to the e stw rd westw rd them , 12 25 a n n in depths of to f thoms , the bottom co sisti g gen era lly of n and a e an d a n a n n sa d , with some mud gr v l , the f u bei g esse ti ally the B n same a s on B a ir d and Slime a ks . 3 0079 ° — 16— 2 16 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

Some ye ars a go the ﬁshermen occa sion ally resorted to a sm all

a G a B an a e a 16 e - e ground , c lled r vel k , situ t d bout mil s south southw st H emeiste r an a cod a re from the southern end of ag Isl d , where l rge

an h as 16 20 a reported to be abun d t . It depths of to f thoms , but its siz e is incon siderable . on B an a in Vessels enteri ng Berin g Sea ﬁsh ﬁrst Slime k , usu lly or F a a n n B a . a j ust off Dubli y rom here they work to the e stw rd , le vi g

“ for B a ird B ank when the jellyﬁsh become too n umerous on Slime Kululak n n 0 n now a on in . B a k . N ﬁshi g is c rried the grou d The Alba tr oss investigation s were n ot ca rried n orth of C ape New enh am ; cod h a ve been reported at v a rious pl a ces between here and r a n n B ering Stra it and in the Arctic . They a e s id to be abu da t in L n an the n eighborhood of St . a wre ce Isl d .

O F F SH O RE B AN K S I N TH E N O RTH P AC IF I C O C E AN .

The Alba tr oss ran three lines of soun din gs over the a rea lyin g

n n amok a n at southern entr ance betwee the lo gitude of Ug Isl d , the to ° ’ ° n a a an d a Kiliuluk B a n 164 55 167 U im k P ss , th t of y ( lo gitude to west) an d between the co a st an d the inn er edge of the steep sub n n n ﬁ n ma ri n e slope . These sou di gs were ot suf cie t to demonstra te the e n a n an in n w as a a xiste ce of deﬁ ed b k this regio , but it estim ted th t an a rea of about squ a re geogra phic al miles w a s suitable for

ﬁshin g . This h as been born e out by the experien ces of a n umber of ﬁ n a a a at a n a in shi g vessels which h ve m de good c tches cert i . pl ces a a on a this re v rious occasions . Even fa rther to the westw a rd occasion al tri als h a ve been m a de

n a n 100 - by cod vessels , whe bec lmed i side the fa thom curve or when n a an d seeki g w ter , good catches of cod m a de .

’ D a mason B a nk — an w as This b k ﬁrst reported by Prof . George

' a n n a a a 1868 n w D vidso , of the U ited St tes Co st Survey , bout , a d as na in med his honor . He m a de a n umber of soun di n gs upon it in

a 50 a and n a n an in depths of bout f thoms fou d cod bu d t some pl aces . In 1888 the Alba tr oss established the outline an d s urface contour of an n a this b k with co sider ble a ccura cy . The b ank lies south of Un ima k Isl an d an d exten ds westw a rd from the n eighborhood of the S amn a k Islan ds to about the lon gitude of ° ’ the southern entran ce to Un im ak P a ss ( about longitude 164 40 w est) . Its ea stern en d seems to be continuous with the shoal w ater n n Sann ak surrou di g the Isl an ds . The grea test width of this b an k off n a an 45 50 U im k Isl d is to miles . Depths less th an 50 fathoms

n a a a an 41 were fou d over l rge p rt of the b k , fathoms being the s a a s B ho lest w ter di covered . etween the sh allow a rea an d the islands PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 17

to the n orth and n orthwest of it depths of 50 to 72 fathoms occur .

The a rea of D avidson B an k is estimated at about squ a re miles .

n an n in f n a ﬁn e The bottom upo the b k co sists , dif ere t pl ces , of to t a a an an d a . G n n a co rse s d , pebbles , gr vel ree mud is fou d depth of 95 fa thoms n e a r the outer edge of the b ank a n d bl ack s an d in 3 42

fathoms j ust off the b an k . — Sannak B arrie The princip al b an k resorted to by the few vessel s which ﬁsh throughout the se ason in the North P aciﬁc is Sa n n ak

B a a nn ak n k . This ban k lies to the e st an d southea st of the Sa an a n a in a n d n in a n a w a Isl ds , is somewh t elo g te sh pe , a tre ds ge er l y i n northeas t and southwest . About the centr a l spot on the b a k is in 54 ° 20 ' 61 ° 53 ’ a n n 1 . a l titude orth , lo gitude west To the westw rd

n a n B an n n n a t a n a roxi it j oi s D vidso k , the dividi g li e bei g poi t pp n on mately south of the middle of the group . The soun di gs this M b an k show depths from 3 0 to 82 fa thoms . uch of the bottom is

an a . a . a a a rocky ; s d , pebbles , gr vel , etc , lso occur The estim ted re of l the b ank. is squ a re miles .

a n on an re a n d n a The cod t ke this b k a very l rge a of excelle t qu lity , a n d a re the ﬁnest ﬁsh t a ken on a ny of the Al a ska b an ks with the n B n B exceptio of those from Slime a k in erin g Sea . To th e m ariner un acqu a inted with these w aters this is a d angerous

r n ne a a n re . egio , but to o cqu i ted h arbors of refuge a n umerous l aton a a n a an d anh a an C H rbor , formed by C to , Elm , S k Isl ds , is the

( a a a a n chief pl ce of refuge for the l rger vessels , s it is e sy to get i to lf r om n n n n an an d n n either the orther or southwester e tr ce , whe i side lthere is excellent holdin g groun d an d a mple protection from all

n . a a in a en wi ds Sm ll vessels , especi lly power vessels , c se of storm g i er ally anchor close n to the leew a rd of C aton Isl an d and a re s a fe . O n the n orthern Side of San n ak Isl an d vessels drawi n g 14 a n d 15

can a n P avlof a at t e feet e sily e ter H rbor high tide , but a low tid ve a n an 6 fﬁ n t ssels dr wi g more th feet would h a ve di culty in e erin g .

The ch annel is ra ther tortuous but is buoyed . In side the anchora ge F is a a s a a . n n . ha a r ther limited , the h rbor is sm ll The U io ish Co s

la a n nd can a n a ll a rge st tio here , a vessels lie lo gside the dock t a st ges

f a n a n a in a t . o the tide , l rge o es usu lly resti g e sily the mud low tide

I hn n an a n a Jo so s Ha rbor , where there is other st tio of the s me com

an can n at an a n an n p y , be e tered y st ge of the tide , the e tr ce bei g n a u n the h a a h u usu lly free from obstr ctio s , but rbor is so sho l t rough

‘ out the greater portion th a t the vessel anchora ge is l a rgely re stricted a F n a n n an . a to the wester p rt , little i side the e tr ce rther to the west

ar e Moffets an d an a on r w a rd Cove Comp y H rbor , both of which a e odﬁ h C s C O . and a r a , which e a v il able to

h tide . H R 18 PAC IF IC C O D F IS E IE S.

When ﬁshing on this b an k the l a rger vessels gen erally ride out n n a an a storms . Whe the vessel begi s to dr g the chor is usu lly buoyed

' a n an d the vessel either puts to sea or goes to C to Ha rbor . B etween Sann a k B an k an d the beginn in g of the Shuma gin B an k

a a a a a a a e to the e astw a rd lies a l rge re of comp r tively sho l w ter , ov r

a r n in a n a n an the greater p art of which cod e to be fou d v ryi g bu d ce ,

n n a n a lthough this groun d is n ot much freque ted , owi g to the bse ce

' r in n a and s nc of convenien t s a fe h arbo s its wester h lf , the pre e e of

“ I a the dangerous S an dm an Reefs to the n orthwest . n the e stern i portion vessels can ea sily ﬁn d shelter amon g the Shumag n Isl an ds . A few vessels occa sion a lly ﬁsh for a short p orti on of the season in

a a 3 8 74 a an d this region . This re shows depths of to f thoms is , T a s a in en . he roughly , bout qu re miles ext t bottom is ex ceedin l a a n n in f n a an eh g y v ri ble , co sisti g dif ere t pl ces of s d , mud , p a an d a n n n a Sann ak B an bles , gr vel , rocks , the l tter occurri g o ly e r k u in an on the one side an d ne ar the Sh ma g Isl ds on the other . Shumagin B ank — Shuma g in B an k lies to the south an d southeast

Shuma in an a n n a roxi of the g Isl ds , with its outer m rgi followi g pp m ately the tren d of the co ast lin e formed by the a dj acent islan ds . ° O n the westw a rd the b an k h as been tr aced to about lon gitude 159 ’

52 n n a in n . a west , but u doubtedly exte ds f rther this directio E st of the Shuma gin Islan ds it re aches n orth to the l atitude of the upper

n B Koniu i an n 100 - a e d of ig j Isl d . Its width withi the f thom curve to the south of the group v aries from 15 to 3 5 miles to the nearest

n an a a h as n t a t a outlyi g isl d , while its re bee es im ted a bout squ a re miles . The depths over a l arge p art of the b an k are less th an

50 a an n ot n a a an f thoms , the b k bei g sep r ted from the isl ds by deep

a . a a on an a i a an w ter The ch r cter of the bottom the b k v r es gre tly , s d , a n mud an d n n in pebbles , gr vel , broke shells , : rocks bei g fou d dif

f erent a . a es a re n n vn in pl ces Rocky p tch of freque t occurre ce , e e comp a ratively deep w ater . These rocky p atches a re a gra ve source

an an on an a s e a an of d ger to vessels chored the b k , th y ch fe d bre a k

a . n e a on an rope c bles The schoo er V g ﬁshed this b k , to the south of Simeon Of ski an in 1913 n 1914 an w a us Isl d , a d , d s compelled to e a

a n n an in a a n couple of shots of ch i ext to the chor the l tter ye r , h avi g t n an w los a chor the previous ye a r bec a use a rope c able a s employed .

n an an d n f w Owi g to this d ger the stro g tides , e vessels h a ve ever

a a a n on an a an in m de pr ctice of ﬁshi g this b k , lthough the ﬁsh r k

a n a on n h B qu lity ext to those c ught the S a a k an k . The a rea between the Shuma gin Isl an ds an d Kodi a k is very im

n n a a h n perfectly k ow , l rgely bec use the ﬁs i g vessels do n ot frequent

n t t - n i it , preferri g to visi the be ter k ow n b anks . The Alba tr oss ( n

1888 r a n a n n n a a a a ) si gle series of sou di gs cross this wide re , with double line exten ding from the n eighborhood of Lighthouse Rocks P AC IF IC C O D F ISHE RIE S. 19

- 26 to Mitrof ania B a . on s n n s . y These showed the i gle li e depth of 13 7 a ms n 44 7 3 to f tho , while the double li e showed depths of to fa thoms . Albatr oss B ank — This b an k lies off the southeastern side of Kodiak Isl an d an d exten ds the entire len gth of th at isl an d a s well as in front h n n a a n nu of t e Trinity Islan ds . At the easter e d it is pr ctic lly co ti B in n . n o e n a a s ous with Portlock a k Alo g s m portio s of the co st , n Sitkalidak an an a a the eighborhood of Isl d , the b k is sep r ted from an a a a in a a the l d by comp r tively deep w ter , while other pl ces sho l

100 - n 25 45 water intervenes . The fathom curve is dista t to miles from an n n a the l d , i side of which limit there is a estim ted a rea of 40 60 squa re miles . Depths from to fathoms a re most common on

n B n 100 - n the b a k . eyo d the fathom li e the slope is very abrupt . All va an n a n and rieties of bottoms occur , s d bei g most prev le t , rocky p atches common . G n r . a one a n e a P of eorge D vidso , of the e rliest i v stig tors of the n an off n a a oa e ﬁshi g b ks this portio of the Al sk c st , predicted the xist n an n n n e ce of this b k upo the evidence of a few isol a ted sou di gs . The w t Al r an as a n a a ba t oss . b k l ter med f er the , which surveyed it In the ea rly yea rs of this in dustry this b ank w as frequented by

a a a a t a sm ll vessels with he dqu rters Kodi k , but a s most of the ﬁsh a n are a an on f an h a n t ke sm ller th the other o fshore b ks , it s not bee n much resorted to in rece t ye ars . B — P or tlock an k q Portlock B ank exten ds n orthe a stw a rd from Ko ° ’ a an a o n 148 3 0 a an 110 di k Isl d to b ut lo gitude west , dist ce of to 120 an d at n en d . n as n a miles , is widest the wester Its outli e , i dic ted b 100 - a u a . a n a y the f thom curve , is irreg l r It is the l rgest si gle b nk s a a n n a a a n 100 - a outh of the Al sk Pe i sul , its re i side of the f thom curve

n a s n a h a bei g bout q u are miles . The bou d ries of t is b ank h ve not n n a i h a and it ma n a n bee co clusively est bl s ed s yet , y eve tu lly tur n n a out to be much la rger th an suppose d . No sou di gs were m de by 16 n n n a the Albatr oss nearer th an miles south of the Ke ai Pe i sul . ° ° B n n 150 an d 151 the a n a n a etwee lo gitudes west b k bruptly rrows , 45 n and then ce m a int ain s a width of 3 5 to miles to its ea stern e d . T a n n a n t th 102 166 a on here is a bro d i de t tio , wi h dep s of to f thoms, the southern side ; depths of 105 to 122 fa thoms occur just off the n t n an d 106 7 61 a off a n en d or her border, to f thoms the e ster , close

00 - 30 the 1 fathom curve . ° The soun di n gs m a de by th e Alba tr oss between lon gitude 150 west

th a t n en he ba n n th e 100 - ath n an d e e s er d of t k , i side of f om li e , show h 66 99 th . a t e n a a an depths of to fa oms Ne r ce tr l p rt of the b k , ° ° ween n 150 an d 151 n n 3 7 at s ) et lo gitudes west , two sou di gs of f hom

ccur on h n a th 40 7 2 a h ) , while the sout er p rt dep s of to f t oms were ° ° u B w n n t 151 an d 152 w a a n i nd . o e ee lo gi udes est , the l tter m rki g xi l the s n n a the an an d a n ippr o mate y we ter bou d ry of b k the co st li e , 20 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

the h a n n n Albatr oss an m dept s , ccordi g to the sou di gs of the , r ge fro

20 to 81 a th the a t n n a an f oms , l ter occurri g e r the l d ; but there were n o i n dic ation s of a m a rked or exten sive depression between the b an k an d the shore .

a a n re a Gr y s d p v ils over most of the bottom , mixed with pebbles , a an d n s in a a n a a mud gr vel , broke shell pl ces , with occ sio l p tches of an d somerocky spots on the western p a rt of the b an k .

In 1888 the Alba tr oss. m a de a single serIes of soun dings between

h t n en d t B an an d M n an t e ea s er of Por lock k iddleto Isl d , which show ed depths of 87 an d 10 1 fathoms about midw ay between the

tw o n a n a a a a n a . , i dic ti g sm ll re surrou ded by much deeper w ter In 1911 the Alba tr oss covered this same region more exten sively a a an on n a n in its se rch for h libut b ks , but either occ sio were cod n fou d . During the l a tter in vestigation s the region between Middleton Is

n n n n an w as Alba tr oss n l a d a d Dixo E tr ce covered by the , but o ly a a n a w a s n an d the a s n occ sio l cod fou d , work of the h libut vessel n a r over this a re a i dic a tes th a t cod e quite sca rce .

I N SH O RE B AN K S

an a re n a a a n an s These b ks ge er lly close to shore , usu lly rou d isl d , a nd a re the on es r esorted to by the ﬁshermen from shore stations a d

a n n a j ce t , from whe ce the cured product is shipped to m rket , or by n a an d n n the tives whites livi g close by , who c atch e ough for their a an a f in n a immedi te w ts or cure few for their ood wi ter . Observ tions at a n umber of pl aces show th a t cod c aught close to the m ain l a n d shores a re gen erally sm aller th an those foun d on the off shore

n n n a a n re a n a d the isl a d i shore b anks . Pr ctic lly o cod a t ke for mar on n n n n ket the i shore m ai l a d b a ks . It w as n oticed th at cod in a sick con dition generally sought the in h m i a . a S u a ns an d at shelter of the h rbors At Pir te Cove , the g , P a vlof on Sann ak an n n , Isl d , the writer freque tly oticed medium

z in a and a n a a n si ed cod the h rbors , lmost i v ri bly these were fou d to

a . a a n n be sick or dise sed A few y rds outside the h rbors o ly clea ,

a n n a n n he lthy ﬁsh would be fou d , thus showi g th t their co ditio a a c used the dise sed ﬁsh to seek the shelter of the h arbor .

a re. a a in an a a a . an There few sm ll b ks southe st Al sk These b ks , a 5 7 a in are i which v ry from to f th oms depth , m ainly n Chath am a L n n an a an d a . Str its , y C l , Icy Str its The ﬁsh a re foun d on the

an in a a n n a b ks the summer , dis ppe ri g i to the deeper w ter in the fall .

ﬁsh a t a re a a a a 4 The c ugh comp r tively sm ll , ex mples more th an 2 n in n t n i ches le g h bei g ra re .

A t u h a re a n a n n a a Ya a l ho g cod occ sio lly fou d e r Sitk kut t , in n a n an d a a n a Pri ce Willi m Sou d , Port Gr h m , e r the lower end of the

2 2 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

n of a h as en lyi g throughout the middle the str it , be but little ﬁshed , h n o a f ar as t e dories could t work th t from shore . During the l a st a n e n on two ye rs , however , the umber of pow r ﬁshi g boats has been c

id r bl n a s an d as a re n a s e a y i cre ed , these e bled to go much fa rther from an are a shore th the dories which propelled by o rs or sails , the middle

' groun d is being w orked more thoroughly . Occas ion ally the sm a ller W h a a at t a n a n ut r vessels , it he dqu rters the s tio s , h ve freque ted the O e n b anks in West N a ga i Str a it . Arou d the H ayst acks is an es peci ally

' n fi hm n : good fishi g groun d for a power s g vessel . This groun d ru s from the pinn acle ofl E a st Hea d an d the ea stern poin t of Porpoise Ha rbor n orth to the southea st end of An dronica Islan d ; is also s aid

n a a at end a a n . to exte d tow rd Wedge C pe , the upper of N g i Isla d on n and ﬁne a The bottom this grou d is smooth , is composed of h rd 0 gravel ; depth of w a ter a bout 3 fa thoms . The stron g tide an d the proximity of the n umerous sm all islets forming p art of the group a n a m ke a p ower vessel eces s ry . a n a e codﬁshin a a Should otter tr wli g ever be dopt d for g , West N g i Stra it would be on e of the most favorable spots in all Ala ska for

a n as h as a a a an its oper tio , it comp r tively smooth s dy bottom with n 25 40 depths throughout the greater portio from to fathoms .

- ﬁshin a n a in a a Pira te Cove , the oldest shore g st tio oper ted Al sk , n P of n n s is loca ted on the n ortheast poi t of op Isl a d . The grou d n r n a In an a be freque ted by the ﬁshe me of this pl ce lie Gorm Str it , P f an d n an an d a n a e n e the tween opo Korovi Isl ds , lo g the e st r sid of isl an d as f ar south as P opof He a d . In Un ga Stra it an in shore b an k begin s at Gull Isl an d in 40

an d n B a n n n a as a . fathoms , ru s west to y Poi t (k ow loc lly Niggerhe d ) f an d a a in The b an k is about a mile of shore is bout mile width , with B a depth of about 3 0 fa thoms n ea rly everywhere . ottom is of p acked s an d with very little moss . In Porta ge B ay ( n ow kn own as B alboa B ay ) is a sm all b ank upon

ﬁ h m a n n m n . which l a rge - s ay be t ke duri g the sum er mo ths The

- b ank runs up the middle of the b ay to the 5 fa thom soun din g. The s oun dings on the b an k run from 25 to 3 5 fathoms . The bottom is of

n . gra vel , with umerous holes

I B B a a n n n a n ma h a d . n e a ver y , lo g the Pe i sul , good ﬁshi g y be

The bottom here is san dy an d the depth a vera ges about 25 fathoms .

n a n a n d n Sann ak an O n the n orther , e ster , wester shores of the Isl ds are to be fou n d i n shore b an ks on which cod a re to be found through nd n a re in a out the la te f all a wi ter , but the fish too deep w ter for n the station fishermen throughou t the rest of the yea r . O the n an n orthern side are four shore sta tions . Owi g to the d ger of the fishermen bei ng blown to sea in the gales which spri n g up very sud

l in n n o S a n a n a on d en y this regio , hore st tio s h ve bee est blished the south side . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 2 3

n n a n a P ankof a Alo g the shore of U im k Isla d , from C pe to C pe

L codﬁsh d n n n . utke , use to be quite umerous duri g the summer mo ths

This groun d is rea lly the inshore portion of D a vidson B an k . At a a on a an n n a n a an Dor H rbor , the south side of Ik t Pe i sul , U im k Isl d , a re a a n an d the h n loc ted two shore st tio s , fis erme from these fish out a n B n F or a a a n rou d ird Isla d . a ye r or two fter the st tio s were n a a a a t n n ope ed they m de big c tches , but fter th they dwi dled u til a about fish n ow represen t the combin ed catches . Sever l schooners usua lly fish on the m a in groun d a few miles O ffshore dur

in n n O ff a P ankof n a a . g the spri g mo ths , C pe bei g f vorite spot J Off an a n A an B a ar e a ust Akut H rbor , o kut y , cod s id to be

a n an . n e a a w as a n a a bu d t While the schoo er V g , of Se ttle , t ki g bo rd

a in a a in n 1911 n an - n n w ter the h rbor l te Ju e , , her ﬁsherme , h d li i g

a n a a on from dories rou d the mouth of the h rbor , c ught cod n a a n Alba tr ss n a n o e d y and the d y followi g . The o i vestig tio s in . the same year showed th at co d were abun dant and quite l a rge

c n off a an an . lose i shore North He d , Akut Isl d The Alba tross in vestigation s showed th at cod were abun dant di rectl off C hernoﬂ sk B a on B n ea n a a a y y y , the eri g S side of U l sk a n n an d a a n a Isl d , duri g the summer , it is very prob ble th t i vestig tion will some day disclose m an y other in sh ore b an ks at va rious pla ces alon g the Aleuti an Isl an ds where cod can be ca ught at all or some season s of the yea r . B ut little is kn own of the in shore b an ks on the n orth side of the a a n n a a n a n a a and Al sk Pe i sul , m i ly bec use , owi g to the l ck of s fe c n n n a a a n t e an a n n not o ve ie t h rbors dj ce t to h b ks , shore st tio s ca be operated .

BAN K S O N TH E ASIATI C SH O RE .

B ut little is kn own of the extent of the cod b anks alon g the Sibe r n a a n o a n on a a n a i a co st , s det iled or eve secti l surveys h ve bee m de of u wn a n a n n them . O r O vessels h ve do e more tow rd showi g their exte t h n n and productiven ess th an t ose of a y other n atio . The princip al

n in Sea and a B n Sea b a ks lie the Okhotsk the Asi tic side of eri g .

r n an Is n n How f a orth the ﬁsh r ge still u determi ed , but it is prob able th at they will be found a bout as f ar n orth on the Asi atic shore of B s a re on an a L n e a . w eri g S a they the Americ shore ; th t is , to St a e r a n f r a ren ce Isl an d . Th y a e s id to be fou d a s a south s Chosen

(Ko re a ) an d northern J a p an .

HIS O R O F THE PAC IFIC C O D F ISHER T Y Y .

The history of the P aciﬁc codﬁshery is a record of the strenuous struggle of a few in dividu als a n d comp anies a gain st its gi ant brother on the A an a a r a a e tl tic co st , which , b cked by g e t we lth , the pr stige and a dvantage gained by yea rs of un opposed comm an d of the Amer 24 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

an a an a n r aw n il l ic m rkets , lmost u limited supply of product , a d d ing the l a st two se asons the ability to import from the ea stern P r O I i a n a a a a ll h nces of C d l rge supplies free of duty , as ha d a n immens n n a a dvantage over its you ger a d we ker brother . O n this coast i ha s n ot n a n O f n a a e h eev bee questio bei g ble to secure c rgo s , but as b one of ﬁn di ng a m a rket for the c atch ; a v astly gre ater catch coulc a f be m a de were a m a rket a v a il ble or it . The fa ct of the presence of cod in Al a sk an w aters h as lon g bee] I H n a n m , n . n o . a u ner on know the speech of Ch rles S , the cessio 0

an i a n a and h a d a Russi Amer c to the U ited St tes , which such power

f in a a n n n i n I s an ab ful ef ect f vor of the tre ty of cessio the pe d g , stra ct of the referen ces m a de by e a rly n avig ators

n n w a Al a ska to its ﬁshes . The ﬁrst me tio s m a de by a “ n in 1765 a sm avigator , who reported cod , perch , pilch rds , being foun d a roun d the F ox Isl an ds . Other n avigators plorers who reported the presence of cod were Cook ( 17 86

M a B n Lan lock e res , illi gs gsdorf Sutke Sir George Simpson all of whom spea k of it as bein g a v B c n . ut w as a n ommo ﬁsh little use m de of it , however , owi g to n abun dance of s almo .

a in 1866 a n t It is reported th t , two or three sm ll schoo ers fitted out at V a B a an a n e ictori , ritish Columbi , d fished with f ir success o the ] groun ds immedi ately n orth of the N a ss River . It is a question whether this fish w a s the true cod or one of the severa l un related l

' Which bear n n a species the commo me of cod .

Ma n C apt . tthew Tur er seems to h ave been the pioneer in the dis covery of the commerci a l possibilities of the gre at cod b anks of the

Mr . a an . . . a a n n ow n P ciﬁc Oce W A Wilcox , l te ﬁeld ge t of the U ited B F a a e a a . n St tes ure u of ish ries , received from the l te C pt Tur er the followin g fa cts in conn ection with his discovery of v a rious b an ks b and his exploit a tion of s ame :

n 1857 C a M a h r n r ma st r f h e r Timandr a 120 ons sa I t . tt w u t t p e T e , e o b ig , , iled rom a n F r a nc s c w h a n s s r t ca r o f or Nicol aevsk on th e Amoor R r f S i o it a o ed g ive . He was ta n h ow r f or th r w s at C a stor B a a t th e h a of de i ed , eve , ee eek y , e d th e u of ar ta r ca us th e Amoor R r w a s u of ice w h n h e G lf T y , be e ive f ll e r a ch the As a i o s h h e es s l a th r w a ti n a nch or i n 3 t c c a t . t e ed i W ile v el y e e i g , ed a th oms of w a t r th e cr w a n sh n o r the r ai w th h a n n s s m f e , e beg fi i g ve l i d li e i ply a s a a st m h w r s ur r s to fi nd nt of cod a ra n a out 2 p i e. T ey e e p i ed ple y , ve gi g b i n n h r n h no r v o n od fi sh u som of h is C a t . u r a d us s c b t t t . t fee le g p T e p e i ly ee , e cr w w r a m ar w th th e s c s a nd h e now n th r ma r t a u a t e e e f ili i pe ie , , k i g ei ke v l e Sa n F r a nc sco a r c a t th e m or ta nce of th e s co r a nd ca m nt r i , pp e i ed i p di ve y be e i e h n T r r r n r m noth r r o th e e i n h s w o a s a te C a t . u a a t t es t d t e fi i g . ye l p T e de e ip

0 f Hon C a r es umn er o f M a s s a c us ett s on t h e ces s on of uss a n Amer ca S eec o . S R p h h l , h , i i i 4 8 s n ton 1 6 n t ta t Wa 8 7 . to th e e S es . U i d , p hi g , b s r s f h P i s of h n tes . o ns W C . Re ort on th e ﬁ e e o t e a c c c oa t e te Sta . p h i if t U i d , by J lli

Re or t of n te Sta tes C omm s s on er of F s a n d F s er es f or 1 888 . 92 93 . p U i d i i i h i h i , p , Wa s n ton 1 892 hi g , . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 25

Amoor R r . R ach n Sa h a n Is an off the u of artar h e an ive e i g k li l d , G lf T y , beg ﬁ s h n f or cod a nd oun h em r a n a n O n nou h w r a n f r i g f d t ve y bu d t . ly e g e e t ke o ’ sh i s use h ow r f or h e w a s not r o w th th e m an r m r s to cu o . p , eve , p vided i e e e In 18 a n m r 63 C t. ur r onc o s a i n th e Tima nd r a to Amoor R r p T e e e iled ive . B ut th is time h e went prep ar ed to ca tch a nd cur e some cod on h is retur n

vo a . B s s s h n a r h e ca r r 2 5 ons f a R r n n h y ge e ide ﬁ i g ge ied t o s lt . etu i g e stopped

to fi sh a t the u of a r ta r . C od w r nt u a t r s t a nd 10 tons wer G lf T y e e ple if l fi , e ta n in a f ew a s a nd s a i n nch B ut su n h fi ke d y lted ke . dde ly t e sh dis a ppea red a nd non cou ca u h t h n h r r n n h e ld be g . T e t e b ig a dow t e coa s t to southern amch a t a wh r fi sh w r oun in a un a n c a nd c n succ K k , e e e e f d b d e, ex elle t ess was m n h r h l et w th o t e s t d a . T e ss a n a r th e r oc coa st a nd on th e i fi y ve el y e ky , secon d a ur n th e re a nc of a ens f o oth a nch or s w r s h d y , d i g p v le e d e g , b e e l o t . T is h om a ur n r to a a n on h n mis a p c pelled C pt. T e b d fi s i g a nd to lea ve th e coa st r l n l s a f or h om H is fi s h so he e ucta t y iled e . ld a t Sa n F r a nci sco f or 1 5 cents er oun and h is o a w ou h a n nota ro a p p d , v y ge ld ve bee bly p fit ble if the loss of a nch ors h ad not nt r r w th o ta n n a u a r h i e fe ed i b i i g f ll f e. T is w a s th e first occa s ion th at sa lt cod wer e l a nded on th e wes t coast from P a cific fish ing n s g rou d .

“ i n h - In 1864 C a t . ur n r sa is r on a cod fi sh in o a h p T e iled b ig g v y ge . T us th e Timandr a wa s th e rs t ss to n a in th s n ustr rom P a c c or s fi ve el e g ge i i d y f ifi p t . O n th e same grounds vis ited th e pr evious year a fa r e of 1 00 tons of codfish w as n n h w a s r mun r a t Th e s a m obta i ed a d t e voya ge e e ive . e yea r th e schooner m r B r sto B a A a s a i n ursu f H Aler t a a t to t o cod . er o a r de ip i l y , l k , p i v y ge p oved

a a ur f or sh e too on 9 tons of fi sh . f il e, k ly rn r s ta t s th at s nc h e ma h i s o a to h e of r C a t . u s t u a tar p T e e i e de v y ge G lf T y , r a o no Am r ca n s s s h a on th r to fi sh f or co Hi a s at d . s el ed b ve, e i ve el ve g e e e succ ss h ow r h a d a r c ct u on th e cod - fi sh i n us n ss in e , eve , ve y de ided effe p g b i e th e orth P a c c a nd i n 1865 six ss s s a rom Sa n F r a nc sco to th e N ifi , ve el iled f i r h s w r h e rs Am r a n s s s O kh ots k Sea i n pu suit of cod . T e e e e t fi t e ic ve el to vis it th at r on on cod - fi sh in tr s a nd th r s a n nc a r so ut on to egi g ip , ei ili g evide ed e l i n h s n ss on a roa commerc a as s begi t e bu i e up b d i l b i . _ B urn r wh o s ms to h a oss ss h s r n n r r s f ut C a t . t e t a d t o p T e , ee ve p e ed pi i e e p i e a

r t rm n to oo f or cod - fi sh i n r o n n a r r h m on r or sco r u s o . pi ee di ve e , de e i ed l k g g d e e e Not sh ar t n th e succ ss of th e Aler t i n 1 863 h e s a f or A a s a di e e ed by ill e , iled l k on th e sch oon r P or oi s e of 45 tons Ma r ch 27 1 865 a nd a rr a t th e Sh u e p , , , , ived , n n Ma 1 H e a n sh n th e s am d a C od w r a un a nt ma gi Isl a ds y . beg fi i g e y . e e b d As a r su t h e r tur n to Sa n F ra nc sco on u 7 w th nd c os nsh or . a a l e i e e l , e ed i J ly i f ar of 3 0 tons of fi sh — som th n ss th a n a u ca r o w h ch m h t a s e e i g le f ll g , i ig e ily h a n s cur on f or th e s r to ma r t th e ca tch i n a a nc of th e ve bee e ed , ly de i e ke dv e a rr iva l h ome of th e ves sel s th at h ad s a iled to th e fi sh i ng grounds on th e As i atic f th e P a c c h s w a s th e r s t a r of cod rom th e Sh uma i n I s an s s ide o ifi . T i fi f e f g l d , m n he a nna s of th e P a c c cod fish er a l ocality s ince fa ous i t l ifi y . Th e cod - fi sh ing fleet of 1 864 w a s composed wh olly of r a th er small - s ized ch ooners mos t O f wh ch w r or na u t i n New E n a n f or th e Atl a nt c s _ , i e e igi lly b il gl d i fi s h r s b ut h a d s a a r oun C a Hor n to fi nd em o m nt i n th e us n ss e ie , iled d pe pl y e b i e

‘ h c n I is r ma r a th a t one of th os th a t cr oss th e P a c c f t e O c t . t o ide e k ble e ed iﬁ , sa n a out m s rom h om w a s on 20 ton s a mer oat i n wh ch ili g b ile f e, ly , e b i “ to ma such a o a a nd to r turn oa n ar c s to th e w at r . ke v y ge, e l ded e ly de k e n re h e na m s a nd tonna i n r oun num rs of th e t : E ui t F ollow i g a t e ge ( d be ) ﬂee q y , D 4 ns H L R l s ns D n orn 7 1 tons n in ar t 8 to . . u e 7 5 to J . . S a b 63 to s ; F ly g , ; gg , ; , ;

n 1 n P r ois e 45 ons a n Ta c n 2 n Ma ry C levela d , 9 to s ; o p , t ; d c o , 0 to s .

ll r r n re r n i n Th e ﬁ sh Th e O kh ots k Sea ﬂeet a secu ed full fa es a d tu ed s a fety . m ra n n a ou oun s a ch h n r B u i n th os ar were s a a o t 3 w d . t ll , ve gi g ly b p d e e y e e ly 2 6 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

a h re in man a nd so f or rom 12 to 15 cents er oun a r i< d ys t ey we de d ld f 5 p p d , p th a t gave r emunerative retur ns a nd th e promi se of future success f or tb fish r h r was no ac of cod and n w th th e m th o of sh n wit e y . T e e l k , eve i e d fi i g ’ h a n n s o r th e ss s s th n i n o u no fficu t w a s r nc d li e ve ve el ide e v g e , di l y expe ie e

- h o n rs i n a r a son a m i n ﬁlling moder a te s ized sc o e e ble ti e .

The ﬁrst vessel to visit B ering Sea for cod w a s the schoon er ' Aler zf 4 B u F n in 186 . t e n n an O fr om San ra cisco , littl is k ow of this vessel n n a n w s a a her ow er or ow ers , but it is recorded th t the ve ture a f ilure a s only 9 ton s of cod were secured . The regul a r B erin g Sea ﬁshery w as in augurated by the

Tr o ic B ird n b McC ollam F n a n p , ow ed y the ishi g Tr di g C n I b B F an in 1882 . sa el a r cisco , The schoo er lso visited the

a and as n a an s . c tches , a result the ext ye r five vessels visited these b k n i i G Atkins in 1867 n The schoo er M nn e . discovered the Simeo hu a f sk B an a n ow n n as S ma in B n . It was o y k, or wh t is k ow the g k n Shootin S tar n a a n next visited by the schoo er g , formerly of Vi l H ve , F an Me in 1870 and n S cotlan d and Amanda? ox Isl d , , , ext by the A a g er . The first fleet of any si ze to fish aroun d the Shumagin Islands w as s 86 n n n S n born M in 1 7 a d a a . co sisted of three schoo ers , the , C pt orse , , i S r Lou . n n d a h e a . P or ois e a . a a s the p , C pt Tur er ; the , C pt Holcomb M a O ff n s a a an o ost of the fish were c ught the wester ide of N g i Isl d , n a a n b an ks discovered the s me se so by these vessels . L M D on ld b has n sa as n . c a n J . the followi g to y to the i flue ce of the discoveries of these prolific b anks in the Gulf of Al aska upon the negoti ation s for the cession of Russi an America to the Un ited Sta tes :

I n a nuar 1 866 th e a uth or wh a tt n n th e s s s on o th e s a tur a J y , , , ile e di g e i f legi l e t O m a th e ca ta of a sh n ton rr tor t rm n to ma a noth r ly pi , pi l W i g Te i y , de e i ed ke e bold push f or Al a ska by s oliciting th e good offices of our Gover nment f or th e purpose of ob ta i ni ng a perma nent footh old a nd to open th e prolific fis h in g roun s i n th os r ons o our a m t ous sh rm n To th s end nn h e g d e egi t bi i fi e e . i we pe ed t followi ng memor i al :

To His E c nc ANDRE W O H N SO N x elle y J , “ P resid ent of the Uni ted S ta tes our m mor a s ts th e s at a ss m of a sh n ton rr tor b e Y e i li , legi l ive e bly W i g Te i y , g a to Sh ow th at a st ua nt t s of cod h a ut a nd s a mon of c nt le ve v q i ie , lib , l ex elle a r n a n h s h r of Russ a n Am r ca our m mor a s ts quality e fou d l o g t e o es i e i . Y e i li r es pectfully r eques t your E xcellency to ob ta i n s uch r igh ts a nd pr ivileges of th e Gover nment of Rus s i a a s w ill enable our fis h i ng ves sel s to vis i t th e h ar b ors a nd its oss s s ons to th e end th a t u w a t r a nd r o s ons ma o ta n th at p e i , f el , e , p vi i y be b i ed ; our s i c a nd s a sh rm n ma o ta n s a n tar a ss s ta nc to th r w th k di bled fi e e y b i i y i e, ge e i n n r n fi h n r r n i n n r r th e pr ivilege of ta ki g a d cu i g s a d ep a i i g ves sels eed of epa i s . Your memor i alis ts furth er reques t th a t th e Secreta ry of th e T rea s ur y be ns ru ct to or w a r to th e co ctor of cus toms of th s P u t Sou n s tr ct i t ed f d lle i ( ge d ) di i , s uch sh n c ns a s tr a ct our na s a nd l o oo s a s w na our h ar fi i g li e e, b j l , g b k ill e ble dy

a Th e C od F s er of a k b T r a n T h F r n n B e . e s e es a d F s er I us A s a a eton H . i h y l , y l i h i i h y d h t t r es of t e n t e S a tes t . I I s ec . 5 vol . I . 2 1 3 . Wa s n ton 1 8 8 7 . i U i d , p . , , p hi g , 0 H n Tr a sures or F s er es Aroun h Nor t es t oa s J L M D n ld 1 e e t e w C t b . c o a 1 idd , i h i d h , y . , p . . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 2 7

fis hermen to obta in th e bounties now pa id to th e fish er men in th e Atl antic our m mor n ra o r E n m h h s as Sta tes. Y e i alis ts fi a lly p y y u xcelle cy to e pl oy suc s ip may be s pared f rOm th e P a cific na va l fleet i n s ur veyi ng th e fi sh ing b a nks known :0 na ator s to st r om th e ort z B a n to B r n tr a vig exi f C e k e i g S it . h s m mor a wr tt n a sh r ma n in h a of th e sh n n ustr on T i e i l , i e by fi e be lf fi i g i d y :h e nor th a st w s t coa s t a ss oth r a nch s of our rr tor a s atur e [ e ] , p ed b b e Te i i l legi l e w th comm n a na n m n s a h I n orw a r n a co of h e a o i e d ble u i ity a d di p tc . f di g py t b ve na med memor ia l to th e Secreta ry of Sta te w e impa r ted s uch i nforma tion touch in th e sh r s a roun th e Rus s a n oss ss ons a nd th e m u s wh ch th e g fi e ie d i p e i , i p l e i Jpeni ng of th os e r esour ces to our fishermen w ould imp ar t to th e commerci a l m n n h n r h s a s I n a c now n r h m r ces develop e t o t e o t we t co t . k ledgi g ou u ble s e vi “ the ill us tr ious Secreta ry a s s ured u s th a t i n cons umma ti ng th e r ecent pur ch a s I w as s tron f ortified b th e tt rs w h ch ou w rot to me touch n e, gly y le e i y e i g h sh r s i n th w a t r s Th N w or m s f A r 1 1 t e a ua os . e e o 867 v l ble fi e ie e e Y k Ti e p il , the a c now or a n of S cr ta r S wa r s a th a t a m mor a rom ( k ledged g e e y e d ) , id e i l f the rr tor a s a tur of a s h n ton rr tor a t a nua r 1866 Te i i l legi l e W i g Te i y , d ed J y , , as n the P r s nt to o ta n c r ta n r h ts f or th e sh rm n w a s th e f ound a ki g e ide b i e i ig fi e e , ” n f h r n r tio o t e p ese t t ea ty . O n th e 18th of O cto r 1867 th e tra ns r of th s a st t rr tor rom Russ a be , , fe i v e i y f i _ to th e Un ited Sta tes w a s offici ally cons ummated by th e r espective commis sioners of th e two o rnm nts a t S t a i n th e r s nc of th e Rus s an o u G ve e i k , p e e e i p p la on wh ch r w om h e f ew Am r n h r n Th e t o u c t ca s t r a s o s t . i , ee f lly el ed e i e e l p e e un on h as n r ch r u a c h h rr r O ur i bee ve y ee f lly c epted by t e people of t e Te ito y . Go r nm nt on a ssum n oss ss on oun num r ous a ntur r s r om th e ve e , i g p e i , f d e dve e f Pa cific Sta tes domic iled i n v a r ious pa rts of th e Ter r itor y enga ged i n tr a de and i n developing th e r esources in th os e regions ; vessels l a den w ith w ar e enter ed ever y h arbor ; s tor es were opened as by ma gic i n ever y acceptable roa ds tea d a long th e south ern a nd western coas ts ; a n a ctive competition f or furs oil vor old co r ron a nd un w as a r n s t na u ur at com , , i y , ppe , i , j k e e ly i g ed ; m r c r th e sa s of our s s s wh t n v r cr b a a nd soun e e evived , il ve el i e ed e e y eek , y , d , i nd th e sta id Russ i a ns very soon obta ined an ins ight into Y ankee progress on

- h r nc e :h e g o a ea d p i ipl .

The a cquisition of Ala ska by the Un ited St ates in 1867 proved an n n as an in speci a l boo to our cod ﬁsherme , it secured them from y

. f n a the s an h ad n ot er eren ce o the p rt of Rus i s , who welcomed them r l n a ery heartily in previous yea rs . This is wel show by the f ct th at 186 3 s t 1868 vhile the ﬂeet in 7 n umbered ve sels, the ﬂee of comprised

4 vessels . The first vessel to attempt to make two trips in one sea son w as the in 1868 n a a a n r P or ois a . a n choo e p e, C pt C to , , but she got o ly h lf f re - n the secon d . n The first Al a ska vessel in the fishery w as o e own ed by Capt .

. an who in 187 9 the Hoochen o B an in Ia ley , of Wr gell , visited k , a a a a and a a lh ath am Str it , southe st Al sk , purch sed his f re from

a tives who cl a imed the exclusive right to enga ge in the ﬁshery .

‘ n n n - n hese ﬁshermen used b ark li es , with woode iro poi ted hooks, ’ nd ‘ s n a a 3 0 40 a a , a they co sidered c tch of or ﬁsh good d y s work ,

‘ t a h a d a a h a u a a apt . H ley to w it quite w ile before he could cc mul te

‘ In later ears a s n a in n a n argo . y sever l vessel e g ged the busi ess lo g s a 1e same lines a Capt . H ley. 2 8 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

An odd feature of the P a ciﬁc cod ﬁsheries is th at neither Port d n a a a h a in . I lan d n or Astori h ve ever vessels e g ged it n 1877 C apt.

a n P a to a n . Joshu Slocum , with the schoo er ( bout to s register) , i n an n on k wa s at the Philipp e Isl ds , whe he c ceived the idea of ma ing a cod - fishing voy age to the Okhotsk Sea an d m a rketing his ca tch L a n a n i M an . n a h a t the isl ds e vi g the isl ds rch , he proceeded to t e n n Okhotsk via Yokoh am a . S alt a d fishi g gea r were obtain ed from in s ea an d a a w va ssols met with the , c rgo of fish as soon

n n — a n a th a a n n take . Whe the time for s ili g rrived e c pt i decided ot n an a an n a e to retur to the isl ds , but took his f re to Portl d i ste d , wh re he sold it at a proﬁtable price . This w as the only fa re of cod to be

P r lan ded at c tlan d . F or the ﬁrst few ye a rs of the ﬁshery n o suita ble a rra ngements were in existen ce a t San F rancisco or elsewhere on the co ast for curin g the

In n a the n fish . certa i c ses fisherme received their sh a re of the voy a ge in a t n in a b a d n fe n nn fish , which , f er bei g cured good , , or i dif re t m a er

a a n the by themselves , were h wked rou d city . a a McC ollam an F an n th The l te Thom s W . , of S r cisco , e j oys e dis tinction of h a ving been the first man on the Pa cific co a st to establish In the in dustry on a perm an en t b a sis . 1867 he bought his first c a rgo

an d n a an d a a of cod , the ext ye r he bought cured sever l c rgoes at Old

a a a s a w a s n ot a a n a a S us lito , but this loc lity s tisf ctory he soo fter est b i h n w a n a t 3 0 l s ed a e st tio the mouth of Redwood City Creek , about miles south of San F r an cisco . n n M ol a n a in e Mr . c H vi g decided to e g ge directly fishi g hims lf , C lam n a in 1868 and in n an a n we t e st , New E gl d purch sed the fishi g n Ri l W v Wi G zel n d F l Mi in a e ld a le a in st. schoo ers pp g , , y g The first w as lost on the p a ssa ge in Ma gellan Str a it ; the others a rrived s a fely an d were immedi ately outfitted an d sen t n orth to the Shu I m agin Islan ds for cod . n a ddition to h an dlin g his own fish he a lso contin ued to buy the ca rgoes from other vessels . In 1873 a p a rtner w as t a ken i nto the busin ess and the firm w as ll n n n a s a Mc C o am . In 1874 n the k ow Thom s W . Co the schoo er

Alfred Ad ams w a s a F l in Mis t dded to his little ﬂeet , while the y g

- n went sea otter hu tin g on the Asia tic shore . In 1876 the ﬁrm a gain ch an ged the loc ation of its home curin g

a n n a a L an n O o a a on st tio , removi g to Pesc d di g , pp site S us lito Rich B F ar dsons a n n C o. a s y , where its successor , the U io ish , still c rrie n In w on the busi ess . 1883 sever a l n e members were a dmitted into the firm a nd its n ame ch a n ged to the McC ollam F ishing Tra d in g Co . The first Shore fishin g st a tion for cod in Al a sk a w as established

at a P o of an in huma in by this ﬁrm Pir te Cove , p Isl d , the S g Group , in 187 6 a a n n in e , more det iled descriptio of which will be fou d th

a the n a n in as a ch pter devoted to the history of shore ﬁshi g st tio s Al k .

3 0 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

C ol . C . L . a or i n a s a ntur a out 3 3 ars a o and h l T yl dipped ve e b ye g , e stil r r w h i cos t h im f or h is r nc efe s s a dly to a t t expe ie e . n i n 7 a t a co s n n h I n 187 4 a nd a ga i 1 8 6 a C p . J b e se t t e little s ch ooner San m in Is an roun s un r a D i e o to th e C h ou a C t. ntwor h Tw g g l d g d de p We t . o voy a ges

w r nou h th n h e s nt h er s a n . E a n n the ch a n he s a e e e g ; e e e li g xpl i i g ge, id : Well , ” ntwor th is a oot mon b ut h e i s too ex ens ibl C a t. e . p We g , p “ ” m L fl in or a s r o on th e ron n a s . a t w im mm Lafli n J e J , , eve yb dy f k e h , Ji y , ‘ “ a s a or oar n - h ous r who wou urn sh a cr w f or a n il b di g e keepe , ld f i e y vessel a nd ” no u s t ons a s o ra th e sch oon r Ala s k a i n th e cod fi h i q e i ked , pe ted e s er es dur i ng

' n f 1 —1 Th e r w r th e sea so s o 87 6 87 9 . fi st t o yea s th e ca r goes ar r ived on a b a re — market a nd th e profits were good good enough to i nduce such a n i ncreased catch h im a nd oth rs as sw a m th e mar k t a nd a t r th e two a rs of by e ped e , f e ye oo us n s s a nd th n two a rs of corr s on n b a d us n ss mm g d b i e e ye e p di gly b i e , Ji y r t h is s s nto oth r tr a a nd sh e w a s na ost in th e B r n dive ed ve el i e de, fi lly l e i g Sea r n n ow n a com a n of A a m a m n n men rom Go o n B a b i gi g d p y l ed i i g f l vi y . — oh nston V as 187 7 187 9 w r a mon th e old - t m rs a i h h J e ey ( ) e e g i e t t . T ey eld on f or th r a rs V a s a t r r t nto a s ma ro uc us n ss a nd ee ye . e ey , l e , d if ed i ll p d e b i e

m n r C a t . oh ns ton ot own to o n to ea n died poor a y yea s a g o. p J g d g i g s a ga i on monthly wa ges a nd then dr ifted ar ound th e w ater front looking f or a ber th n n n a ar of some ki d a d ﬁ a lly dis ppe ed . — Anoth r of th e old - t m r s 187 9 1 884 w a s oh n Mo o th e unk a nd s con e i e ( ) J ll y , j e d h a n ma n of C a Str t w th th e old r Glencoe i n th e cod ﬁ sh us n ss a s a d l y ee , i b ig b i e

“ L r th n l s th at old oh n h a d th e s s w s r th S ssu . a oo e ide i e ike eve y i g e e J , ve el p , s a t w a s oor a nd th e fi sh w r of cour s ow or sour r u or s m l p , e e, e , yell , d ied p li y , h w n n th e ma r t a nd h amn P a c c cod fi sh O ld oh n h a d a b ut t ey e t o to ke elped d ifi . J

- - roth r i n la w a w a th wh o s a roc r wh o ur n sh ch c s to h im . b e , e l y le le g e , f i ed e k keep

n h n th e roth r - i n- l a w w th r w h is su or t old oh n w nt a roun goi g . W e b e i d e pp , J e d own ou ht r th n h e th ou h t h is cr t wou sta n and u t w nt t , b g eve y i g g edi ld d , q ie ly e — n n th n n th o ar He is a a n into ba nk ruptcy p ayi g o i g o e d ll . de d d doubtles s r r An u n n n ss I ma towar old h n m gone to h i s j ust ewa d . y ki d e y feel d Jo ay caus we w r on th e st of cr tors wh n th e end cam poss ibly be be e e e li edi e e . H H a ns n of r h B n n n E d . w m 2 o 1888 . t o a d a . A A r F ro 188 t C t . e , W ig e , p de r n m on now of th e L w s An so F oa r C o. w th so oth rs o r a t th e s , e i , de , d , i e e , pe ed

h h ' k rs on in t s u n s . F or t ﬁ r r h r h oon r I s a bel C a t. c s s e st two o t ee sc e , p Ni e , i b i e yea rs th ey ca ught th e mar ket sh ort a nd did so well th a t they a dded th e br ig m th ro t n n m n H Me er . B ut a out th s t e uc o a to c th e a W. y b i i e p d i beg ex eed de d , r th r B s n s m s r h n ' a nd th ey soon h ad to d op out e b ig . u i e s beca e o poo t ey did ot

h l I sa bel i n oo r a r a nd in th e S r n of 1888 wh on h er w a ' keep t e o d g d ep i , p i g , ile y

th e sh n a n s sh e o n u som wh r out a t s ea . As man of th e to ﬁ i g b k , pe ed p e e e y d o so ot nto th e or s a nd a t r suff r n ma n riva tionS t crew a s could g i d ie , f e e i g y p n r a h n h s n th e about h a lf of th em wer e r es cued mor e ea ly de d t a alive . T i e ded

ntur a nd th e a r tn rs a u th r os s s a nd u t. ve e , p e p id p ei l e q i n 1 3 H ns C o ns th e woo a nd um r men w th h r I 88 iggi lli , d l be , i W eele s ma tu oa t men tt out th e s ch oon r B on a nza on a n a s t rn a s s m or t ll gb , fi ed e e e b i , i p n s t r n ar h cur th r fi sh on th e c of i ng ea s ter n fi s her men a d ea e ge . T ey ed ei de k h ss in O a a n C r a nd wh n th c os u th r a ccounts a ch of t e ve el kl d eek , e ey l ed p ei e h a s ch oon r B ona nza h a d a n th e p a rtners w a s a n even to th e b ad . T t e m R a s n n r r r B u t in 1 87 5 a s a a ch t f or a C . to eventful a d v a ied ca ee . il y Willi l , n rtuna ma na r of th e B a n of C a or n a sh e h as n th e b r illi a nt b ut u fo te ge k lif i , bee r h t r t ra r cod fi sh er ma n a nd na a s a Wh a r wa s crush in th e ice f eig e , de , , fi lly le ed n r h I a n Th e s tor of h er o a s to the l a st yea r i n th e Ar ctic ea r He s c el sl d . y v y ge n n n w t r f th r h nd outh P ac c th e B h r n r r t a s o o t a S , emote a d u f eque ed e e N ifi , e i g

Sea a nd th e Arct c O c a n wou wor th th e en of Ro r t Lou s St nson. , i e ld be y p be i eve h sch oon r In 1 886 Ja mes Ma dison a nd some of h is a ssoci a tes ﬁtted out t e e .

F r anci s Ali ce a nd a so s ta rt a tt s tat on a t Ik atok in A aska . The ﬁSh l , l ed li le i l PAC IF IC C O D F I SH E RIE S. 3 1

f r on th s r F r an B a t s a ro r but th e tra w as were of e ed e t eet by k e , b ke , de filled th old co a n s a nd th e fi sh oun such s ow s a th at th e wh o up by e mp ie , f d l le le n r l ow r at r too ov r ca r go w a s bough t in by th is compa y at a ve y p ice . We l e k e th e s tat on a nd th e sch oon r a nd th e us n ss w as nt r c os out. L a i , e b i e e i ely l ed ike mm r utt r it b ut one su . b e fly , lived e n n h th e con mn st am r Sa lina s con r t I n 1894 a C a t . or e so ou t p J g b g de ed e e , ve ed

er nto a h r - ma s t s ch oon r r ch r s t n n h er th e Ur anus a nd s nt h er h i t ee ed e , e i e i g , e fi h in H e a r w f or two a r s th n w th th e ac n of th e od s . c g did f i ly ell ye e , i b ki g H a rriman n mn h l rms out tt n h im h e a th e W. F . a so a co e u fi fi i g , dded , l de d l th e en d of th e th r ar h is wh o out t a s s nto th e h a n s of refitted . At i d ye le fi p ed i d h os w h o h a d n a c n h im a nd h e was now n in th e cod fi sh us n s s no t e bee b ki g , k b i e m r o e . n Du a n 1902 h a d a sh ort a nd n or ous car r a s a cod fi sh ma n a nd You g gg ( ) i gl i ee , Some of th e money th a t h is fa th er ma de i n th e sh ir t bus iness went to pa y wh at h n ma n o s n to th e s r n son of th W r m r The it C os t t e you g t li te i e g e ily p o ote . n n mm n f a w nt to th e B r Sea u r th e o nt co a o C a t. h n . W ll sc oo er J . G e e i g de j i d p r n H n rs n n r n od fi h r ou h D oll a r d ( th e promote ) a d e de o ( a expe ie ced c s e ) . We b g t ’ th r s a son s ca tch a nd it a st us ust th r a s . O ne s ason w a s nou h ei e , l ed j ee d y e e g r M D n f o r . ugga .

n u h e mos t ctur s u ure in th e wh o n w a s c R h a r U do btedly t pi e q e fig le li e Ni k ic d . A n a t e of th e Isl of rs a on r sh ow n r a nd mer ch ant of Sa n iv e Je ey , pi ee ip e , F r a nc sco h e a ccumul a t -a or tun ur n th e a s of th e C War a nd w a s i , ed f e d i g d y ivil a r i n th e cod fi sh us n ss w th u t a e t of old ss s oth ar a nd e ly b i e i q i e fl e ve el , b l ge sma a nd f or ma n a r s h e w a s a rom n nt a ctor in th e us n ss A a r ll , y ye p i e f b i e . l ge, swarth man rr a t c in s e ch a n d a ct on m n cod fi sh coa um r a nd y , e i p e i , ixi g , l , l be , un n most of h is oo s i n h is h a h e n v r n w wh at h is ca r o s j k , keepi g b k e d , e e k e g e f r Th fi sh n cost h im nor w h a t th ey s old o . e cod busi ess ab sorbed more a nd mor of h is ca ta th n h is r a s ta t two fi ne w a t r ots on Stua r Str e pi l ; e e l e e, e l t eet, th e or lot a t C a orn a a nd Ma r t Str ts a nd oth r r o rt w nt th g e lif i ke ee , e p pe y e e sa me w ay ; th e old vessels w ore out a nd wer e l os t a n d h e fi na lly died peace u i n th e n h t of h a rt a ur a n ar nou h to ur h im f lly ig e f il e, le vi g b ely e g b y . C h ief a mong th e old - timer s a nd of th os e most l a rgely i nterested a nd l ongest i n th e us n ss w a s th e fi r m of L n H ou h two nter r s n a n b i e y de g , e p i i g Y kees of th e old s ch oo wh o sta r t i n Sa cra m nto i n on r a s ca m own to a n l ed e pi ee d y , e d S F r a nc s co w ere i n th e c omm s s ion us nes s a nd rom s n cod fi h n i , i b i , f elli g s o com m ss on r t nto th e cod - fi sh i n us n ss i n 1 865 se h t . r i i , d if ed i g b i e [ ] i lf T ey we e f or ma n a r s a mon th e h a st o r a tors i n cod fi sh a nd i n a t on th a y ye g e vie pe , ddi i , ey de l t i n a ll oth r n s of s a t fi sh cor n r th e h on ma r t nto s a n i e ki d l , e ed ey ke , dipped i e li g n th e Str a ts of Ma a n South Sea Is a n tr a n sh n a nd tra n a n i gell , l d di g, fi i g di g st tio s i n A a s a s a mon fi sh i n — re h t n r unn n a coas t n a ss n er s t a m r a nd l k , l g , f ig i g, i g i g p e g e e , a n th n e s th a t r om s a o a r nc u n O h ots Sea o L r i y i g l e p i ed d ll , i l di g k k C d ive O l ’ a n D r F s h r ma n Lot on f r Ma n n B h d . s o a n i e i d ea s t . T ey a d th ei r s urvivi ng L n n n a rtner E . oo a w r w a d a or a n w n r om A . o s p , N , e e ell f v bly k f l a ka to South Am r ca a n d r om H aw a to Austr a a a nd th e O r nt h r a s n e i f ii li ie . T ei l t ve ture

' w s o fi h m th m n n a n n h f a c d s ixed w i i i g , d ally b ot o th e s n i or p a r tn rs di d fi e e e , a n no mon b ut a r ous ts h n th m h r o n le vi g ey v i deb be i d e . T ei l ca tio a t C aliforn i a C t w a s s o to th e n t Sta t s a D a rtm nt f or a coa n s ta t on a n i y ld U i ed e N vy ep e li g i , d th r ss s a nd cod - fi sh in us n s s w r m r nto th e n on F sh ei ve el g b i e e e e g ed i U i i C o. L E on n w a s conn ct w th th L n Hou h om n . o a e c a f r n . N e ed i y de g p y o ea rly 40

a r s a t r s t a s en r a l a ctotum a nd h a n - ma n - r a - f or - a n th n H r n ye , fi g e f dy e dy y i g . e a th e fi sh a r out tt th e ss s h r ca ta ns a nd cr ws a c a nd r e y d , fi ed ve el , i ed p i e , p ked m n n ma r a c s a o a d c e ou h t a nd s o on t l s tr t. Lat r h e a c u r p ked l k el , b g ld i e ee e q i ed 007 9 — 1 — 3 6 , 3 3 2 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

a n nt r st i n th e ﬁ rm a nd n of a mor th r t s os i e e , bei g e if y di p ition a nd not in terested i n th e m n n h e w as na to r t r w th nou h i i g, e bled e i e i e g to per mi t h im to a a w - a rn r s t t ke ell e ed e . These epita ph s of th ose wh o h a ve d ropped i nto th e bus i ness a nd th en dropped n i n h o s h r cours is s om th n h out ru sc ol . T ei e e i g like t is : Th e b r ight s un of p ros perity s h i nes f or a sea son or tw o upon th e regul ar sta nd - b y s i n th e bus iness a nd it l ooks ver y a ttra ctive a nd i nvi ti ng to s ome ch a ps w ith a n old vessel or a t s r mon So th um i n a nd f or a t m little p a e ey . ey j p i e cut a b rilli a nt d a sh i n the n o r h t a r e th th at th n f ” bus i ess . S b ig ey e su o prosper ity is all i n eclipse a nd

r on i n th e tr a w a s in sh a ow h n th et r f n eve y e de lk d . W e ey g ti ed o th i s or b roke th ro out a nd th os wh o a re t c u th e sca tt r n s of th e tr a ! ey d p , e lef pi k p e ed e d de, stru out nto th e h t a a n a nd a nd th r i s s om m r ggle i lig g i , by by e e e o e prosper ity , nd th n a new cro of h o u n stors a ars a nd so on a n n a a d o . e p pef l i ve ppe ,

O ne in n an d on e m of the most picturesque ﬁgures the i dustry , who in w cut a e a a s a n . B nn n in 1902 wid sw th while it , Edw rd Po d egi i g , a a n no en d n n with pp re tly of mo ey , he se t two vessels to B erin g

I 1905 e h a d n a e ea . n S his fle t i cre sed to thre vessels , two of which in n d on in B n fished the Okhotsk a e the eri g Sea . Prices for fish

e in 1906 a n d 1907 an d n th e h a d n ! wer low , whe , two vessels he se t to Sea in the a a n a h a v the Okhotsk l tter ye r retur ed virtu lly empty , in n v n the sea a n a a ss g bee dri e from by the Russi uthorities , he w a an d on an an d a a s forced to the w ll , his stock of ﬁsh h d to rrive w s F ta ken over by the Un ion ish Co . a a n In 1905 the Pa ciﬁc St tes Tr ding Co . w as orga i z ed at Sam

- n a n w as o a n F r an cisco . A home curi g st tio built n C rqui ez Stra it 3 0 a F an an S n d n a n . about miles from r cisco , med Woodside Gle . Glen 121 n n J oh F Mill 1 0 n The schoon ers ( to s) a d n . er ( 7 to s) were

a n . sent to B erin g Sea . The comp y also built severa l shore st ation s

i a a as n . La a n a e n Al sk , oted elsewhere ter the comp y dded the schooners O ttillie F ford ( 247 tons) and the D or a B luhm ( 3 15 ton s) ) n 0 907 w n . O 3 1 n Glen a s to its ﬁshi g ﬂeet September , , the schoo er

p on n a a n one . lost U im k Isl d , with the loss of life While the hn F Miller w as n in an a a n schooner J o . e gaged ttempt to s lve the n a a n an on an a 8 wrecked schoo er g le sudde ly spr g up J u ry ,

an was a n a 10 n s . d she lso drive shore , of her crew losi g their live a a a over r oduc This dis ster to two of its fleet , together with he vy p i in 1908 a n a in a an ' t on c usi g slump the m rket , compelled the comp y I 1 ’ to ce a se oper a tion s for a sea son or two . n 909 the company ss schoon er O ttillie F j or d w as outfitted an d sent n orth by the Uniom I 1910 all a n n i 1911 h F . n n t e ish Co oper tio s were suspe ded , but comp any resumed O pera tion s at its shore st ation in Northwest H an bor an d a an d n n n O ttillie F or d , lso outfitted se t orth the schoo er j , and a n n n a in 1916 n an oper ted co ti uously u til e rly , whe the comp y n an n n fi ally ab do ed the busi ess .

a P oneers i n t h e P a c c C oa s t C odfi s h I n us tr P erton P a c fi c F s erman C . . O , i i y , y v i i h fi ‘ d b Annua 1 9 0 6 . 7 0 7 1 a nd 7 5 . l , , p , , PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 3 3

F or a n umber of yea rs the m aj ority of the San F r a ncisco vessels th a a an d in e resorted t o e Okhotsk Se for their c rgoes of cod , som I n 1892 sea sons n ea rly all of the vessel ﬁshi ng w a s pros ecuted there . the Russi an Government began to en force a regul ation imposi n g a ll n t n 3 0 an d h licen se on a vessels ﬁshi g wi hi miles of shore , from t is time on the Americ an vessels experienced a ltern a te periods of h a ra ss

n a nd i a n a s the t n an G n me t qu et , ccordi g disposi io of the Russi over or n a w as tow a rd lax or rigorous en forcement of the regul atio . A typic l

a in stan ce of such h a ra ssmen t is cited by Wilcox .

Th e th ree- mas t s ch oon r H er a 3 69 net tonn a of th e Sa n F r anc sco cod fish e , ge , i n Am r n h h in h h H r ca ch t w a s th e o ca ess e t a t s t e O ots Sea . e t flee , ly e i v l fi ed k k r m 1 m rom th h r h h n h wa s w a s all ma o 0 to 3 0 s e s o . s t e ss de f ile f e W ile fi i g, ve el oa r a Russ an o c r w h o or r th at sh n c a s and th a t th e s s b ded by i ffi e , de ed fi i g e e ve el h r n r f h s r n h er r r n Th e r eport a t once to t e gove o o t e di t ict a d t e p ocu e a li ce se . ma st r of th e H er a n th a t h e w a s sh n i n w a t r s of Rus s a a s h e w a s e de ied fi i g e i , mi r m h r Th e ofli cer th r a t ne o z h h is r r fully 1 0 les f o S o e. e e d t sei e t e ves sel if o de Th m r m w a s not o . e as t co a nd on r or t n to th e o r nor a a n beyed e plied , ep i g g ve g i pr otes ted as to h is h a vi ng a ny legal r igh t or a uth or ity to inter fer e w ith h im wh n s h n s o f a r r om a n no sh n h a n n a tt m t un r 1 0 m s e fi i g f l d , fi i g vi g bee e p ed de ile m sh r As b or a rot s t w a s no r co n z a n in ro o . t d o w a s f e ef e, p e e g i ed , g ld dema nded f or a li cense th a t must be pr ocured before th e vessel would be per h r A m m m mitted to a t e o t . co r o s w a s a th e ma s t r n un r le ve p p i e de by e givi g, de rot s t h is r sona or r f or on th e ow n r s of th e s s a t Sa n F r a n p e , pe l de e ve el Th s s th n r tur n h h n r n m c s co. e to t e s ou s co t h er ca r o i ve el e e ed fi i g g d , ple ed g , a nd r tur n to Sa n F r a nc s co w th a ca tch of cod fi sh of a net w h t e ed i i , eig of oun s Th e or r n th e ma s t r w a s or w a r o h R p d . de give by e f ded t t e us s i a n consul a t Sa n F r a ncisco f or collecti on ; b ut th e dr a ft h avi ng been g iven under com u s on its a m nt w a s r us p l i p y e ef ed .

In 1907 a t an a a a m t ers beg to ssume serious a spect . Th t ye a r the followin g vessels h a d visited the Okhotsk Sea : The schooner J ohn

D . S r eckles the a nt n F r em on t C it o P a et N e e a nd S . p , b rke i es , y f p , . h C a s tle. S ortly a fter th e vessels a rrived a n d bega n fishin g the an n a Ma n d nr a a and an fi Russi gu bo t j ppe red , of cer bo a rded the J ohn D S ee/l s n N S . . r a e a t d . s l C a e . a n t a the n p T ki g heir p pers , comm a der the n a n h ordered vessels to quit fishi g , cl imi g t ey were within the

3 0 - t a n d h a n n to z the n o mile limi , t re te i g sei e vessels if they did t . As a result the vessels left the sea an d return ed to San F r a n cisco a lmost empty .

A a a t on J n 12 the n a t few d ys l er , u e , gu bo met a n d bo a rded the

F r mo t n d ez her a e n a a . s i ed p pers , lso

O n J n 19 the n at a a n the C i t o P a eete and u e gu bo c me lo gside y f p , the Russi an comm an der sei z ed her p a pers an d ordered her to quit

h n . C a t . St n an the a t the C i t o P a eete n ﬁs i g p e sl d , m s er of y f p , we t abo a rd the Russi an p a trol bo a t an d showed her comm an der a copy

an n n tt n a a J hn Ha of opi io wri e sever l ye rs before by o y , while Sec

a Not es on t h e F s er es of t h e P a ci c C oa s t i n 1 8 95 W. A . W ox c . i h i ﬁ , by il Repoﬂt of n te Sta t es C omm s s on er f F s n o a d F s er es f or 1 896 . 3 4 6 3 U i d i i i h i h i , p 6 , 5 . 3 4 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

reta r a to t the f a n n n y of St te , ef ect th t u der i ter a tion al la w the vessels of any n ation ha d a right to ﬁsh a t a ny poin t 3 miles or more off shore . In a n ticip ation of just such a h a ppenin g this copy h a d been

n a . n a n fur ished to the m ster by A Gree eb um , preside t of the Al ask a ﬁ ’ d sh . n C o C o . , ow ers of the vessel Secret ary H ay s opin ion seemed

a n a n n the to h ve co sider ble i flue ce with officer , who a t on ce steamed to a n an a fi the m i l d to seek dvice from his superior of cers . O n July 10 ’ h return ed a nd S a a a n e restored the hip s p pers to the m ster , dmitti g

a 3 0 - n w a s n ot n th t the mile limit for ﬁshi g to be e forced .

" O n July 12 the Russi an gunboa t ste amed a lon gside the F r emon t and n ot n own a a these restored o ly her p pers but lso of the J ohn D . S r echle n d S N s t C a l . p s a . . e

In 1908 a in ea in fleet of three vessels fished the Okhotsk S , while 1909 n a n n F r emon t n o ly the b rke ti e fished o these b an ks . The l a tter ’ vessel s m aster reported a consider able fleet of Ja p an ese vessels fish n w a n i g there for cod . This s the l a st se a so in which Americ an vessels visited the Okhotsk Sea for cod . M In 1891 a . . . a n n n Ma s h a d C pt J A theso , of Provi cetow , s , who n n a in an codfisher ‘ a n n bee e g ged the Atl tic y for umber of ye a rs , se t n Lizz ie C olb a n n n his schoo er y rou d the Hor , comi g himself by r a il an d a n a t n a a h an d n est blishi g himself A cortes , W s , se t his vessel to

a a a n n n n a the Al sk b ks , this bei g the first ve ture o the co st other th an I 1905 from San F r an cisco . n the schoon er F ann y B a ta r d w a s a dded I 1 06 L 9 n z z C . I to his fleet . n the schoo er i ie olby dropped out n n H r e w n n F n 1908 the schoo er a ri t G. as purch ased a d it a d the a n y a n In 1909 a n in B tar d n . w a s n se t orth the s me fleet se t orth , but B w 1910 n F ann a tar d a s . San F an a o ly the y outfitted r cisco p rties , n a an an d in 1910 in cor o a s oted elsewhere , purch sed the pl t fleet , p

i s Ma n F C o . a n d n a a . Ma n r ated t a the theso isheries , i st lled C pt theso

In 1912 a a in 1914 as m an a ger . he dropped out ltogether , but l te — h n purch a sed the ﬂeet of the Ma theson F isheries C o . t e schoo ers Az a lea an d F a nny B a tar d— an d sent it n orth un der his ow n n ame 9 in 1 15 .

w in The Puget Soun d Al a ska Commerci al Co . a s the pioneer the

a a . an a n in cod ﬁshin g in dustry from Se ttle , W sh It beg oper tio s

F a 1892 a n d on Ma 5 a n Moon li ht ebru ry , , rch disp tched the schoo er g , A o f 68 n B n Sea a n . n on to s , to the eri g b ks The vessel retur ed ugust a n 20 with poun ds of s alt cod . No more is hea rd of the comp y a fter this ﬁrst venture .

I 1 96 n an z a n a n C o. n 8 Tr a cy H . Robertso org i ed the Oce ic P cki g ,

a in a an d an d n B n Sea with he dqu a rters Se ttle , outﬁtted se t to eri g n E F H arriman n a a the schoo er mma . . She retur ed with full c rgo , w a s a but a s the dem an d in the Northwest for cod quite sl ck , the ves a sel w as sent direct to San F r an cisco an d the c rgo sold there . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 3 5

In 1897 the comp an y sent to B erin g Sea the brigan tin e B lakeley

w a an d d n n . n an the schoo er S a The vessels retur ed with full c rgoes , these were prep a red for m a rket at a pl ant the comp any h a d built in

West Sea ttle . n h a d n in 1897 an d in 1898 an The Klo dike rush begu , the comp y bec ame i nterested in the tran sporta tion busin ess an d diverted its ves h n in the h n Sw an w as sels into t is i dustry , course of which the sc oo er In 1899 n d 1900 th an n B lakele w as n wrecked . a e brig ti e y se t to the

B n a n the an an d n a a n eri g Se b a ks by comp y , retur ed e ch se so with n h a d n ot a a . full c rgoes The busi ess proved very proﬁt ble , however , n a n in th tt and th e comp a y cea sed oper tio s e l a er yea r .

Mr F t n n L i In 1898 . a a a a izz e S S or y , Se t le l wyer , se t the schoo er .

' l r ens on ( 89 ton s) to B erin g Sea . She return ed with a full c a rgo an d 1 n B the ﬁsh were worked up at a pl a t built a t Richmon d ea ch . The l n t n ot a n a a s n one w ve ure could h ve bee very proﬁt ble , o ly the trip as

' L z z . r w a m a de . The i ie S S o rens on a s a comp ratively sma ll schoon er an d her chief title to fame rests upon the un usu a l fate she eventu a lly

l met . In 1909 the o h n t Tyee C . , which t e opera ed a shore wh aling

at n at t a A a a a n w as st io Tyee , sou he st l sk , purch sed the schoo er , which ( n t a a n n n an d thereupo ﬁ ted with g soli e e gi e turned into a wh a ler .

( O n Ma 10 1910 a a w a s t in an a t 8 y , , wh le sigh ed the oce bou miles w a n n w ssouth est of C pe Addi gto . The vessel as c autiously worked ( n n an d a a n n n to withi gu shot h rpoo drive i to the an im al . The

a n f a a a a an d a a n we po iled to re ch vit l spot , fter effort to escape the

ant a a n n an d a n gig ic m mm l tur ed sudde ly , ch rgi g the vessel , struck i a n her full n the stern . The imp ct k ocked out a portion of the ves ’ and sh e an in a f e w n sel s bottom s k mi utes .

- S a a a F . an n in a in 1902 The e ttle Al sk ish Co beg busi ess Se ttle , usin g for its home st ation the old West Se attle pl ant of the Ocean ic

n The t a the n rri p Pa cki g Co . ﬁrs ye r schoo er C a er D o e w a s the on ly iv essel in 1903 the h n Nellie C olman w as outﬁtted , but sc oo er a dded .

In 1906 the a w as la n l tter vessel sold , her p ce bei g t aken by the

r n C p schoon er Maid of O leans . O ly the arri er D o e w as outfitted in 1907 in 1908 w as an d M a id o O r lean I , but she sold the f s outfitted . n 1910 an w a s a the n n dfish C o o . the comp y bsorbed by Ki g Wi ge C , of

9 F 1 04 Mr . . n n In a . h the l te W Robi so , who a d been connected with the n a nd a n a a nd h New E gl ﬁsheries for umber of ye rs , ot ers bought the h n Ali ce an d n n a h n A sc oo er , u der the me of the Sc oo er lice Co . n h n I 19 se t er orth . n 05 the corporate n a me w as ch anged to n ﬁ the n C od sh C o. the h n J ose h B uss a n Robi so , sc oo er p purch sed , a d

“ a. a an n a t n a t I l rge pl t co structed A cor es , Wash . n 1911 the origin al ’ ol ant w as sold an d an other erected at once on the comp any s prop a in nn n a b - u an w h rty co ectio with y prod cts pl t hich t ey own ed . I n [912 the n a me of the comp an y was ch an ged to the Robinson F isheries 6 PAC IF IC C O D F I H E RIE 3 S S.

. O n 20 1912 n J ose h B Co April , , the schoo er p uss w as lost on Chiri f I 1914 an a a . n n kof Isl d , Al sk the schoo er Wa w ona w as purch ased and a a a the s me ye r she brought home the l rgest trip of cod , n a n fish weighi g bout pou ds , ever ca ught an d l a n ded from n I 1915 a American vessel . n she broke her 1914 record with a catch n a a of ﬁsh weighi g pproxim tely poun ds .

In 1904 a An a the l te drew Webber , of Se ttle , m a de a venture in the

‘ In n n B n Sea n Id a Ma n d dustry by se di g to eri g the little schoo er y , a a n a n a repe ted it the ext se so , fter which he withdrew .

I n 1905 n n odﬁsh C C o . n the Ki g Wi ge , composed pri cip a lly of

n n th e - n n S a n Ki g Wi ge , well k ow shipbuilders of e ttle , se t the

n H ar old B lekum 185 n B n Sea an n schoo er ( to s) to the eri g b ks , a d n n n a n n e a a n 1910 n co ti ued doi g so , ddi g the schoo er V g l ter , u til , whe the comp any j oined the con solid ation kn own as the NVestern C odﬁsh

n - Co . The comp a y h a d its home curing st ation loca ted in West ! a Se ttle .

B fi w z The lom C od sh Co . a s org an i ed in T acom a in 1905 an d senti n F a lcon 195 n n t in n n the schoo er ( to s) or h , the me a time buildi g its h - n a n a ome curi g st tio at Qu rterm aster H a rbor . The company h a d] a a n a a n n in 1914 n its very checkered c reer , fi lly ce si g busi ess , whe a s n n n F or tun a a n an ff sets , i cludi g the schoo er , p ssed i to the h ds o n z h n fi th a a od sh . e Se attle p rties , who org i ed the Nort er C Co for n n h purpose of carryin g o the busin ess . The l atter comp any se t t e

n in 1915 n a in 1916 , vessel orth , but dropped out of the busi ess e rly fi the schoon er bein g ch a rtered to the P a cific Co a st C od sh Co . fis w in 1911 : The P acific Co a st C od h Co . a s formed by former stock

- A h a n th e a a F o. d holders of the Se ttle l ska ish C , which bee sold to ﬁ n t n n C od sh . an d a , Ki g Wi ge Co The comp y co struc e , home

n at a a a nd n n sch oon el curing st atio Poulsbo the s me ye r , se t orth the

' 1 B Wils o w a s a an d iI C a . A In 19 3 n h s . n J ohn . the schoo er dded ,

1914 n Maid o O r leans in 1915 n F or: the schoo er f , while the schoo er tun a w as ch a rtered an d a dded to the ﬂeet . th ann B n an o In 1910 . ann r . e T Tilm , j , of ﬁrm of Tilm e del ,

an F an a n n h a d ] other S r cisco p rties , o e of whom heretofore bee h n a a n a n th engaged in t e busi ess , ttempted to form co solid tio of n n n w a s ] Puget Soun d comp an ies . A co trolli g i terest secured i n a e n odﬁsh o . an d an the King Wi ge C C , this comp y the purch s

- e h n : the Se a ttle Al a sk a F ish Co . The two properti s were t e merge ﬁ C a t un der the n a me of the Western C od sh Co . The property of p

Ma n w a s a an d w a s n a n th J . A . theso purch sed it i corpor ted u der M n M F . a . a n ame of the a theson isheries C o , with C pt theso i a In an n n F C o . S ch a rge of opera tion s . the me time the U io ish , of

ose h B uss Alic. F ran cisco purch ased the ca rgoes of the schooners J p , an d F or tun a n n n n F ish eric , the two former belo gi g to the Robi so

n C odﬁsh C l a n d a to B odﬁsh . Co . the l tter the lom C Co The Wester

' — Doc . 83 0 . PLATE l. u. s . B . F . I

— H C O MPAN ' P VLO F T T O N A NAK LAND LA KA FIG. 1 . NIO N F IS S A S A I S N IS A S . U Y , ,

— 2 RAT E E DF H TATIO N O F ALASKA. F IG . . PI E C O VE , THE PIO N R C O IS S PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 3 7

n n a n a n ha d but a brief existe ce , droppi g out of ctive fishi g oper tio s 4 Ma n o in 1912 in 191 a . ea rly , while December , , C pt theso b ught from n F ann B a tar d an d Az alea the Matheson F isheries Co . the schoo ers y n and sent them n orth in 1915 un der his own n ame . After disposi g n its of its 1914 ca tch of cod the Matheson F isheries Co . wou d up 1915 active career in the summer of . The first C an a di an comp any to en gage in cod fishing on the an P a cific b anks w a s the Western C an a di an F ish Co . This comp y

B a n B a in 1903 an d n built a home sta tion at r et , ritish Columbi , , se t Th an the brigantin e B la keley to B erin g Sea . e comp y struggled

a 1905 h n n n . a lon g until the latter p rt of , w e it we t out of the busi ess

F a C o . n I n 1913 the C an a di an ish Cold Stor ge , of Pri ce Rupert ,

B a n Alber t Me er and n ritish Columbi , outﬁtted the schoo er y se t her a h at a en d to the B ering Sea b anks . She rrived t ere lmost the of

n a n an d as a a a n the ﬁshi g se so , result brought b ck but few hu dred a an in 1914 n a ﬁsh . The vessel m de other trip , whe it met with f ir

As a w a s n n com success . the m rket very poor whe she retur ed , the p any ga ve up this bra n ch of its business .

IS O R O F ALAS A SHO RE -FISHING S A IO NS H T Y K T T .

The n atives living in the vicin ity of the grea t cod b anks of Alaska h ave depen ded upon them for a considerable p a rt of their food

a n ot an an n a s a n supply , lthough to such import t exte t they h ve upo n n a an d e w 1the salmon . Whe the Russi a s c me more more hom use as 1 h h a an d e a n an d a . m de of cod , t s me is true of t eir creole desce d ts to y With the exception of a few small shipments ma de from Kodi ak in a a n a n a s a nd the e rly ye rs of the i dustry , the c tch of the tive few whites livin g at other th an the regula r cod station s has all been

n a co sumed loc lly .

M oll m a a a . c C a M ol F n The l te Thom s W , of the cC lam ishi g Tr d

in C o . S n F an w a e n a g , of a r cisco , s the ﬁrst to p rceive the a dva t ges to

a n a n a n an be obt i ed from est blishi g st tio s close to the cod b ks , where the ﬁshermen could go out daily in dories to the a dj a cen t b anks and

at a n a a n the c ch be stored shore u til a c rgo a ccumul ted , whe a vessel n a F could be se t n orth to brin g them to S n ran cisco . E arly in the seventies a p a rty of hun ters ha d established a station

at a a an d - a Pir te Cove , very pretty well sheltered cove , with mple t a at n end P o of an on e dep h of w ter , the orth of p Isl d , of the Shu

A a an d a n ad n m agin Group . wh rf sever l buildi gs h been co structed M M ll r . c o a a by the p a rty . C m purch sed this st ation an d established

h a S n a i here t e first regul r hore fishi g st tion for cod n Al aska . An a gen t an d about eight fishermen were sta tioned here duri ng the

a f n fi s e a o . fi h ll kenched rly ye rs its existe ce At rst the were a , but n later on t a ks were sen t up and the fish held in pickle un til shipped . 3 8 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

' a n a a n a in z an d im ortan ce an d - da The st tio gr du lly i cre sed si e p , to y , a s a s in a a an d n well the p st , is the l rgest most import a t one in

Al a ska . In 1886 a br a n ch fishin g st ation w as est ablished on P a vlof H a r I 1890 n Sann ak an . n a a w a s n a t Ka satsk a on bor, Isl d st tio ope ed , t Sa nn ak an an d w a s a a a the sou h , side of Isl d , oper ted for sever l ye rs , fina lly bein g ab an don ed bec ause of the d a n gerous n avigation for sa il n t e n n i on a . a Sann ak a a n g vessels h t shor The Port St ley , Isl d , st tio w in 1891 w a s a as a an n a a a . est blished , but b do ed few ye rs l ter All “ ” a a re n n a s n a n a t a n of these were wh t k ow wi ter st tio s , th is , st tio s opera ted in wh at are known a s the winter months in Al a sk a ; duri n g the rest of the ye a r the fish a r e too f a r out in the deep w a ter for t s fishin g wi h dories with the shore a the b a se .

In 1 892 a n w as a on an n a a a a st tio est blished S bor H rbor , N g i

an Shuma i G an d h a s n a a con Isl d , g n roup , this bee oper ted lmost i F i n 1 a t nuously ever sin ce . ish g s c rried on here from the middle of spring to l ate summer . In 1883 Iv an P etr oﬂ built a ﬁshin g st ation on Sitkalidak Isl an d

n an a at a on h ann a a n close to the I di vill ge Old H rbor , the c el sep r ti g

itk lid k K diak n a n a an S a a from a Isl a d , where for time co sider ble qu tities of cod were cured an d shipped to San F r an cisco .

In 1886 Ma n a n d a S n F an James diso associ tes , of a r cisco , ﬁtted out n F r an cis Ali ce an d a a a a a i n at Ikatak the schoo er , lso st rted sm ll st t o , h n n a n . n on e a n t e a n o U im k Isla d The ve ture lived but se so , st tio then bein g t aken over by the Mc C ollam F ishing Tr a din g Co .

L n - n n San F an a n y de Hough , a well k ow r cisco ﬁrm , e rly e tered t he codﬁsh in dustry and for a n umber of ye a rs were importan t f ac

B a h a n tors in it . esides a ﬂeet of vessels the ﬁrm est blis ed umber of a n w as at an shore station s in Al aska . The e a rliest of their st tio s S d

n on a P o of an in Shuma in G . Poi t , Humboldt H rbor , p Isl d , the g roup This w a s in 1887 It w a s established princip a lly a s a tra din g an d

n a n a n the codfish n n s a lmon fishi g st tio , its rel tio to i dustry bei g ’ m a inly as a supply station where the firm s vessels could l an d their c argoes and refit for an other trip without h a vin g to return to th e home port for this purpose . The firm built a n umber of shore st ations shortly a fter this Unga H a rbor ( 1888 or 1889) an d Squ a w H a rbor on Unga Isl an d ; Hen derson Isla n d in the Shumag in Group ; Com p an y H a rbor ( 1889) a n d Nelson Isl an d in the San n ak n B a a a n n a an d Ikata k Isl a ds ; Chic a go y Al sk Pe i sul , a h a d an a on Un im a k Isl and . Sever l of these but ephemer l exist

as a B a n an an d n n an . en ce , Chic go y , Nelso Isl d , He derso Isl d an d Lvnde About 1898 th e McC olla m F ishin g Tra din g Co .

F a s a n a n Hough formed the Un ion ish Co . selli g ge cy for

” w a s n ot n 1902 O l ' 1903 a the their product . It u til , however , fter PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 3 9

a n n n a de ath of both Lyn de an d Hough , th t the two co cer s were fi lly n th e n a mei g ed into on e an d the whole busin ess oper ated u der me of the Un ion F ish Co . n n d a n a A . n a a In 187 6 Mr . Gree eb um , the for umber of ye rs sub a a n sta n a n a a a C o . seque t , ge t for the Al sk Commerci l , built tr di g C an tion for th e comp any at Acherk Ha rbor ( l ater kn own a s omp y A t codfishin w as at Ha rbor) on Sa nn ak Isl an d . lit le g prosecuted but it w a s n ot nt 1896 n it a the t the times , u il , whe bec me proper y of h it w as odfish C o . a progen itors of th e Al a ska C , t t used for this I n 1897 the an a an sta business exclusively . comp y est blished other

f t a a t an a . tion on Mof e Cove , few miles e s of Comp y H rbor ﬁ h n a n In 1896 the Al a sk a C od s Co . ope ed its Kelleys Rock st tio ,

a a . situ ated about midw ay between Un ga an d Squ w H rbors This , — t t n an all - the - a n at n an d f ar like theUn ga s a io , is ye r rou d st io is by the most productive on e ow n ed by the comp any . A a a a I n 1906 th e Al a ska C odﬁsh Co . bought the l sk Commerci l ’ a n a t the n n a on n a an an d an h n Co . s st tio tow of U g , U g Isl d , beg ﬁs i g

n t a n n F h C o . a opera tions in the fall . The ex ye r the U io is built F h t n but on the t the a . n st a io here , opposi e side of h rbor is i g is

ca rried on here throughout the yea r . w The presen t Squ a w Ha rbor st ation of the Al ask a C odﬁsh Co . a s

h n a t a man n a n a ﬁrst establis ed a s a sa lmo s l ery by med Olse , who lso ﬁ n I n 1903 utili z ed it at times as a cod sh st atio . the summer of the

present own ers purch ased it an d h a ve very much improved it sin ce .

n the an a s a It is a winter st ation . Its pri cip a l use to comp y is supply

its n a —b a n a n on e a depot for e r y st tio s , the h rbor bei g of the s fest i in the Shumag n s . The a a n a an a n l a a odﬁsh Dor H rbor , U im k Isl d , st tio s of the A sk C h i 1897 n d 1898 r th n F . a n a e o . an d e n C U io ish Co were est blis ed , l h h t n ectiv e . t e te a sp y W ile ey wer qui productive the ﬁrs two se so s , h n n n they h a ve been ste a dily dimin is i g i importan ce ever si ce . The Sann ak Isl an d station men' a re tran sferred to these st ation s in the

n a t a oﬂ n a n n spri g , f er the cod h ve moved i to the deep w ter surrou di g

Sann ak an an d a re a a a n in a n ﬁsh Isl d , brought b ck g i the f ll whe the

a a a n n h h h ve g i retur ed to t e s o a l w aters . A 1903 h t e n n F C o . a a t n a t a bout U io ish built st io Wedge C pe , a a an n d a nt t n s N g i Isl d , a oper ted it i ermi te tly a a summer station 1909 n nt h n w a s a a n . u il , w e it b do ed I 1903 n n n F . t a a n a t a e a on the U io ish Co buil st tio E gl H rbor , a a an an d a it n n n n N g i Isl d , oper ted co ti uously up to a d i cludi ng 1909 n n h as n h n n the ﬁ , si ce whe it bee s ut dow owi g to dif culty of n n h securi g e oug men to work it . The ﬁrst Puget Soun d comp an y to est ablish a shore station in A w a a a s the S at A a a F i h C o . a t h t a l sk e tle l sk s , of Se t le , whic buil at n a t F a a on a a an in the n 190 st io lmouth H rbor , N g i Isl d , spri g of 3 . 40 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

f a r n n As this proved to be too from the ﬁshi g grou ds , the st ation w as a a a a on n a n moved lmost immedi tely to Squ w H rbor , U g Isl a d . In a a t a n n ui pl ce of the dories used other st tio s , this comp a y eq pped l a n a a men n the pl t with Columbi River bo ts , two to four goi g in each .

a n w a s n m n n 1910 ' The st tio worked i ter itte tly u til , when the comp a ny n n dﬁ h C o s C o . at m r l sold out to the Ki g Wi ge , which ultim ely e ged

‘

n n C odﬁsh . h as n ot n a n n i to the Wester Co It bee oper ted si ce , owi g ;

n t n ! m ai ly to its remo e ess from the ﬁshin g groun ds . It is n ow the

n . property of Joh n H . Nelso I 1902 n a J n . n an d the f ll of , oh H Nelso Joh n E in mo open ed a .

a n a t a a on n a n a an shore st tio H rd Scr tch , S ug H rbor , U g Isl d , but

n on n . I 1911 a e n a . n n oper ted it o ly wi ter the f ll of R H . Joh so estab lished a a n an d h as O shore st tio here perated it ever sin ce . I 1 05 B m ﬁ a 9 od s o . l n C h C a a VVa sh . ; the f ll of the lo , of T com , , bui t a a n on n a e a a a an an d l st tio the orth shore of E gl H rbor , N g i Isl d ,

a a a n w a s a an n . oper ted it for couple of ye rs , whe it b do ed I 1 05 f n a 9 a c a a n o. an F the f ll of the P ciﬁ St tes Tr di g C , o S ran

h a d n a in n a s at n 3 1 cisco , which j ust rece tly st rted busi ess , est blished t io on n n an t a a n at Ikatak n a Here dee Isl d , Nor hwest H rbor , d , or U im k :

an an d a n n n 1909. a sta Isl d , oper ted them co ti uously u til The l tter t n w a s n ot n a n at ; io reope ed , but oper tio s were resumed the former in he a 1911 an d w as a n a in 1916 n ! t f ll of , it oper ted u til e rly , whe the comp an y suspen ded opera tion s and sold the st ation to the Un ion i

F Ik w n one . atak a a a at ish Co The s summer st tio , while the North n west H a rbor is a wi ter st ation .

I n 1908 n n h a n a statio u the summer of Joh H . Nelso , who d ope ed n at a a n 1902 a a a n on a a an d has i H rd Scr tch i , st rted st tio Squ w H rbor a oper ted it every yea r sin ce . I n the ea rlier ye a rs of its stockﬁsh n a t formed the bulk of the product , but duri g the l s yea rs con siderable dried s alt cod h as been prep a red .

I 1914 K l n a station l n . omeda a a n a a A , merch t of U g , est blished n ea r th at town an d h as operated it durin g the gre ater p a rt of the l

i n time S ce .

I 1 10 an F n s ! n 9 the Al a sk a Commerci a l Co . shipped to S ra ci co abo a rd on e of its regul a r tra ding vessels about 90 ton s of cod which 1

a d n n a h bee c a ught a d cured by the n atives of Kodi k . The ﬁsh

a an d an h a d ﬁ in proved to be quite sm ll , the comp y so much dif culty disposi n g of them th at it did n ot repe at the experiment . O n e of the he a viest h an dic aps u n der which Alaska sta tion own ers su ffered for a number of yea rs w as the presence of saloon s in close n I 1913 w as one proximity to the more importan t st a tio s . n there s a loon at S a n d Poin t ( about 6 miles overl an d from Pirate Cove and about the same dist ance by w ater from four stations on Unga Isl a n d) a n d two at Un ga ; a t an d within a ra dius of 4 miles by lan d from the t a tt n re l er tow a six shore st ations . As a result of the close proximity

— U. S. B. F . Doc . 83 0 PLATE III.

I — A C O D I HERMAN' HO E AK L D FIG. . F S S M O N SANN IS AN , ALASKA.

— NGA LASKA WITH THE ALASKA C O DF ISH C O MPAN ’S STATIO N IN F IG . 2 . THE TO WN O F A U , , Y R D THE FO RE G O UN .

42 PA IF I C C C O D F ISH E RIE S.

a n San F an an d a w ter fro ts of r cisco Se ttle , or men of pra ctica lly no a a n an e e sea n e a n an n n cqu i t c with th eve , l t lo e y fishi g k owledge. The re ason for this is th a t the s almon an d h a libut fisheries offer more con geni a l employmen t to the more intelligen t an d progressive h t e n . the en of fisherme At d of the salmon sea son in Al aska quite a t few of the better cl ass go to the shore station s an d work there un til l

” n n a n a n n i n the ope i g of the s lmo se so the followi g spr g , when they a a n n o t ke up the s lmo work o ce m re .

n a n a are a n a n ﬁsh m er en . The tives ge er lly mo g the best of the st tio , as they a re usu a lly well a cqu a in ted with the loc ation s of the m an y

a in et isol ted spots which , while rich cod , y cover sometimes but a few feet or y a rds in exten t an d are difficult to fin d without cert a in an a n in n l dm rks bei g well fixed the mi d . They a r e persisten t an d skillful fishermen an d gen era lly are a mon g the high - lin e fishermen n an a a e a n t u less h dic pped through g , dise se , or bodily i firmi y . They ’ are a t n z h very p to quit whe the whim sei es them , but the a ut or s experience with cod fishermen gen er a lly is th a t both whites an d n a a re a t on h n o a n at all tives p to quit very slig t or provoc tio , the a an n a t n n a n in desire for ch ge of sce e freque t i terv ls seemi g , their at a on e n a n eyes le st , to be of the esse ti ls of the i dustry .

i Q a en a a a a n d uite few of the white fisherm h ve m rried squ ws , for their a ccommod ation the comp an ies gen er ally h a ve sm a ll cottages or n sh a cks scattered over the st a tion grou ds . The use of n ickn ames by fishermen in order to distin guish e ach n an d in an in an is difli cul fin d other is very commo , m y st ces it t to out the rea l n ame of a man with out h a vin g recourse to the station an d n n h n or ship records , eve here the records freque tly s ow the ick n i n a me as p a rt of his cogn omen . These n ick ames a re derived n

a n a n n a a a an v rious w ays , some bei g b sed upo the perso l ppe r ce or ha n n a ar e bits of the perso so desig ted , while others due to some

n n nn l a h i cide t co ected with his ife , still others to his pl ce of birt ,

. ar e n a re . n etc Some complime t ry , while others a the reverse Amo g “ ” “ m n n ma n n h Ja the more pro i e t y be me tio ed W iskey ck , Whiskey ” B ill ( in the ﬁrst in st an ce the excessive in dulgen ce in this ﬂuid led th e n of th e n a in a n an n an to impositio me . while the l tter i st ce co st t “ ” a n an a pre chi g of the merits of temper ce c used it ) , Dirty Dick , ” “ ” “ ” “ n an G G n Gus a Ge tlem ust , rowli g Pete , Gloomy , H libut ” ” “ ” “ ” “ B n Gus an Pete , Northwest ill , Rolli g , Redwood Gus , Russi ” ”

B n a Gus a an . ill , Co tr ry , St v ger , etc

VE SSE LS AND B O A S T .

F is hing vessels — Un like the vessels used in the New E n gl and

h n o t n t in th e a fisheries , t ere is dis i ctive ype employed P cific cod a n n w u in h n w a s fishery . Not si gle vessel o sed exclusively fis i g built h h a e . All t n e especi lly for t purpose of em were a t o time brigs ,

B - D U. s . . F . oc . 8 3 o. PLAT E IV.

IG I — NIO N F I H C O MP ' “ F . . S AN S SC HO O NE R PIRATE ALASKA STATIO N F ISHING U Y , , D RK N B AN WO I G O AT.

F — “ IG . 2 . SC HO O NE R MAID O F O RLEANS AT ANC HO R O N SANNAK BANK IN THE NO RTH PAC IF C O C EA I N. PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 43

a n n and n in a n a barks , b rke ti es , schoo ers employed the c rryi g tr de a an d purch a sed for use in th e ﬁshery a fter they h ad of the ( P cific AS n h a s n the atta in ed v a ryin g a ges . the schoo er rig prove most econ omica l the vess els h a ve gra du a lly been a ltered until all are n ow . a i n 102 6 n 156 of this rig . They v ry n le gth from feet i ches to feet , 41 and the n et tonn a ge r an ges from 13 8 to 3 . f n h n th In Al a ska a dif ere t type of vessel as bee evolved . As e comp anies own in g severa l sta tion s frequently desired to tran sport

ta n a n a a n goods and ﬁsh from s tio to st tio , sm ll s ili g vessels were

‘ employed in the ea rly days . These were equipped with l arge c a rgo cap a city an d were vessels which h a d previously been used in C ali f ornia w aters for va rious purposes . As the trips of these vessels

a n a n n n n n a were necess rily u cert i , owi g to their depe de ce upo s ils

n w as n n a a alo e , it soo see th t power vessels would be more proﬁt ble , l and about 10 ye a rs a g o the ﬁrst vessels of this type were sent up

In a ta n a a n n lun der s ail . order to m ke them sui ble for vig tio u der the tryi ng con dition s preva ilin g in this section of Al a sk a they f a a n n ar a a t . were gre tly ltered , but eve the proved from s tisf c ory F I 1912 the n n F C o. San an h a d on n U io ish , of r cisco , built Puget ISoun d the ﬁrst power vessel con structed to be devoted exclusively x w as a n - n to the codﬁsh in dustry . It schoo er rigged vessel a d n amed I w as 85 n 18 he Un i on J a ck . a t The vessel feet lo g, feet be m , with a

n w as n 80 - net tonn a ge of 3 9 to s . She ﬁtted with a horsepower gaso

n n n h a d in n a li e e gin e . As the ow ers view the usi g of this vessel p rt

a in h n a a a of the ye r ﬁs i g lso , they tried to d pt her for both purposes ,

a a n a a With the result th t she proved somewh t u s tisf ctory for either, an d w as in 1913 sold .

In 1914 s a an an P ir a te the me comp y built other power vessel , the ,

w - n her . She is a t o m asted schoon er with k ock about rig len gth over all of 64 feet 6 in ches an d a brea dth of 2 1 6 1 f . 0 n an 23 n eet The hold is feet i ches deep d feet lo g , which n Th provides a ca rryi g c ap a city Of 100 ton s . e a fter c abi n h a s c m i Th i co modat dn s for the ca ptain an d two men . e galley an d mess r r Th t n oom a e also loca ted here . e forecas le provides sleepi g qu arters

f r Th n n a th o men . e e t six e gi e room is j ust forw rd of pilo house ,

f the a n n n n t t t n the c a rom which m i e gi e is co rolled , hus permit i g p i n h e ;a n to operate the en gi e a s well a s t vessel . The propelli n g

n ac in r n a n 80 - h n n h 9- h h e y co sists of orsepower e gi e , w ile a orse ’ ) h n ower win dl a ss is used for an dli g c a rgo . It is the comp a ny s mrpose to use this vessel in ﬁshin g duri n g the summer months an d

n h n in a a freig ti g loc l w ters the rest of the yea r . — Tr ans por tin g v essels F or a number of ye a rs the comp a n ies oper s t in g Shore st ation s in Al ask a h a ve been utili z ing vessels of the s ame ype and Siz e in fishi ng as in ta kin g c a rgoes of supplies n orth to the RI 44 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E E S. sta tions a nd in brin ging b ack the fish c aught by the Station fisher F n a n an d a re men . reque tly the regul r fishi g vessels would be , still ,

“ sent n orth on this work during the winter se a son . As stormy in a an we a ther with plenty of fog is the rule the North P ciﬁc Oce , m a ny of these vessels h a ve met with an untimely end on the inh os pitable shores in this region . F h d n F C o. San an a a I n 1913 the Un io ish , of r cisco , built power

. w a s n a Gold n schooner for this work This vessel , which med the e

S ta te h as a n 145 a a 3 2 a n d a , le gth of feet , bre dth of feet , depth of 11 6 n and in a n n n a s a feet i ches , dditio to her e gi es is fully rigged

- n h as a a n a three m a sted b aldhea ded schoo er . She c rryi g c p a city of more th an 500 ton s . — The propellin g m a chin ery con sists of a 150 horsepower four - cyli

n nn ' - der distillate engi e . It is co ected to a two bl a ded propeller

- w through a disk clutch and spur ge a r type of reverse . The t o bl a ded propeller is used in order th at the bl a des ma be pl aced in a y ,

n n a a r e n an w a vertica l positio whe the s ils bei g used , d in this y the

n a a u dra g of a n idle propeller is elimi ted to a l rge extent . The e gin e is so equipped th at it can be h an dled at slow speed with the e a se ch ar acteristic of a ste am inst all ation . The vessel h as a lso a complete electric lighti ng pl an t with dyn amo a n d an d a all r un off two sets of bilge pumps force or ﬁre pump , a

n a w in n r un a n n i n cou tersh ft , hich is tur either from the m i e g e or , w n n ot nn n n a 4 - n - i n he th a t is ru i g , is drive by horsepower si gle cyl der e ngine installed in the en gin e room . B esides the qu arters for its 8 men h as a n a a n 10 crew of , the vessel c bi ccommod tio s for pas seng ers . B oa ts — A con siderable proportion of the dories in use with the ﬁshing vessels an d a t the shore st a tion s in Al a ska were man u f a c tured in n an an d A New E gl d brought to this coa st overl an d . few of the co a st bo a t builders are n ow m a n uf acturi n g them a ft er the — a t n . a n n a re u a 14 n e s er model The h d li e dories su lly feet lo g , bottom

a n . a n a a n a re y in me sureme t Occ sio lly tr wl li es emplo ed , which event l a rger dories must be used in order to a ccommod a te th e a ddition a l ma n n a n d the a n eeded extr amou t of ge a r required . These l a rge a re a 15 in n t n dories usu lly feet le g h o the bottom . A f ew ye a rs a g o one of the comp a nies beg a n the use of li n e tra wls a t its shore sta tion a nd employed roun d - bottomed s a ilbo ats of th e

- n n a e in n h well k ow Columbi Riv r type worki g t em . The tr awlin g experiment w a s soon a b a ndon ed a n d the bo a ts either sold or put to oth e r uses . During the se a son of 1914 the schoon er F or tun a took n orth with

12 a n n ta ta n her port ble e gi es sui ble for at chme t to the regul a r dories . These were sold to the ﬁshermen a nd were to be p a id for out of the PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 45

’ n n n t a ;cason s catch . The use of these e gi es did o prove s tisfactory a n viz : men n a n n n for a n umber of re so s , The ge er lly k ew othi g about h eir opera tion an d ca re an d grossly n eglected them ; the weight of r n n ﬁsh a the moto cut dow the umber of the dory could c rry , while n a the n an d a a I rough we ther , with motor goi g a lo d of ﬁsh boa rd ,

the dory would ship he a vy seas . Sm a ll ga solin e l a un ches a r e beginnin g to be a factor in the Al ask a

a re o a Some of these dories , s me Columbi River type

others a re of n on descript types . Gasoline en gin es 12 r h a n to ho sep ow er ve been i sta lled in them . The

these is th a t the regul a r h an d - lin e refuse generally to permit the op in in n with them dressi g the c atch , a a a e n d n sep r te dress hous , a u less ough of them to form a regul ar dress gan g they ﬁn d a of dressing the ﬁsh rather l borious . Two or more men

in a an d a s are n a y go the power bo ts , they e bled to go with

a an d - an a a s fety to the outer less worked b ks , their d ily c tch

n h - l a rger proportio ately th an th at of t e regul a r h an d lin ers . of power a lso gives them a considerable a dvan ta ge over the men a s c n in a dory , they a go out we ther which would compel ' IIIiIIllO an d a n in t an d an a row dory to rem i por , c go much f rther h a n n a n e st tion a d be sure of bei g a ble to get b ack ga i . a n a n a an d er of these bo ts is i cre si g ye rly , it is to be

n a a s n h to i cre se , the ow ers of t em ious of the ﬁshermen— men who do with the he la rger comp an ies h ave n ever

a a s a t a in use of power bo ts , they fe red h t time the them would become too in depen den t an d eventu ally n ow ers themselves .

- every h an d lin e ﬁsherm an carries a sail in his dory . The

- - n in l a . a a a sa i is usu a lly of the leg of mutton v riety Some h ve j ib ,

t a re n a ile a few a lso use a stays ail . The s a ils ge erally m de from — F h n a re in an an a . heet g , which is much lighter th c v s is erme ex >ected n wn a n a a to fur ish their o s ils , together with the ecess ry m st n F a an e n h the d boom . or a number of ye rs the comp i s fur is ed sen an a n with these a rticles , but so m y of them f iled to tur them

a when p a id off th at they h a d to ab an don the practice .

T RE W LAY O F H E C .

The methods followed in h an dli ng the ca tch a n d the lay of the

rew a re ra dic ally different from those on the Atl an tic cod vessels . ) n e astern vessels the men c a tc h an d dress the fish a n d divide their bare ss the h n a of the proceeds equ ally . O n P acific ve els fis erme h ve 46 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. n n s n n othi g to do with dres i g the fish , this bei g don e by dress ga ngs ( the n umber depen din g upon the si z e of the

h are a n a members of whic p id mo thly w ges , which begin they a re sign ed on a n d ce a ses when the vessel re

n a r a port . The fisherme e p id a certa in sum (this ’ n n n a a s a an an fi h m a s k ow bility fisherm ) per thous d s . 4 v a ries from $25 to $ 5 per thousan d . F ish 2 8 i nches len gth are cou nt fish ; a ll un der 28 i nches in length count

All a n oa a s n fish must be bled by h vi g their thr ts cut soo a s c aught . Un der this a rran gemen t the fishermen devote their entire worki ng n n n s n n time to fishi g , retur i g to the ve sel o ly whe a dory lo a d h as I w a been obta ined . n this y some of the fishermen will c atch severa l a hun dred fish a d ay when good we ather prev ails . As h n d lini n g is

n i sa n e man i almost u ver lly employed but o goes n a dory .

a n a a th r oa ter salter r A dress g g is composed of splitter , he der , ,

man a n an d on e t a d a to remove the bl ck ski , from to three o hers , c lle ” th e as ma n . n an a tc idlers , who pew ﬁsh y be eeded Whe two g gs r O p eratin g some of the idlers do double duty a n d thus reduce All n in an . an tota l umber the dress g gs members of the dress g g ,

a re n a a n n ot the cook , e cour ged to ﬁsh over the r il of the vessel , whe

n a an d all a ar e a a rr-n otherwise e g ged , for ﬁsh so c ught p id the s me su per thousan d as the m a jority of the ﬁshermen receive .

n n all n n a a The ow ers of the vessels fur ish provisio s , ﬁshi g ge r , bo ts an d the b a it t aken along from the home port the m embers of th e crew not bein g required to furn ish a nythi ng other th an their - cloth w n n n i g a d beddi g . The ca pt a in s of Puget Soun d cod vessels receive a s their lay from $3 to ( about bein g t h e a vera ge ) per ton for th e ﬁshI

n a F n h e a a n a re en -1 brought home . O the S n r a cisco vessels t c pt i s g ora lly en gaged by the yea r an d are p a id a s al a ry of about $150 pen n mo th . The followin g represent the aver age mon thly union wages paid

a a n : F a 90 n d the v rious members of the dress g gs irst s lter , $ ; seco

al 75 a 100 n 85 a 3 5 ; s ter , $ ; he d splitter , $ ; seco d splitter , $ ; he der , $ ’ th r oa ter 3 5 3 0 a a 3 0 100 an d : , $ ; idlers , $ ; s lt p sser , $ ; cook , $ ; cook ’ ﬁ h rmen s n n 3 0 . a a w as s e helper , $ This sc le of w ges ﬁxed by the u io

a in 1916 an d n w e rly is o in force . The grea t i n crea se which h as occurred of recent yea rs in the re turns received by the more import an t members of th e crew is welf exempliﬁed when it is st ated th a t in 1895 ﬁshermen received $25

an one a 65 n on e 60 one per thous d ﬁsh ; s lter , $ per mo th ; splitter , $ ; 55 men a a an d s cook , $ ; four to thro t , he d , do the other dre s work 25 a n $ e ch per mo th . The followi n g t a ble Shows the gross return s received by the tw<

- n h n n a the tota s high li e ﬁs erme of the pri cip al vessels of the ﬂeet , lso

R 48 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E IE S .

u a a re a n an in a a the n mollusk . Altho gh cl ms bu d t Al sk , ﬁsherme a r a rely ever bother to dig them for b it .

E ASO ME HO D S E TC S N , T ,

The vessels gen era lly lea ve their home ports between the middle an d a in n of Ma rch and the middle of April , rrive the eighborhood of

uma in an in a in the Sh g Isl ds , the North P cific , from two to three huma in an a re a a weeks a fter sa ilin g . The S g Isl ds pproxim tely n autic a l miles from Seattle an d approxim ately n autic a l miles from San F r an cisco . a n ice on the an in B n Sea at As there is flo ti g cod b ks eri g this time , most of the vessels fish off the southern Side of Un im ak Isl an d . The ea rly p a rt of May some of the vessels move over to the southe ast point of Sann ak Isl an d an d spen d th e grea ter p a rt of the se a son on

nn k B an a n B n Sea the Sa a k , but the m j ority of them go i to eri g , n in B a an on B where ﬁshi g is usu ally begun Dublin y d Slime an k . Tow a rd the l atter p a rt of Jun e the B ering Sea ﬂeet begin s to work

B a B an n a n M an d a s f ar n orth onto ird k , movi g lo g by Port oller up

a v an d a n a n ot o n as the mouth of the Ug shik Ri er occ sio lly , but fte , up into B ristol B ay proper . The vessels which ﬁsh exclusively in the North P a ciﬁc Oce an

n a a a n on Shuma in B an sometimes spe d the e rly p rt of the se so g k , a workin g la ter on the S anma k B an k . A few st a rt ﬁshin g t Ca pe

P a nkof n n a an as a a an d , off the souther side of U im k Isl d , st ted bove , B n n n n ann ak a a n . work the ce o to S k , where they fi ish the se so O ne great a dvanta ge the P acific fisherm an h as over his Atl antic brother is th at he does n ot lose any time bec a use of en emies of the n off an as a in a cod drivi g them the b ks , is the c se the E st , where re on n fi h vessels a sometimes tied up for weeks a ccou t of dog s . do fish n in a a a n o in While the g is to be fou d Al sk w ters , it is t ffi n a n an su cie t bu d ce to become a pest . odfi hin n i All P a cific c s g is do e n the d aytime . Owin g to the high l a titude of the b an ks and the fa ct th a t the vessel fishin g se a son is n a are n the summer time , whe the hours of d ylight most umerous , the hours of da rkness ra rely exceed four an d ar e even less durin g Jun e an d July . E a rly in the morni n g the dories are put over the sides of the

h as n an in a a a vessel , which bee chored f vor ble spot . E a ch dory is

n a n n a a a equipped with the ecess ry ﬁshi g li es , sm ll s il , a w a ter a a n a a n in an 10 1 be ker , wi dl ss for h uli g the chor , a or 4 poun d a n a a a n n chor , sm ll keg buoy , k ife for cutti g b a it an d bleedin g the

a a f an n a fish , g f for h dli g the l rge fish an d with which most of the fishermen stun or kill the fish by striking it on the hea d with the an h dle. PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 49

B ut one man in a an d a a a in a goes dory , e ch rows w y sea rch of good pl a ce to ﬁsh . The direction in which they row from the vessel to a a n n the t an d n the is , gre t exte t , gover ed by ide force of the wi d , idea bein g to utiliz e the win d an d tide to help In gettin g b ack to the

n n a i n a . ship whe the dory , bei g full , would m ke row g l borious As the at n in a a a a fish seem times to be quite umerous sm ll , isol ted re s , n n con sidera ble luck enters in to the fishing . Whe o e of the fishermen is perceived to h ave good success his m ates a re a pt to gather a roun d h iI m n h lan d t ry t e luck on the s ame spot . The e return to t e vessel h a n n n a a as n a n . bout oo , or soo er if dory lo d bee obt i ed After

t n n n n a a n an d a o b ai i g their di er they go out g i , sometimes trip will ’ a n t n be m a de a fter supper . E ch m a s c a ch is cou ted as he pews them iinboa r d upon his return to the vessels . While thefishermen a re out on their first trip of the d ay the mem b the an a re a h n the a ers of dress g g usu lly fis i g over r il of the vessel ,

n h h h n h a a a n a d some of t em do t is w e ever t ey h ve few sp re mome ts . IThese men a re p a id a ﬁxed sum ( usu ally an a vera ge of the prices

a the h n all ﬁsh a h in a n p id ﬁs erme ) for so c ug t , which is dditio to

“ their regul a r w ages . Tr aw l lin es — B ut little tra wling h as ever been don e by the vessels lﬁshin on A a a an an d n n th h n on the g the l sk b ks , o e by ose ﬁs i g

. I 1888 n Ar a n n L n . n O khotsk b an ks the schoo er g o, belo gi g to y de

an F r an ciso t a n on the B n Sea of S , employed r wl li es eri g ut the ﬁshermen cla imed th at the ﬂe as ( amphipod crusta ev oured or in j ured the cod so ba dly th a t their use ha d to be

efforts in this lin e were m a de by the vessels of the ﬂeet when the schoon er Veg a an d the power schoon er Un ion h h n F an in t e n n F C o . Sa a g to U io is , of r cisco , used tr wl h h a a t e a n . O n t e e a r ble p rt of se so V g , which

h on an off Shum a in an n n i s ed the outer b ks the g Isl ds , the grou d li e

- h l w a s 20 n a n . an n bf the traw of pou d t rred cotto The g gi gs , w ich

3 in n th an d a 6 a a were about feet le g set bout feet p rt , were of

- The the 10 O a ann i pound t arred cotton . hooks used were of / j p ed

n The a in a a n Limerick bra d . tr wls were coiled tubs m de by s wi g

a was a 1ar r els in to equ a l h a lves . E ch dory crew expected to h ve

° 4 a 50 a h a n n a n igged up 2 tr wls of f t oms e ch , but u der ordi ry co di

ha in a at one t an 14 i on s would ra rely ever ve the w ter time more h ,

i - h th a an n a and a h the ne a lf of e b l ce bei g b ited re dy for use , w ile n e st were held in reserve in c a se of emerge cies . Around the edges of the top of the c abi n of the vessel were nailed

b h n a a n n the oards . W e re dy for the ﬁrst b iti g the ﬁsherme dumped iait on to the top of the ca bin an d then stood in the gan gways and

on a and as a as ut up the b ait the bo rds , f st the hooks were b aited RI 50 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E E S. the line w as carefully coiled in a tub with the b aited hooks in the n one a an d a n ot a a one center of the coil . O ly piece of b it , th t l rge , is put on a hook .

- an a Sp r f a ce The buoy lin e used w as of 6 thre a d m il . At the the

0 - a n a n an d a a en ds were m a rked by 1 g llo buoy kegs , p i ted red , tt ched to the buoy line by swivels simila r to those used for this purpose by n n o un n the h alibut ﬁsherme . O rough bottom the gr d li e would be a n b uoyed up by gl a ss b a lls a tta ched at interv ls . Twelve or fourtee pou n d a nchors were a tt a ched at e a ch en d of the tr awl . w a s a n on a In the bow of ea ch dory ﬁxed roller worki g pivot , n n w a s a in a a n n over which the grou d li e h uled , order to f cilit te bri gi g

. a re a a men in a n a a n it in . There lw ys two dory whe vessel is tr wli g ,

i n an d a off a one man to h a ul the l e sh ke the ﬁsh , which he does by n man a dexterous twist of the wrist , while the seco d b its the hooks men a a n d coils the ge a r in the tubs aga in . The usu lly brought the n n a n trawl in when retur i g with the c tch , but sometimes whe the n b e n n r e we a ther looked propitious the li e would u derru , the ﬁsh

n new a and a a a n moved a d b it substituted , llowed to ﬁsh g i while a the men took their ca tch abo a rd . Sometimes the tr wl would be set out late in the even ing and a llowed to rema in down un til the men went out ea rly in the morn in g . The tra wls were h an dled in the sa me m ann er as on the Atlantic

I n a a men in a on e a . n co st setti g tr wl two go dory , to throw the n t tra wl and the other to row the bo at . H avi g a rrived a the pl ace

a a a n on e en d where the set is to be m de , buoy is f ste ed to of the

n a n d n the n a r un out buoy li e throw over the side , buoy li e llowed to

n n a n en d u til the e d is re ched , whe it , together with the upper of the

a n n the n an . an n tr wl li e , is be t to ri g of the chor The chor is the low an d a n n ered over the side , the tr wl throw from the tub u til the lower en d is re a ched ; it is then f a sten ed to the upper en d of the secon d tub

a an d on un all — — a of tr wl , so til of the tubs two , three , or more h ve

n . a end a s n bee set The l st of the tr wl , together with the eco d buoy

i n n an an an d n a n a n l e , is be t to chor throw over the side , c re bei g t ke to prevent the buoy lin e fr om foulin g with hooks of the tr awl as it is thrown out . To the free en d of the buoy lin e is a tt a ched the sec on d buoy . The method of un derrunnin g a tra wl permits the re mova l of the ﬁsh from the hooks an d reb aiting them in a sin gle

a n a n a n a n n n oper tio , thus s vi g co sider ble a mou t of l abor . U derru ” n in g is sometimes performed on groun d where ﬁsh a r e plentiful an d a a a n a w1 n t n the we ther is suit ble for such oper tio . A tr i e ded “ ” n n in a a n n t n to be u derru is set the usu l m er with slight va ri a io . A becket is m ade in the buoy lin e about 10 or 12 fathoms below the I buoy . n the becket is ben t a small lin e which rea ches to the bottom a n d to the bottom en d of this lin e is fa stened a ston e weighing about

6 n . n n a n a n a ned pou ds The grou d li e of the tr wl , i ste d of bei g f ste IF P AC IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 5 1

l t o - n an h a ta t th the ri g of the c or , is t ched o e small line c lose to the

stone . When thus set there is suﬂicient dist ance between the anchor on the buoy lin e an d the ston e on the small line to permit of the tra wl n h t n h t e an h . In a n the bei g lifted wit ou disturbi g c or h uli g , buoy n n al n nn n an li e is pulled up u til the sm l li e ru i g to the chor is reached , the n h a a n d sto e is uled up , the end of the tra wl is p a ssed over the

. O n e man n the ﬁsh an d the t a th I dory u hooks o her b its e hooks . n th w a the a n the n n the a is y dory p sses u der e tire le gth of tr wl , the ﬁsh a n it an d the h a t in a n a t ke from ooks b i ed si gle oper tion . The obj ect of operating tra wls in the m ann er described is for the purpose

1 n th in one n n the t a re n of keepi g em positio duri g ime ﬁsh ple tiful .

O n an t the fish ar e a n an a n s dy bot om sometimes e te by s d fle s . a d I to preven t this gl a ss b a lls a tta ched to the groun d line a t frequent n a k a the h h i terv ls eep the fish cle r of bottom , w ere t e fle a s are most

l numerous .

’ While the use of trawls by the Veg a s crew w a s foun d to be quite

f a r a s a n w a s n n difli cult successful , so c tchi g fish co cer ed , the y of p a irin g off con gen i a l fishermen an d the fin ding of men wh o were familia r with the oper ation of tra wl lines proved too much of a

han a a n d i a a a n an - n n dic p , n the l tter p rt of the se so h d li i g w a s

resor ted to.

A very import a n t a dv an ta ge in the use of trawl lin es is th at the men will ﬁsh with them in much deeper w ater th an they will with

n - n n d t are n in th a . a a e a h d li es The l rgest bes cod fou d deeper w ters , and it is from these th a t the own ers would like the bulk of the catch

but men h n h an - n n h n to come , the w e d li i g eit er refuse ope ly to work in the a t n h n an d n in deeper w ters , or else secre ly eglect the ﬁs i g bri g but few ﬁsh when the ca pta in in sists upon an choring on the deeper

portion s of the b an ks . The experience of the Uni on J a ck in trawlin g is described u n der n the section devoted to shore statio s . F or some yea rs tra wl lin es were in gen era l use by the station fi n n a n a a an t sherme , but were eve tu lly give up bec use l rge qu ti ies of gear an d fish were lost through the men bein g un able to g et out to the b anks in stormy weather an d bec ause the fishin g required more

skill th an w a s possessed by most of the green h a nds a va il able . As the groun d upon which they could ﬁsh w as somewh at limited

n th e h n t a a n h for tra wl li es , ﬁs erme would ﬁrs gree mo gst t emselves I n h as to h ow the groun d should be a pportion ed out . n setti g t e tra wl

n in a in h n it the li e two men would go dory , but ﬁs i g work would be

d n ma n a s the t a a to a n on the o e by one , r wl would be llowed rem i B n n an d t n . tt the grou d for at le ast a week , some imes lo ger efore se i g trawl the bottom would be c a refully sou n ded with a h an d lin e in

order to be sure of gettin g the right spot for ﬁshing . An anchor and 52 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

a n li ne with buoy a tta ched would ﬁrst be dropped overbo rd , the the grou n d lin e would be p a id out in such direction a s h a d been a greed

n a t an an d upon with the other fisherme , f er which the other chor buoy n n w as fi n a t a li n e wo uld be set . The grou d li e left suf cie tly sl ck h t it a n a n n ot could be h a uled to the surf ce without disturbi g the chor , but In n fi h sl a ck enough to perm it of the lin e sn a rlin g . fishi g it the s er

the a u a h n man would go to leew rd b oy , h ul up the big t of the li e

l a the r n a n on i un til it a y cross bow of his do y , the by h uli g th s line w ould pull the dory a ga inst the tide in the direction of the other a n the n a n a a chor , li e p ssi g cross the bow of the dory so th t the hooks which c ame in on e side were freed from fish a n d reb a ited a n d thrown over on the other side of the dory u ntil the tra wl h a d been com ; l l n n n n p ete y u derru or the dory filled with fish , whe the li e would be n n thrown off a ga in an d the trawl left set a s before . The grou d li e of

w 9- a an a n these tra wls as thre d m il , while the buoy li es were of ” - 6 a a n a n n n as . a n n thre d m il , commo ly k ow dory rode The g gi gs

- 12 n 25 a 6 6 n n 1 . e . a were of pou d li es , , li es of f thoms e ch weighed

22 n in n t an d a a to pou nds . They were i ches le g h were tt ched the grou n d lin e a t i n terv a ls of 3 feet . The n umber of hooks used v a ried from 500 to something mere th an a ccordi n g to the number of tubs set . n a n 1913 a n Un ion J a ck Duri g the se so of the sm ll power schoo er , which ha d its he a dqu a rters at the Pir ate Cove st ation of the Un ion h m F o . n a e in a n on n an u a in ish C , e g g d tr wli g the i shore b ks of the S g

an a n in a a a . Isl ds , m i ly West N g i Str it As it w a s the in tention l a ter in the se a son to use the Un ion J a ck in gill - n et ﬁshi ng for cod from the deck of the vessel by me an s of a n et in a h n w a s lifter ( described elsewhere this report ) , the m c i e pl a ced on b oa rd at the beginn i n g of the sea son with the hope th at it n w n could be used in h a uli g tra l li es . rn n The process of t a r i g seemed to we aken the lin es . U t a rred li n es were used for ren ew a ls an d were foun d to be much stron ger an d more durable . B oth 3 2 a n d 20 pou n d cotton t a rred lin es were used for groun d

th an n 6 - n n e a n . mn li e , while g gi gs were of pou d t rred li es Experi e t developed the fa ct th a t 20 - pou n d lin es were a mply he a vy a n d stron g en ough for the work an d th at u nt a rred cotton lin es w ere more

a an d n a n a n th e a n n dur ble stro ger th t rred li es , t rri g seemi g to

n n I n a n h we a ke the li e . the l st experime ts t e gangin gs were e a ch a 5 t n a n d a a h a 6 a a n bout fee lo g were tt c ed bout feet p rt , this bei g

a n to th a necess ry owi g e high freebo rd of the vessel . Only a couple of sk a tes of g e a r w ere rigged f or experimen ta l use t h A n t h n wi h t e m a chi n e . fter bei g b a i ed t ese sk a tes were coiled o

o a an t 5 n m v ble pl k pl a forms about feet lon g by feet wide . Pl a ci g one at s n an n man a of these the ter of the vessel , experie ced could p y

54 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

n a n t : a a nt n as e a n in . of p te ed power device , k ow lifter , for h uli g n the ets . The n et lifter is a circul a r m achin e fitted alon g the outer rim with n an a n n a number of fi gers . The mech ism oper ti g these fi gers moves

a an a an - a n a as t on tr cks , d is so rr ged th t the fi gers t ke hold hey come opposite the r ail of the vessel and let go when they h a ve completed a bout two - thirds of one complete revolution from the poin t where B an n et a n they first gripped . y this me s the is gr sped by the fi gers

a a and a n a a - a s it comes bo rd , fter bei g c rried bout two thirds of the way a roun d is relea sed a n d allowed to drop on the deck . A frame n a a n d a t t en d a work exte ds from the lifter outbo rd , the ou er is

a - a a n et an d roller , while sheet iron trough for the p ss ge of the ﬁsh runs from the roller to an d p a rtly a roun d the m achin e an d rests upon

a n a a a n e the framework . The m chi e is oper ted either by a sm ll g soli en gin e or directly from the m a in en gine .

n e n a on S a The t lifter is ge er lly set the port ide , forw rd of the fore

n a it a ' a l n on a riggi g , lthough will work bout s we l whe set the st r

a or n a f t n . bo rd side , whe close of the fore riggi g

At m n an n n F C o . San F an y i st ce the U io ish , of r cisco , with its usu al

n a n a n n t an progressive ess , purch sed the ecess ry umber of gill e s for

n on a a a a n et an d a - experime t moder te sc le , lifter , four horsepower

Imperi a l en gin e to opera te s ame . Th e gill n ets were 125 y a rds lon g e ach an d m a de of cord

A i n w a n n . n n . a a s a a d li e spec lly m de li e used for he d , foot , side li es

7 - n 15 The n ets were of % i ch stretch mesh an d were meshes deep .

a a a 2 n 5 The ﬂo ts , which were m de of white ced r , were i ches by

n a n d h a d n a a n in n n i ches , bee so ked umber of times boili g li seed oil F in order to m ake them w a terproof . ifty of these w ere used to the

n et a n d n n a n d n ot n n . a were hu g from the cork li e stru g o The le ds , 3 n n a a — which were % i ches lo g , with di meter of thirteen Sixteen ths

n h 7 n a a on n n n t i ch , weig ed ou ces e ch , were m de to close the li e a d o

n n and a . stru g o , were set opposite the ﬂo ts

n a n n a n n As the ets were prim rily for use duri g the wi ter se so , whe

he a n n are on n an a t sp w i g cod the i shore b ks , the work c rried on dur ing the summer w a s merely prelimin a ry a n d m a inly for the purpose n men of a ccustomi g the to their use .

B a n so a n n oxes with ﬂ ri g tops , th t they would est , were co structed , a nd in n e a n n these the ets w re stowed , with the le d li e at on e e d an d the cork line a t the other ; these boxes would hold about four n ets

ea ch .

n a the a an on a nd Whe re dy to set boxes were rr ged the fter deck , a a s a a n an an n the vessel ste med lo g the chor , buoy , d buoy li e were t n a an d n n a m n on hrow overbo rd , the ets were the p id out by two e , e an n n n An h dli g the cork li e a d the other the lea d line . other man n on a new net n one h a d be t whe the previous almost r un out . After PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 55

all ha d been set they were held a n d m a rked by an other anchor an d i n n buoy . The ets were set a cross the tide a d a s much a s possible in a the sh pe of a crescent .

h m on a W ile ost of them were set the bottom , a few were elev ted

S t an a ﬁoats . n a a the ligh ly by me s of gl ss Almost i v ri bly , however , nets ra ised above the bottom c a ught n o ﬁsh . In a n in ne a a n I h uli g the t great de l depen ds upo the c apt a in . n

4 n ot a n n n he a n order to put too much str i upo the ets or t m chi e , the

s h a s n a as n in vessel ould be kept e rly possible over the former , a d I certain kin ds of weather a n d at cert ain st a ges of the tides this re

a an n n h a h n quires c reful m euveri g o t e p rt of t e aviga tor . The n ets were set out in the even ing an d were t aken up at a s e a rly

an in n n a s a he hour the mor i g possible , s t flesh of the cod will dis if h r n ot n color t e fish a e bled soo a fter dying . Steaming up to the h w first buoy t is a s t aken abo a rd . The buoy rope w a s then slipped under a couple of the r a ised fin gers on the n et lifter a n d the engine

J n as n th n h st arted . As soo the ﬁ gers gripped e rope o furt er h an dling

w a s n a a f t a n as w as ecess ry , except to coil it of the m chi e it reeled h n h n a w In at full speed . W e t e a chor appe red it a s lifted aboa rd by n n d the a an d n the net n n t th h a d a he d foot li es of were the j oi ed oge er ,

n th n e a nd a n n n d th thus doubli g e t over , pl ced u der the ﬁ gers a e B u n h n n a a n . t a n d n n e gi e st rted gai few stops were ecess ry , a t e o ly n a a n in n et as a an whe a l rge sk te would be fou d the , the cod , h libut , d

I other fish p a ssed a lon g the trough a roun d the m achin e without any A a w a s a n t a f t a h n t . a rouble man with g ff st tio ed jus of the m c i e , an d his duty w a s to ga ff all fi sh in sufficiently meshed an d apt to fall a out of the n et a s it w a s lifted from the w ter . Other men received

t h a h n ﬁ sh n d o he the n e from t e m c i e , Shook out the , a st wed t former

b ack in the n et boxes . An odd feature of the experimen t w a s the comp a ratively l a rge

h i h Ii t n In on e h number of h alibut c aug t n t e few e s set o e day . aul

10 180 an d 60 a t a n the a an n with n ets cod h libu were t ke , h libut r gi g

0 n a a n in h in weight from 5 to 3 pou ds . No h libut were t ke the ot er

! a n n n at all e a n in the tri ls with gill ets , while o e wer t ke course of the tri a ls with tra wl lin es . A h n r un n a an d h shore t e ets were o to l rge reels , here t ey were dried Th n an d men ded with a min imum of expen se . e reels were so icely a djusted th a t a child could turn one even when l a den with four or ﬁ ve n ets . When in regul a r use it is the intention to h a ve the n ets divided n t in the a one a a into three sets . O e of hese will be w ter , will be bo rd

All n n an d n e h a h . the vessel , whil the ot er will be s ore me di g dryi g

n n a the n a n n n of ets will be do e shore , ﬁsherme h vi g othi g to do with he this p a rt of t work . RI 56 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E E S.

a n n the codﬁsh an a Wh ile the m chi e will work upo b ks proﬁt bly, n a a a th n a either Wi th gill n ets or li e tr wl , it is prob ble th t pri cip l use of the m a chi ne In the n e a r f utlire will be In the s almon an d h a li

t on e a n a n b ut ﬁsheries of Al a sk a . Wi h of these m chi es pl ced upo the deck of a cannery ten der a crew of n ot more th an ﬁve or six men could set out a n d h a ul in from 5 to 10 miles of gill nettin g in a work in d a and in ath a a R a g y , do this we er too rough for Columbi iver bo t in The ill n t a t n in an at . to live . g e s prese t use could be ch ged very

' s n a n an d little expense so a to work i the m chi e , the work could be ca rried on much more che a ply th an is the c ase un der presen t con di

a a n n be tion s . With the use of l rge power vessel gill etti g could n c a rried on in the open bay or sea if the ow er so desired . In the h alibut fisheries the use of the lifter would permit of all the n n ne t n tra wl fishi g bei g do from the deck of the vessel , hus doi g a a the an d n a on w y with dories , with it fishi g could be c rried except duri n g the more Violent storms .

DRE SSING THE F ISH.

As soon as en ough fish h a ve a ccumulated on the deck the dress “ h r r z th ga ng begin s its work . The t oa te sei es the fish by e he a d in the t an a a on e a a an d lef h d , pl ces the b ck the dge of t ble or tub , by me an s of a short kn ife with pointed en d m akes a cut ea ch Side of the throa t just behin d the gills (the fron t of the thro a t h a s previ ously been cut by the fisherm an In order to bleed the fish ) an d an “ ” n n other slit is m a de from the belly to the ve t . The he a der the

and a n a and a a receives the ﬁsh , , gr spi g the he d body , b ckw rd pres

iS ' ma de a a n in r a n sure cross the edge of the t ble or tub , resulti g b e ki g off the he a d a t the ﬁrst vertebr a . He then open s the b elly with r n on the left h an d an d te a rs out the visce a . It is the p assed to the ” l an an a sp itter , the most import t member of the g g , who pl ces the

a a a n a a on a a an d a a S b ck of the ﬁsh g i st cle t bo rd by me ns of hort ,

a n n a en d a n d a he vy k ife , rou ded t the , with the bl de slightly curved

ﬂ a twise n nu n n a en d , co ti es the split dow the belly to e r the of the

a a n a n n a a n . a t il , c re bei g t ke to keep e r the b ckbo e At bout three

ﬁf ths of the dist an ce from the n eck to the t a il the b ackbon e - is cut

a a nd en a c an a en d in n . cross , is loos ed so th t he c tch the his ﬁ gers Graspi ng this with his left h an d he cuts un der it tow a rd the hea d of the ﬁsh an d sep a rates the upper p a rt of the b a ckbon e from the

n a a ﬁsh . In this opera tion the k ife bl de is kept close to the b ck

n n an d a n bo e to preve t loss of flesh , good splitter will drive the k ife n an a n c a a s o deeper th is bsolutely e ess ry , otherwise the thick flesh at b a a in n the ck would be lmost cut two , thus spoili g the fish for

. n re o a an d a a middles The sou ds a n t s ved , it is but r rely th t the

ar a on livers e s ved the vessels . PAC IF IC c on F ISH E RIE S. 57

” The a re n a a nn h a n ﬁsh the p ssed to the bl ck ski er , who , wit old a of a n f th n n m an glove or piece b ggi g, rubs o f e ape ski s or me br e

n n a a an nd n coveri g the pes , lso y blood spots , a the drops the fish n into a tub of s a lt w a ter . Here the fish are soused a roun d u til ithor ou hl an r an are a g y cle by the lesse members of the g g , who c lled ” n are e n d a n idlers , whe they remov d a p ssed through a chute i to the lh l o d a . , where the s lters receive them The salters la y the fish on their b acks with n apes an d t a ils alter In a tin the n a n a g , with exceptio of the top l yer , which is tur ed b ck A n . a n a t is n a a an l up liber l spri kli g of s l throw over e ch l yer , tespecia lly hea vy portion bein g put on where the fish come in con ta ct h a n n 4 wit p rtitio s or the Sides of the vessel . The ke ches are about if eet deep a nd exten d from side to Side of the vessel a nd the full l - Th height of the hold . e first ken ch is usu ally sta rted in the forw a rd a an d a 1p rt of the hold the s lter works tow a rd the a fter p a rt . As the lken ches settle a ddition a l fish are pl aced on top to keep the com

| pa rtment full . A great de a l depen ds upon the thoroughness with which the work

a t n n a s an a a ﬁ h h of s l i g is do e , it is import t th t every p rt of the s s a ll ,

! i a S a . . a n n n ot n t a the rece ve h re If the s lti g is well do e , it is ofte h t lﬁsh n eed to be rekenched ; but if the salt is used too sp a ringly or is

n n a n m a ta n a n h u eve ly pplied , souri g y s rt , which ecessit tes movi g w ole

Ilzenches an d r esalting . Sometimes the effort is m ade on the Atl antic co ast to sa lt a little sl a ck in order to ma ke the ﬁsh eheavy on re achin g

' h h ma t t a t e at . a a n port , with the resul t whole c ch y be lost Sl ck s lti g , owing to the len gth of the trips an d the fa ct th at the ﬁshermen would

' n ot n a the n a h a be efit bec use of i cre sed weig t of the fish , is r rely ever A h w n attempted on this coast . s t e fish lose their ater from salti g it h A 21 runs to the bottom of t e hold an d is pumped out . bout sacks of

h n 100 n a a r e n in n s a lt ( weig i g pou ds e ch ) used to ﬁsh whe ke ch .

a a a n ot f n h a Soured ﬁsh h ve peculi r odor , very dif ere t from t t of h a to h a n n i s auerkraut . T ose ccustomed dli g the ﬁsh become expert n

z n a n n recogn i i g this trouble d pick out the i fected ﬁsh in stantly . Much is Said by the ﬁshermen about the practice of dressing the

n an an d h n a a n t a cod o the b ks t rowi g the gurry overbo rd , cl imi g h t

an d the a n th ﬁ h a the gurry decays on the bottom t i t drives e , s w ay . As san d ﬂe a s ( a mphipod crust acean s) a re very abun d ant on the in

an d f h an a n a n t the n shore of s ore b ks , these sc ve gers , lo g wi h sculpi s an d h t a ot er bo tom feeders , speedily remove every p rticle of edible

a t the n a me from gurry , thus removi g every possibility of the w ter ’ n th a a n h a a o . S bec mi g polluted At e v rious st tio s , ould couple of d ys a h n n the an a n a stormy we t er preve t fishi g , s d fle s will be fou d to h ve a a a a n w at lmost c ught up with the ccumul tio of gurry , hile the season a l st ation s a mon th a fter the season closes the usua l la rge pile RI 5 8 P AC IF IC c on F ISH E E S . of gur ry h a s been reduced to a comp aratively sma ll he ap of bones absolutely cleaned of all flesh .

- SH O RE STATI O N M E T H O DS.

The methods followed by the sh ore station s a re somewh at diff erent from those on bo a rd the vessels . 4 i 3 n a . n S The Shore ﬁshermen usu ally a rise between a d . m ummer

in n . n a a an d between 4 an d 5 a . m . wi ter After getti g bre kf st the

“ - F 9 12 men row out to the nea r by b an ks in their dories . rom to they h a n n a n come stra gglin g in wit v ryi g umbers of cod , the l tter depe d

‘ somewh at n a n u n n on the ing upo luck , but m i ly po the k owledge “ ” p a rt of the fisherm an of the good spots an d the persisten cy with in 180 220 which he fished . The dories use will hold from to fish , a the n umber depen din g upon their si z e . A dory with the gre ter

n in a a a a as number could be h an dled o ly c lm or f irly c lm we ther , it would be so low in th e w ater a s to ship a sea a t every lurch in rough weather . Upon reaching the st ation the fish a re pew ed by the fishermen from the dory into a box loc ated on the Side of the wh a rf an d midw ay be F o a r e w ed n to tween the top an d low w ater . r m here the fish pe o the

‘ dress—house ﬂoor ( the dress house is either at the en d of the w h a rf

a a n e n a n or midw ay of the s me) , the ge t or his r prese t tive keepi g the t ally a s the ﬁsh a re thrown upon the ﬂoor . In the bun k house is hun g a board ruled so as to Show the n a me

’ n n a h d a d a an d a s n a s all of e ach ﬁsherma a d his c tc from y to y , soo the boats a re in the agen t ﬁlls out on this bo a rd the c atch of e a ch man

a d a in men an n n t for th t y , thus giv g the opportu ity to k ow j us how n n a they stan d an d to h av e any correctio s m a de should they be ecess ry . ’ nn at 12 a nd a n a at Di er is o clock , shortly fter the ﬁsherme g ther an d n n as an a n the dress house , dividi g themselves i to m y dress g gs

as n n n . a their umbers will permit , begi the work of dressi g No speci l a r o at a n n n dress gangs e empl yed the st tio s , this work bei g co sidered ’ a p a rt of the fisherman s regul a r work . Th a t portion of the dress gan g in the dress house is gen erally ” “ ” “ ” “ thr oater a a a S nn composed of a , he der , splitter , bl ck ki er , and o a n a n l a man to go over the fish rem ve dheri g b ckbo es , c ots of h t n a n . a d u blood , por io s of bl ck ski , etc , left by those who previo sly ’ an and a man n throater s . h dled it , to pew the fish i to the box The

a r a a a s n a duties of these men e bout the s me o the vessels . E ch dress gan g is equipped with a box set up on legs an d with a slopin g grid wi l n a a . l a ss iro bottom , so th t w ter , slime , etc , p out through the I n are a a a the bottom . this box the ﬁsh pl ced with their he ds tow rd

o n n d a a a . a thr ater . Alo gside a tt ched to this box is a t ble The he der

en n on S throater st an ds at the d ext to the box , the opposite ide from the

— . B . F . Doc . 8 3 0 . PLATE V u. s I.

— H D ’ H T THE HO RE T T O D A . I . LAN IN T E S C ATC A S S A I N F IG. G Y

F I — ’ 2 . G . DO RIE S NESTE D AND DRESS GANG F INISHING UP THE DA S C ATC H Y .

60 P AC IF IC C O D FISH E RIE S.

a ar th at every p a rt of the fish is covered . The l yers e carried from a s a 18 i nches to 2 feet above the top of the butts , so to llow for the a settling which will occur a s the w ter is dr a w n from the fish . No w n a s a o n . n pickle is n ecessa ry o these fish , they m ke their Whe the w in a fish h ave settled below the top of the butt , which they ill do I a a new a r e a . n a a few d ays , sever l l yers of fish dded Al sk the pickle ° ° a a t 87 97 a n in the butts is kept usu lly from to s li ometer test , the a verage being about As the clima te in Al a ska is n e a rly a lw ays

n a t an n n a cold a d d mp , there is but li tle d ger of ﬁsh spoili g if ordi ry F n n in n n a s ca re is used . ish will keep i deﬁ itely stro g pickle so lo g

a n must be they a re covered with it . If kept for lo g time the pickle

n a a a a a a . a dded to occ asio lly to rep ir the losses , p rticul rly from le k ge At the sta tion s the ﬁsh at the top of the butts a re usu ally in spected

a n n a n a every few d ys . Whe the pickle begi s to we ke the top l yer is

n ‘ turn ed b a cks up an d a few b a gs of sa lt l aid o top . These press the

n a nd a n in a ﬁsh dow , , the s lt bei g the b gs , it dissolves much more . slowly th an if thrown loosely over the ﬁsh . At a few st a tion s where the s a lin ometer is n ot in use the a g ent t depen ds upon the use of a pot a to to d etermin e when the pickle is

a a at a stron g en ough . If the pot to ﬂo ts the surf ce of the pickle it t is stron g en ough for curin g cod . a in a a n The pickle forms very r pidly the e rly st ges of the curi g , an d the surplus is a llowed to esc ape at interv a ls through a bun ghole in the butt .

‘ C a re must be taken to see th an the roof does n ot le ak duri n g

a a n as a e i In the he vy r i s , should fresh w t r dr p to the butts the ﬁsh will become slimy . Should the r un vessel be del ayed an d a st ation become ﬁlled to its

a a a a a a in a n h butt c p city , sp ce is usu lly cle red the s lt house a d t e ﬁsh

a n the an d ken ch ed on a t ke from first filled butts the floor , little n n n a an d sa lt bei g spri kled betwee the l yers over the top . Eve

f a in as n a s a t a ef ort is m de to hold them the butts lo g pr c ic ble , a n n a a t n in they ret i their tur l white color much bet er whe pickle , ken ched ﬁsh usu ally a cquirin g a yellowish color . When the st a tion vessel a rrives the pickle is a llowed to run off

an d a re ewed n a an d the ﬁsh , they p out i to c rts wheeled alon g the ’ a nt a a re dock to poi opposite the vessel s h tch , where they dumped n a an d a n n men i to chute p ss the ce i to the hold , where receive an d

n in a ann as on n a n ke ch them the s me m er the ﬁshi g vessels , lmost o a n a s a re a a s lt bei g used , however , the ﬁsh lre dy well cured an d also

a n n h ve a co siderable qu a tity of sa lt a dherin g to them . ta n can n ot a n At s tio s where the vessels lie lo gside the dock , a a a an in 11 to sho l w ter , the vessel is usu lly chored the b ay or and are in r the ﬁsh brought out to it dories , which a e

PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 61

Ia chute rigged up at the outer end of the dock . When a dory is ff ull it is rowed out alongside the vessel and the ﬁsh pewed over the ’ a a n a e u a I rail . As the vessel s r il is co sider bl height from the s rf ce

he a n n a n n a a oof t w ter whe she ﬁrst begi s lo di g , it is ge er lly necess ry tto mg a stage about midw ay between the surface of the w ater an d

to a . ar e n ew ed n a n Ithe p of the r il The ﬁsh the p o to this st ge , whe ce

ne a nt an no of the crew pews them over the r il o o the deck , where other

n n . n a Ima pews them i to the hold This method is very expe sive , s t a a n men and a n s ni requires l rge umber of , is quite slow , lso i jure tthe ﬁsh through the excessive n umber of times th at the pew is driven

minto them . In 1912 on e comp any h a d squa re rope n ets m a de simil a r to those in an n Fused by c a rgo vessels h dli g small p acka ges . A sma ll on e is j pla ced in the forw ard en d of the dory an d a larger on e in the a fter a an n n T ( nd a a n t the n . he e , sp ce for the bo tm to st d bei g left be wee ets

IlﬁSh drop from the chute i n to these n ets . When the dory arrives T aalong side the Vessel the c a rgo hook is lowered over the side . he lfour corn ers of the net h ave been drawn together at the top an d these ’ n n n a the net ar e slipped over the hook , the vessel s do key e gi e st rted ,

n a an d nt the h IWith its co tents lifted over the r il lowered i o old , w here it is emptied by catchin g the hook in the meshes at the b ack

! n h e of the n et an d Sta rtin g the en gin e agai . As t e n t comes up it is

eem tied n and n the p , a fter which it is swu g over the side lowered i to

or n a n a th e n et . B dd y , whe the oper tio is repe ted with other y this nmeth od a vessel is l oa ded in about on e- third the time previously

rre uir ed ar e a n n q , while but few ﬁsh lost lo gside the vessel owi g to n n a an a a n ot neces ccarelessness in pewi g . A other dv t ge is th t it is

th . asary to pew the ﬁsh a fter they a re thrown into e ca rts There is a con siderable loss of ﬁsh in p a ssin g them from the dock

Il e a in a n n to the dory , esp ci lly rough we ther , whe the dory is bobbi g Th t th an d uup an d down like a cork . e use of chu es wi closed sides

Ii - n a n n h n a s built in sectio s , so th t they could be le gthe ed or s orte ed l a a n a a the tthe tide ebbed or ﬂowed , would s ve co sider ble p rt of pres

‘ S e ent w a sta ge from this c a use . T E w a a N If the n et method is n ot employed the best y would be to h ve

T F - the the the O nmedium siz ed scows for tr an sportin g ﬁsh from dock to

s t a a t n iside of the vessel . Wi h these the w ste would be lmos egligible , t a n o as they would be so much l a rger th an the dories th at pra c ic lly ﬁsh would be lost overbo a rd while the scow w as pitching an d rollin g an d n a t ht an d rin the swell a lon gside the dock , owi g to the gre er weig i ath size of the scow the work of lo a ding could be c arried on n we er

i too rough for dories to work . P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

AGE IN THE I D US R WAST N T Y .

- There is much more w a ste in the P a ciﬁc ﬁshery th an in the At

n a nd th a n n a an n l a tic , is is due m i ly to the differe t methods of rr gi g

In t ant h man h a s ! a n n t the ﬁshin g lay . the A l ic ﬁs ery every i teres

h t h an d a an a t z n in t e c a c , it is to his dv t ge to u ili e every portio of the

th n a n a a e a an a fish , us i cre si g the tot l v lu of the f re , which will me n I l a rger sh a re for himself in the fin a l divisio . n the P a cific fishery the fishermen a re p a id a cert a in sum per th ousan d for fish runn in g

n n z over a cert a in Si z e a d a less sum for ﬁsh u der th a t si e . O n the

n a n n n vessels the ﬁsherme h ve othi g to do with dressi g the ﬁsh , this

e n a a a an a re a a n a e . b ing do e by sep r te g g , who p id regul r mo thly w g s At the Shore st a tion s the fishermen dress their own fish a n d a re p a id l a cert ai n sum per thou sa n d for a l ca ught . As a result of this ar r an gement the P a cific crews resen t doin g more th an merely c atchin g

n an d e n a a all a n d dressi g the ﬁsh , th y eve skimp the l tter p rt they n possibly ca . n — As n n a n Liv ers an d to g ues . they receive o pecu i ry be eﬁt from a n and n n a a a n o f the s vi g of livers to gues , they tur lly m ke ef ort to

In n a do so un less compelled to by the ow n ers . dressi g the ﬁsh t cert ain St ations the he a der is expected to te a r loose the liver an d drop

n n n l it i to a bucket , which , whe full , is dumped i to the iver butt ; but even at these st ations prob ably n ot O n e - ﬁf th of the livers a v a il able

' a n an d on a n an extr a bo are s a ved . At some st tio s cert i vessels y is

n a o n n u a e g ged , wh se busi ess it is to cut out to g es , for which he is p id

5 a a n d a . from to $ per b rrel , his bo rd

u — a f a n a an d a S o nd8 . Sever l times e forts h ve bee m de to cut out s ve

n men a a a a a the sou ds , but the h ve lw ys sked such high price per ’ an d in an h hour for the work , so few would be secured our s time , owing to the difﬁculty in cuttin g them loose a n d the gen era l dis in

o nn a n eces clin ati n of the cutter to work , while their thi ess m de it a a ar n in a a a S ry to cut out l ge umber order to ﬁll b rrel , th t the cost l n of O btainin g them w a s out of a l proportion to the selli g price .

— n n and n a r 0 0 03 r oe Duri g the wi ter spri g the cod e sp a w n ing in .

a a an d a s a an are a a n n Al sk , l rge qu tities c ptured by the st tio ﬁsherme

at a n a n an . . th t time , cod roe is exceedi gly bu d t The roe of the cod

an n a the men I is excelle t food product , but except for few served to h in n o a . the mess houses use is m de of them T ey could be preserved , n z n an d a a n either by pickli g or free i g , possible m rket fou d for them in this country . I n the Atl antic ﬁsheries la rge qu antities are prep a red as rogue a n d F a n as a in a n shipped to r ce , where it is used b it the s rdi e ﬁsheries . “ ” In prep a rin g rogue the roes should be so aked for some d ays in old I

n a n d h n a in n a l n 25 a n bri e t e p cked stro g c sks ho di g about g llo s each . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 63

a n d 71 k — T n a h Hea ds 0 6 6 8 . O a a c oic m y , cod he d , well cooked , is the a the ﬁsh but n one at a a n a a on est p rt of , u less is shore st tio or bo rd e n h m b n Is 1 oss1 le one . one of the vessels whe ﬁs i g , it p to get If some were to bring hea ds down to the co a st St ate s in brin e he could doubt t h h less build up qui e a m a rket for t em . As n e a rly all of t e nutri

n in the h a the h a a a an sa w me t is lower lf of e d , sm ll b d could be n ta an d the ha the a h n an d nta n i s lled , upper lf of he d , w ich is bo y co i s n tr nt off a n d th n a a an d n but little u ime , cut row w y , o ly the lower

a w h on a n the ﬂesh cheeks an d the nt t n p rt , hic c t i s y succule o gue , n an d z an a re a h at the sta s a ved . Whe glue fertili er pl ts est blis ed

n a s bt n in the n a t the a tio s , will dou less be do e e r fu ure , upper p rt h h i h a n t . of the he d , w ic is rich glue , could be used for is purpose

n ot n a a the h a the h Should it be co sidered desir ble to s ve e ds , c eeks ( a good - si z ed piece of choice flesh on e a ch side of the hea d) could be h r n . a a e n o cut out a d preserved H libut cheeks , w ich more choice e a re a a be n in a a t th an cod che ks , lw ys to fou d our l rger co s fish m a rkets . — F h n are n n n a a B on es . is bo es comi g i to quite ge er l use by prep rers n fish n a nd n of chicken food . These people gri d up the bo es , , mixi g

n n a an n h n . them with other i gredie ts , h ve excelle t food for c icke s

n ot a n n to th htn At present it does p y to ship the bo es , owi g eir lig ess ' a a h n n n the as comp a red with their l rge bulk , but m c i es for gri di g bon es could be introduced an d the powder obta in ed shipped

proﬁtably . S alt — A l a rge amount of s alt is thrown aw ay annu ally bec ause of

a a n se in the belief amon gst p ackers gen er ally th t s lt o ce u d pickle ,

though n ot dissolved because of the excess employed , becomes ex

a th n ot t c an a n t a t h a nsted . Th t is is rue re dily be demo s r ed by dis h solving it in w ater an d testin g it with a s alin ometer . W ile it . might n ot be desirable to use it a secon d time in the saltin g tan k it could be w ashed an d used in curin g sn appers an d other ﬁsh which

are to be m a rketed In a pickled con dition .

E PRE PARING C O D F O R MARK T .

n As soon a s a fishing or st ation vessel reaches its home st atio the fish a th are are l an ded a n d put in to lon g troughs filled with w ter , where ey

h a r e h n n t in the t a cle aned with brushes . T ey t e put i to but s s or ge n us a n a a n n t hO es , b cks dow , except the top l yer , s lt bei g spri kled be wee n d n th a e a n n n n e a ea ch l y r , the mou t used depe di g upo the degre le g of n the a a t h a a s alting on the vessel . O top of pile is pl ced bou lf h at u t the bushel of s alt to stren gthen the we ak pickle whic flo s p o o the one a n ht a n , surfa ce . If the fish h ve bee but lig ly s lted vessel fi h a nd th e a t a or two b a gs of s alt are l aid on top of the s s l llowed a n in n n to melt gra du ally . The fish rem i the butts u der shelter u til ‘ 3 007 9 ° — 1 6 — 5 64 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

ma a a in a a orders are received , which y be ye r or more ; th t c se more sa lt being added from time to time ; but the soon er they a re used a a t n n a fter the ﬁrst few weeks the better , otherwise they h ve e de cy n a n o so f to turn yellow . Su light will lso tur them yell w , every ef ort is m a de to keep the stor a ge house in deep sh a dow . _ The butts are n a a an a either imme se hogshe ds or squ re t ks m de of bolted timbers , an d a re used over an d over a ga in for yea rs . n n n n an d t ae The curi g of salt ﬁsh depe ds upo dryi g , his is com

li h i n e a — b use a an d p s ed thre w ys y the of s lt , by pressure , by ex

sure air in n air in a . O n c a po to the , either the ope or drier this o st r a ll three agents a e employed .

When the ﬁsh a re t aken out of the butts they are piled in a ken ch . or w ater - horsed to dra in O ff p a rt of the brine an d to give the ﬁsh

Th r a a a a a n . e a e n a smooth ppe r ce ﬁsh st cked f ce dow , with the n a in n a a in n exceptio of the lowest l yer co t ct with the r ck , ke ches

4 . n an r about feet high If there is urge t dem d for them , they a e left in this con dition for 24 to 48 hours . If more time can be al

a re re iled at end n da a lowed , they p the of the ﬁrst or seco d y , so th t the ﬁsh on top may go to the bottom a n d be subj ected to pressure to squeez e out p a rt of the w a ter . If the we ather is un fa vor able for

n n re iled n da a n d m a dryi g the ke ch is p every seco d or third y , this y

- n n 10 a . as be co ti ued for d ys or more With full pickle ﬁsh , such pre

n a n ot n a n a - r p a red o this co st , it is ecess ry to ke ch or w ter ho se so

as in a a - a a - thoroughly the c se of sl ck s lted or h rd dried ﬁsh .

F a - a a re w rom the w ter horse the fish go to the fl kes , which of t o n a d an n n n a an n . ki ds , st tio ry c ti g, the former bei g the more commo a n a a a 8 e 3 0 n The fl ke co sists of l ttice bed bout f et wide , i ches high , a n as n ma n nd as lo g the requireme ts y dema d . The l attice used on

a an a 1 n on the a a this bed is m de of tri gul r strips i ch b se , pl ced about 3 inches ap a rt . The ﬁsh therefore rest upon a Sh a rp edge a 4 n n a bout every i ches , this givi g the m ximum circul ation of a ir

- a . an n ﬂ ake a r bout the ﬁsh The c ti g fr mes , of which there a e a num

in on a are n a t ber use this co st , ﬁxed o ly the middle an d to a hori z ontal a a can n at an a r z n xis , so th t they be tur ed gle with the ho i o , in order to expose only the edge of the ﬁsh to the sun and to get

n n a z r the be efit of eve slight bree e . They a e practic a l only in y a rds nn n n ru i g n orth a d south . “ an a a n n as a Rect gul r boxes , with pe ked roofs , k ow fl ke boxes , a re n n a in a a used for coveri g the fish , whe g thered together sm ll he ps , a n f e a n . n a 3 8 n e n 22 rom d mp ss or r i This box is ge er lly i ch s lo g, n and 14 n - i ches wide , i ches high , the whole being m a de of inch a s rough bo rd .

H E RIE S 66 P AC IF IC C O D F IS .

“ ” a s a n s fin s cut Off . If it is to be put up bsolutely bo eles the fish n o an d is p a ssed to the bo e pickers , who rem ve with forceps the ribs i he are be a as any pieces of bon e left n t body . If the fish to p cked “ ” - n fin s n are off an d the thick a so c a lled boneless , the the o ly cut p rt the a fin s an of the b a ckbon e cut out closely , sm ll pieces of the , ribs , d b ackbon e bein g allowed to rem a i n . “ ” In m a king bricks or blocks the fish ar e then cut to the desired si z e on a t able m a de of blocks with open ings between them at regu

Th s an a s n n a re a r n a . e a la i terv ls ﬁsh , sometimes m y eight or i e , l id one on top of the other on the cuttin g t able SO th at the best p a rts

n - n n come between the open in gs . Then a lo g bl a ded k ife is drive

t and a re a a n . through hem they re dy to be p cked i to bricks , etc A

n a . trough , or miter box , is also used for securi g the s me result

a re a a n d w The pieces of ﬁsh p ssed to girls , who sort them eigh out

a n 2 n - ex actly pou d or pou ds , whichever the weight of the brick is to

are t o a a a be . Two good slices selected m ke the outside of the p ck ge n a d short or n a rrow strips to m a ke up the middle p a rt . The weighed

a a the ﬁsh is p ssed to the brickm ker , who selects , ﬁrst , piece which will

a a and an an d a in a an z - n m ke whole side edge , pl ces it the g lv i ed iro

a a re n in an d a a i ni n mold ; the sm ller pieces the put , l stly the rem g n n l a rge piece to m a ke a side . The selecti g a d pl acin g of the pieces in w such a ay as to m ake the best appea rin g c a ke is quite a kn a ck . The 6 n n 3 n an d n mold , which is i ches lo g by i ches wide i ches deep , is

an a n a nd pressed tightly by foot or h d power , held for few seco ds , n n h h ad n a a the stri gs , w ich previously bee pl ced cross the bottom of

‘ in are a n a n the mold grooves left for the purpose , tied rou d e ch e d . The p a ckage is then completed by wra pping in p a ra ffin ed or p a rch

n a i an d a n on me t p per with rec pes other m tter pri ted it . Some p a ckers wra p in the p a rchment or par afli ned p a per an d then in close i n a a a . ar e a a lithogr phed wr pper There sever l gr des of bricks , de n n n a a an and pe di g upo the ppe r ce color of the fish , the choicen ess O f an d a the pieces used , the speci l curin g to which the fish w a s origi

- - - n a . n 1 n 2 n lly subj ected Twe ty four pou d , twelve pou d , or twelve

3 - n a a a pou d bricks m ke cr te or c a se . The boneless ﬁsh put up in

5 - n n ot r un 12 pou d boxes , but pressed , to a cr a te . a a re in Sever l forms of presses used this work , the most common

n n a S n a n a n a co sisti g of lidi g box h vi g two or three comp rtme ts , e ch S z a n d a a n of the i e desired , so rr ged th at a h an d or foot lever forces a n in one a n a a block dow comp rtme t t time . The pressure rem a in s

h are n a in n a nt an w ile the ﬁsh bei g pl ced the seco d comp rtme , d when it is relea sed the box is slid a lon g u ntil the secon d comp a rtmen t n comes u der the press , when the brick in the ﬁrst comp a rtment is removed . — u. s . B . F . Doc . 83 0 . PLATE VIII.

— H D TRIP FO R T E MAKING O F C O BRIC KS. I . C TTING S S F IG . U

— MAKING C O D BRIC KS. F IG. 2 .

PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 67

' “ ” codfish n n a s a codfish fibered codfish Shredded , k ow desicc ted , , “ ” ” a codfish an d skri led codfish a fl ked , g g , is m de up from the trim m n n ot a n a a an d i gs otherwise used in p cki g the regul r t blets , is pre ou a n n Th pa red this co st by o ly o e comp any . e ma teri al used is a s good as an r i y employed , but the pieces a e too sm all to be used n the I t r u h regul a r brick . is n t rough a m achine which tea rs the muscle into small fibrous bun dles . In order to get this very fine an d fluff y it may be n ecessa ry to press out p a rt of the w a ter a fter the first treat m n an d r un it the a n a a n an d n it e t through m chi e g i , the sift it to free

. l t n Th h from a l p a r icles of bo e . e s redded ﬁsh is put up in 5 an d 7

n a n a n d a the att n h i ou ce c rto s j rs , l er bei g ermetic ally sealed n v acuum .

- a Twen ty four boxes or j a rs m ke a cra te .

A con siderable qu a n tity of skin n ed cod is put up in 100 - pou nd “ ” r n L h a . s e a a c ses The e a divided i to rge w ole , Extr large whole , “ ” h an d E a stern style . T ese ca ses con t ain some of the fin est of the w co an d a the n in hole d cured , the gr de is fixed by umber of fish the

- The a n a are a in a n an ar ca se . l st med p cked e ster wood d e supposed to most n ea rly resemble the ea stern ﬁsh of the same siz e an d style of n prep a ratio .

a a - a are in The Porto Ric n export , or h rd s lted ﬁsh , p acked drums , b an d n the but h are a oxes , bu dles to suit order , t ere regul r drums

44 Th 448 - f r 2 00 3 00 an d 8 n . e o n o , , pou ds p u d drum is ﬁsh a in l a rgely in the Porto Ric an tra de . The p cked

all well dried . d in drums the ﬁsh ar e ca refully arran ged in circul a r

n a a a n in the ﬂesh side up , u til sever l l yers h ve bee put , are t n a r is pl aced b a cks up . The ﬁsh he well t mped

F re a a n an d the a ooden t amper . ish a g i a dded t mp

h n a ﬁsh are n a on the interva ls . W e the l st ﬁ lly piled

n h a an d a a h a exten d severa l i c es bove it , r tc et or press is n ecessa ry to force them down so th a t the hea d

In .

the winter months a sm a ll business is don e in prep a rin g a h n con r the San F ra n cisco tra de . Usu lly t is busi ess is ea stern p a ckers who use the very sma ll h a ddock in pre Occa sion a lly sma ll h a ddock are n ot a va ilable from ea st

n a n and it th n th at the La n durin g the wi ter se so , is e ti eoples of Ca liforni a fa ll b a ck upon the loca l p a ckers for a n a h h h n a a lies . Sm ll s ppers , of w ic t ere is ever l rge

a a r e a n d the ﬁsh ar e h a a n d h n co st , used , rd dried t e t n a t tha the n un ds in a drum . It is for u e t busi ess

h a a s a n a a a n on ten sive on t is co st , it me s he vy dr i which if allowed to live a yea r longer would be much R ’ 68 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E IE S.

La rge qu an tities O f cod a re sold a fter h a vin g been w ater - horsed a n d p acked in bu n dles w eighin g 50 an d 100 poun ds . These ﬁsh ar e

A n a t a in a iShad n ot ski nned . co sider ble r de this gr de of fish with n n the Ha w a i i a Isl a ds . n Skinn ed fish a r e also put up in strips a d middles . The strips consist of on e - h a lf the fish split down the middle an d a r e cut to suit the tra de— some left whole an d some with more or less of the n a pe i a n d thi n ner portion at th e ta il cut off n order to g et he a vy pieces . 20 4 These a r e put up usu ally in an d 0 pou n d boxes . The middle is the whole fish a fter bein g skinn ed an d the n apes an d t a il cut off ; h ow much of the n a pes an d t a il is cut O ff depen ds upon the n umber

’ i z re O f middles permitted n a box of a certa in si e . They a quoted

— 10 10 12 i 40 - the z 8 n a n . usually by si e to , or to , pou d box They

- F a re a lso p acked in 60 poun d boxes . requently e a ch in dividu al fish is cut tran sversely the width of the box an d folded over itself . Thick fish a re sometimes cut tr a n sversely an d e ach piece split an d folded h over in such a m ann er th a t t e cle an cut a ppe a rs outside . The fish are also sometimes cut tr an sversely a cross the fiber an d tightly h nn n p a cked in boxes with t e fiber ru i g perpen dicul a rly .

' a in n - a codfish on a a I s a an d The tr de bri e s lted the P cific co st sm ll , I n n n a n a . n th is co fi ed exclusively to the sm ll fish or s ppers pickli g . e

a r e a an d a in in a m an ﬁsh dressed , split , w shed , s lted butts the s me

- n . ner a s h as been heretofore n oted in prep a ri g dry s alted cod . When

n a are r emoved ' f r om an shipme t is to be m de the ﬁsh the butts , cle ed

t an d a in h ha a wi h brushes , pl ced tig t lf b rrels , flesh side up , except to a a a n n the p l yer , which is pl ced b ck up , the fish bei g be t to follow h a n the curve of t e h alf b a rrel . It is import ant th t the fish be ot

n a rep acked u til thoroughly struck , otherwise the ﬂesh will be m rked with yellow Spots c aused by cont act of the imperfectly cured ﬁsh

a a at a an d with e ach other . S lt is pl ced the bottom of the b rrel over

— a a O f one a - a a eek n e ch l yer ﬁsh , from h lf to three qu rters of p bei g n n used to e a ch h alf b a rrel of ﬁsh . The b a rrel is then hea ded a d stro g

h 3 8 - z n bri ne a dded through the bung ole . About medium si ed s appers

i M es ﬁsh are a are required to ﬁll a h alf b a rrel . ost of th e sold to co st ers plyi n g up an d down the co a st an d are fed to the crews .

" The st ation ﬁshermen frequen tly prep a re a cod delic a cy which

n . n a a a fi they e j oy very much Selecti g suit ble cod stom ch , the sher m n a a an n n d . a a a will c refully cle this i side out Sever l fresh , he lthy are n ﬁne an d a cod livers the picked out , chopped , mixed with little

and a a ar e f a t ﬂour veget bles ; the stom chs stuf ed with this mixture , f er e which they ar cooked like s ausa ges .

Sto sk — f n n a n h as ckﬁ . O rece t ye a rs a co sider ble busi ess developed i a n in n the prep a r ation of stockﬁsh . Two sm all shore st tio s the Shumag ins devote a con sider able portion of their energies during PAC IF I O D C C F ISH E RIE S. 69

n a h the colder portio of the ye r to t is work , while a few in dividu als a n a a a n n occ sio lly h ve put up v ryi g qu a tities . In prep a ring stoc kfish the fish are split in the regul a r w ay to a s a n pot little below the ve t . The b ackb one is then removed an d the S n a a as f ar as n fish plit i to two equ l h lves the first cut exte ded . n a are S ppers sometimes merely gutted . The drying ya rd comprises a network of wires running from

c n a n . a re n rosspieces iled o to uprights The ﬁsh hu g over these wires , s in an d n ﬂesh ide , supported by the u divided portion of the ta il .

e are a in sun an d n a al Her they llowed to cure the wi d , no s lt at l n as n a s n n bei g used , sometimes for lo g six or seve weeks , the le gth of time depen ding upon how much moisture there is in the atmos

- here. n n n n a n are n p Duri g lo g co ti ued r i s the ﬁsh stored u der cover , n ot a n n n a a n but it does hurt them to rem i out duri g ordi ry r i s .

n n are a a in and Whe bo e dry the ﬁsh stowed w y dry , cool houses , r n when shipped a e bou d by wires into b ales .

s Is a on in n Is n a n Thi work c rried wi ter , which the o ly se son whe n i h c a a a n S uma ins . omp r tively dry , cold we ther is experie ced the g In shipping and storin g these ﬁsh gre at c are must be exercised to ee a a re not a in a a a an n s th t they pl ced d mp room , or th t ythi g damp i n c In n a as n a . omes co t ct with them , th t eve t they will become slimy F ish prep a red in this mann er will keep for a much longer period th an when prep a red by any other method . It is much practiced by h t e Norwegi ans . When desired for the table a sufficient number are put to soa k in

at an d a n t five a a n han w er rem i here four to d ys , the w ter bei g c ged h n re in every d ay . When of t e desired soft ess the fish a put fresh w ater with some lye and a llowed to rema in about 24 hours . The lye cuts the slime from the fish an d gives it an a dded fl a vor .

‘ T — n n on g uea Cod ton gues are sa ved whe ever possible . O the ves

on n a m at at n sels e of the dress ga g usu lly cuts the out , while the st io s some one other th an a regul ar fisherm an usu ally does this work . A ’ aw and n n s cod s ton gue is a ttached to the lower j , whe cut out i clude h n ut n all th at p a rt of the j aw lyi ng inside the j awbon e . W e c ti g f the fish the a a ton gues the opera tor t akes hold O by b ck of the he d , the fish the a using the eyes for finger holds . As he lifts by he d n h n t an t the its mouth usu a lly fa lls ope , t e with his o her h d he cu s

n h t h a n n t the w to gue loose on t e sides wi h a s rp k ife , the cu s loose lo er h w end a long the curvin g bon e formin g the b ack p a rt of t e lower j a . The ton gue is then hanging by a thin strip at the forw a rd en d of the h n The t n a re aw h n n the a . j , from w e ce it is tor loose by d o gues cured

in a t an d a n h u h t are loosely ba rrels with s l , fter bei g t oro g ly s ruck n h h ar e h a a t p acked in ba rrels holdin g 200 pou ds , w ic e ded up , f er n which a strong brine is a dded through the bung . They are sold i I H E RIE S 7 0 P AC IF IC C O D F S .

a in a a a an d . these b a rrels or else rep cked h lf b rrels , p ils , kits Some d n AS n a re mixed with soun ds an d sold as ton gues a n sou ds . n o sou ds

a n n are in a n a re s aved on this coast , e ster sou ds employed p cki g the l atter . o ﬁsh n a n are n a a t C d to gues , especi lly whe fresh , co sidered gre deli a re a in a n n c acy . They thoroughly w shed order to cle them , the dried

a an in a a u an d with cle cloth , rolled bre d or cr cker cr mbs , fried the a n can a in the a same as oysters . The s lt to gues be prep red s me m ann er a fter h avin g been thoroughly so aked in fresh w ater . The p ackers n ever overstock with codﬁsh ton gues if it can be a as in a a a n a n a n voided , ye r or two p rt of the to gue h rde s , thus m ki g s it pra ctically worthless a food .

n i — n an a a n a an 0 an ng . O the Atl tic co st co sider ble qu tity of cod “ ” a ﬁ h An n is canned a nn u ally un der the n m e of cod s ﬂ akes . eve

n a a n d a re an n n grea ter qu a tity of h ke , h ddock , a cod c ed together u der “ ” the n ame of fish fl akes . The opportun ity for c an n in g cod is h especi ally goo d on the P a cific co ast . Sever a l of t e sa lmon c ann eries a a in to an an d a s n re loc ted close proximity the cod b ks , these pl a ts a lrea dy h ave the m a chin ery an d employees n eeded for c a rryi n g on

in a n ann n a n a nn this work dditio to the c i g of s lmo , cod could be c ed much more che a ply th an if a pl an t h ad to be erected especi a lly for

n of a a n the work . As o other members the G did e other th a the true

a re a a a e on a a the r oduct ' c ould cod v il bl the P ciﬁc co st for this work , p

n a cod a n a n a n e be sold u der l bel , which would co sider bly e h c its v a lue . — - v A n a il w C od li er oiZ. t a e a rly d te in the ﬁshery O a s being ex

a o the . In 1866 a n tr cted fr m livers of cod , g llo s were reported a s n n a n e a O f n exa er a bei g re dered , which st teme t seems som wh t a gg I tion when the then exten t of the ﬁshery is t a ken i n to a ccoun t . n 187 9 Lyn de Hough are reported a s bri n gi n g to San F r a n cisco I n gallon s O f oil . n l a ter yea rs a sm a ll qu a tity w a s prep a red ea ch sea th n t n n son e a n n n d . , qu ti y depe di g upo the dem a d a price All the oil prep a red w a s by mean s of rotti ng the livers in l a rge v a ts

a an d n - t a t n a n w a s or hogshe ds , the resulti g produc , f er bei g str i ed , n shipped in this co dition . I 1899 A ﬁ n n the l ask a C od sh C O . i st alled a reﬁn in g pl a nt at its

a n in a a a n d a t it Kelleys Rock st tio , Al sk , oper ed successfully u ntil 100 b a rrels ( iro n - li n ed recept acles holdi ng 20 gallon s) h a d a cc umu a n a n F an n d th il l ted , whe they were brought to S r cisco a e O offered

a to a n - l O il A for s le m kers of emulsio of cod iver . t th a t time the m a rket w as overlo a ded with this gra de of oil an d the best price

f w a s a a the n ta n the w a t n d of ered bout wh t co i er cost , so oil s s ored a the an t t pl shu down . A few ye a rs l a ter the m a rket picked up a n d the

O il w as t 22 I th a disposed of a $ per b a rrel . n e me n time the com

72 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

M ARK E T F O R P AC I F I C C O D .

n a h n on The development of the dem a d for P ciﬁc cod as bee , e of In a in slow growth a gainst grea t obst a cles . the e rly days of the

w a a on a and a s a w as dustry all O f the catch s m rketed the co st , s lt ﬁsh an a O a n sc a rce an d in good dem d , f irly good prices were bt i ed for w n in an n an as n fe n . an a rticle which , m y i st ces , o ly i dif re tly cured n a a e an n of n t The success of the pio eers led to r pid xp sio the i dus ry , with the result th at the local m a rket w as soon overstocked an d the curers ha d to look to the Middle Western an d E astern St ates an d abro a d for a m a rket for the surplus . a n an d a a a At this period the e ster curers , the l rge wholes le s lt ﬁsh houses sc attered throughout the country who purch a sed their sup n a plies from them , co trolled the m rkets for cod throughout the

all n n United St ates , while of the cod exported from this cou try we t n a a a nd a from New Engl a d . N tur lly these curers , the wholes lers - n n ot n n P aciﬁc depen dent upo them , did welcome the i trusio of cod , an d while they were u n able to preven t the loss of the grea ter p a rt

a a a . of their tra de on the P ciﬁc co st , they fought h rd for the rest De alers and con sumers were told in some in st an ces th at the ﬁsh pre ’ n ot a a p a red by this co a st s curers were cod , or th t they were very

’

a n ot . a i n ferior gra de of cod ; th t the ﬁsh would keep , etc Th t these missta temen ts h ad a wide dissemin ation and m a de a con sider able impression is eviden ced even to this day in the prej udice which is met with in differen t sections of the coun try again st P a ciﬁc cod .

n n a a a n an U fortu tely, the P cific co st producers , through ig or ce , pl ayed right into the h an ds of their tr a de en emies when first inv a d ing the territory hitherto held by them alone . Some of the fish were poorly prep a red an d p a rt of them were shipped a cross the contin ent

n ea w as a an d as h a d n during a sea son whe the w ther w rm , they bee

in n a a a O f n stowed ordi ry box c rs , the temper ture these correspo ded to

h a SO a a in a n a in t e we ther , th t the ﬁsh rrived the e ster m rket very poor

n n n a wh o h a d n l n co ditio , thus disgusti g the few de lers bee wi li g to

a a . an d give them tri l The shippers quickly discovered their error , t f ter w ar d s restricted shipmen ts for lon g dist a n ces to the colder months of the yea r an d also used refrigera tor c a rs . The d am age h a d

n an d n on w as an d a n been do e , however , from the it slow discour gi g uphill work exten din g the m a rket for P a ciﬁc cod e a st of the Rocky

Mount ains . The ﬁght of the P a ciﬁc cod for a dmission into e a stern m a rkets is a

a a ff a n o typic l ex mple of how di icult it is to overcome prej udice ,

a n f n n m tter how i suf icie tly fou ded .

O n a a one O f a a the P ciﬁc co st but species the G did e, the true cod , or Ga dus ma cr oce b a lus n a ﬁ n z p , is to be fou d of suf cie t si e for dry

a n an d as a n in an n i n s lti g , , result , is the o ly species sold y co dit o an h other th fresh . At the very time t e dealers were refusi ng P aciﬁc A F P C I IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 73

and a n a a t a a cod , for umber of ye rs f er , the v st m j ority of them were

a n a n a an d re purch si g from e ster curers h ke , cusk , pollock , closely a to h a and in the n n l ted species the true cod , but much c e per , , opi io n n n d n of those best i formed , much i ferior to the true cod , a selli g as t a n th the these rue cod lo g wi cod itself . The a dven t of the pure food l a w compelled the de alers to sell the fish for wh at they re ally r an d a s a su the a we e , re lt m rket for the P acific cod h as been r a pidly n n S n wide i g i ce . B eing shut off from Europe an d the e a st coa st of South an d C en tr al America by high freight rates an d the great distan ce the fish h a d t a a a t f M to r vel , the P cific de lers direc ed their ef orts tow a rd exico ,

a n a A a an a an d the west co st of Ce tr l meric , the isl ds of the P ciﬁc , A a t a n o si with mos gr tifyi g results . At ne time a l a rge busi n ess w a s n A a a n a n do e with ustr li , u til th t Commo wea lth en acted a strin gent la w prohibitin g the use of preservatives on shipments into th at cou ntry of s alt ﬁsh . As the goods h a d to p a ss through the Tropics on w a to A a a an d A a an r their y ustr li , the ustr li s a e n ot a ccustomed to

n a - a usi g h rd cured fish , he vy losses through fish spoilin g resulted from this prohibition and the m a rket there h a s been much curta iled as a result . Despite the n atur al an d a rtifici a l h an dicaps u n der which the in dustry suffered a con siderable tra de h as been developed in the West n a n d h as n n a n an w r I dies , this bee much e l rged si ce the Europe a

an la an broke out , the Norwegi s , who formerly shipped rge qu tities to n un w in n n n a a ne a G a . this sectio , h ve fo d m rket erm y The ope i g of the Pan am a Can a l h a s also greatly a ided in the exp ansion of the n tr a de in this sectio of the world . The Asi an m a rket will un doubtedly in time att ain to l arge di

men sion s . n an d a n O f a a has n At prese t , for umber ye rs b ck , it bee stea dily widen in g a s the ﬁsh became better known and the mean s of n tran sporta tion i crea sed . H aw aii consumes l a rge qu antities of cod an d the greater p art of

a n F an a n a this comes from the P acific coast . S r cisco de lers ship e rly all of the bu n dle fish (fish which h a ve been w ater - horsed an d put into bu n dles of 100 poun ds ea ch an d b agged) an d a considerable

a t a n a a i nl p r of the c sed cod , while the Puget Sou d de lers ship m y c a sed ﬁsh . Mexico is ra pidly developing into an excellent m a rket for P aciﬁc

a n a a n a an cod , m i ly for c sed ﬁsh which h ve bee h rder dried th for n co sumption n ea rer home . n and n a m a The in cre a se in steamship li es to South Ce tr l A eric , n a an a a aid in due to the open in g of the P a am C l , will gre tly the

widening of the m a rkets for P a ciﬁc cod in th at region of the world . The deman d on the p a rt of the p ublic for dried cod is n ot wh at it

n a a t h a an d ue to ought to be , a d good p r of t is l ck of dem d is the R E 74 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E I S. a rch aic methods of doi n g busin ess prev alent n ot only in the P acific i cod in dustry but also in th a t of the Atlant c . If the shippers of codfish were to copy somewh at the methods a s a followed by the mea t p ackers they would h ve less los from spoil ge , while the fish would present so much n icer appe a ran ce th at the de n f n man d for it would materially in crea se . The o ly dif ere ce between

h a sa lted meat a nd salted ﬁsh is th a t t e l atter is less li ble to spoil . When Shippin g to the Atl antic se ab oa rd the de a lers usu a lly select the se a son from November t o Ma rch an d lo a d the ﬁsh in refriger ator

a a re n n . I n c a rs . The l tter cooled but little duri g the shipme t ship pin g l esser distan ces the ﬁsh a re usu ally stowed in ordin a ry box ca rs . Sometimes the se box c a rs are shun ted on to sidetra cks an d held for ° t an d a a o 65 F . n d ays a a time , should the temper ture rise b ve duri g this period an d u n der these con dition s redden in g is apt to appea r . The better pl an is to h ave cold - storage depots loc ated in tra de cen ﬁ h be e in a o a h o ters . The s could shipp d refriger t r c rs to t ese dep ts

e n o be in a . a fr que tly , where they c uld put stor ge The ret ilers could the in a sa n o la then be en coura ged to order ﬁsh sm ll lots , y e ugh to st

10 a and t a a a on an for a week or d ys , thus hey would lw ys h ve h d comp a ra tively fresh ﬁsh .

In a n o n the e n their e ger ess , h wever , to do busi ess j obb rs freque tly

a a th e a the an overlo d the ret iler , with result th t ﬁsh dry out to such extent th a t th e salt cryst a lli z es upon it an d the ﬁsh presen ts an nu

a a a an if a e es a o a a n attr ctive ppe r ce , while the temper tur ris b ve cert i t n n point redden in g is ap to oc cur should co ditio s be ripe for it . ar an a n d Grocery stores e the chief h dlers of cod , but few of them u a re properly equipped for doin g this . It is b t r a rely th at a customer n on e on n who e ters of these stores will see dried cod exhibitio , or , if a o in a a an d n n he does , it is usu lly wh le ﬁsh j umbled up c se prese ti g in an un attra ctive a ppea ra n ce . Usu a lly the ﬁsh is kept a b ack room l a an d n n the or the ce l r is brought out o ly whe customer orders it . As m an y customers a re in an uncert a in fra me of min d as to wh at

an n n a an d a a a an they w t whe they e ter store , usu lly decide fter gl ce na a a over the visible stock , it follows tur lly th t but few ever order

a an d n a a n o in n n s lt cod , , owi g to the extr l bor i v lved bri gi g the cod ’ a a a a the t from the b ck room or cell r , the clerks r rely ever c ll cus omer s a ttention to its existen ce . If the reta iler ﬁtted up a small refrigera ted Show ca se with gl a ss

an d in n ot n e sides top , somewhere the store proper , he could o ly ke p i n a a etc . this his dried cod , especi lly the bricks , t blets , middles , ,

' o a a an on n a a a which c uld be t stefully rr ged chi tr ys , but could lso displ ay a number O f other a rticles which require to be kept in a

a an d a re a in o es - a s cool pl ce which usu lly sold g rocery st r , such smoked ﬁsh , pickled ﬁsh , etc . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RI E S. 75

' ﬁ dis la ed thus n n t With the sh p y promi e tly before the cus omer , his a n n a t n a a t a n d tte tio is o ce ttr c ed to it , he is much more li able to pur h ch a se it t a n if the product were kept out of sight and on ly produced n a a whe customer c lled for it .

The gre a ter p a rt of the b ricks an d t ablets are n ow wra pped in white p a rchment p aper with the bran d an d a little letterin g prin ted

' ou in a n a n it eutr l ti t . A few of the more progressive dea lers wrap in them the p a rchment an d then in close the p a ck age in a n orn atelv h a a lit ogr phed wr pper . The latter m a kes a very a ttr a ctive appea r an an d n a a ce , u doubtedly ids in c llin g the a ttention of the con sumer

the a a a a s n a to product , p rticul rly if it is displ yed recomme ded bove , as as in a - a a n is the c e few of the high cl ss delic tesse stores . An even better meth od would be to p a ck the bricks an d t ablets in lithographed . a n a to a z c rto s m de hold cert in si es . O n on e side recipes f or cookin g an d prep a rin g the ﬁsh Should be printed ; if the ﬁsh is improperly a a n a a prep red by cook u f mili r with it , those who p a rtake of it are not apt to w an t it a gain .

C O M P ARATI E AN AL SE S O F P AC IF I C AN D ATLAN TI C D V Y C O .

Much has been sa id a n d written a s to the alleged superiority of

Atlantic over P a ciﬁc cod . While there a re a n umber of an alyses

A an i an a n n a n of tl t c cod ext t , the s me , u fortu tely , is ot true of the n P a ciﬁc Cod . The only o e a v a il able is th a t m a de for the Robinson

F A . n d C o . n a a a w as a isheries , of cortes , W sh , the subject sample of F a . n a one an a A shredded P ciﬁc cod ortu tely , there is lysis of tlantic shredded cod with which it can be comp a red . The an alyses follow

O M P ARI F P A I F I AND AT AN TI H RE DDE D DF I H C SO N O C C L C S C O S .

P aciﬁc Atlan tic b cod . a ood .

Pr r otein ( calc . f om ni trogen ) r r ff tein ( 0 3 10 . f om di erences) gag

F uel value per poun d calori es ( calc . )

0 Ana s s ma e St w e G a n New ork N . . ly i d by ill ll l ddi g , Y , Y

P a e a 19 7 . 0 Wi e . 126. i i 0 b Har e W . F oo s and T eir A u terat on D r . d h d l i , y v y l y , p h l d lph ,

RE DDE N I N G O F GO D .

' A source O f con siderable expen se an d ann oyan ce to the c odfish h n ot n p ackers is the occ a sion al redden ing of the fish . W ile so commo t n t an d an a t to on the P a cific co a st as on the A l a ic Europe co s s , due the much lower me an tempera ture durin g the w a rm months an d pos

l o a a at . sib y the grade of salt used , yet it d es ppe r times IF I O D F ISH E RIE S 7 6 P AC C C .

C odfish an d some other salt - cured fish a re subj ect to spoil age when ° 5 F a - m n exposed to a tempera ture above 6 . The spoil ge is a ifested n d n by the surface of the fish turn in g red a emitti g a foul odor . This n a a n d in an d h a s n in is a n O ld compl a int o both co sts Europe , bee l n on an a a s an n the c reasing y expe sive the Atl tic co st , the exp sio of i n dustry has n ecessit ated the m a rketin g of grea ter an d gre ater f t a qu a ntities O f fish durin g the w a rm months O he ye a r . It ppe a rs

n on - a fish a s in e o ly the dry s lted , fish completely submerged pickl seems to be immun e so long as it is reta in ed there . The first Sign O f redn ess a ppe a rs when the dried fish a re stored on

n an d nn n an d a n a re n but the grou d ﬂoor before the ski i g p cki g do e , frequen tly it may n ot a ppea r un til m any days a fter the ﬁsh has been p a cked an d shipped .

Redden in g is essen ti ally a surfa ce i n fection . Except as it follow s

in a air h as a ﬁssures the muscles , cuts , or bre ks where the free ccess ,

a a the a . a it does n ot ppe r below surf ce O n the whole ﬁsh , the f vorite

n a a n a a n an d t a poi t of tt ck is e r the b ckbo e , his is due to the gre ter l n n at a l . thick ess of ﬂesh , which i sures more moisture times It is more often foun d u pon the outside of the bricks or t ablets .

a fl ected a a n at Sometimes the fish is of p le , pi k color , other times n a bright red . Experiments h a ve disclosed th at the pi k is c a used by the germs being In a thin l ayer “ I;m y moist fish ; the more i n ten se color appea rs when the fish i s drier a n d the germs form thicker

n I a h spots or a series of colo ies . n the l tter stage the germs a ve a

an d a a an a n n ma moister more oily ppe r ce , lthough both co ditio s y n n n a ppea r on the s ame ﬁsh . The red ess may occur o either the ski n ot a n n or n or the ﬂesh , or both , but is so re dily see developed o the

f r s n n . SO a a n n n on a n ski k ow , the i fectio occurs the s lted ﬁsh o ly, but as the germs h a ve been fou n d in w ater used to wa sh the fresh

e on ﬁsh , it is possible they would dev lop fresh ﬁsh should they be

n r n kept sufficie tly lon g for the color to appe a r . As cod a e ot mar keted in a n t n n a a fresh co di io o the P ciﬁc co st , this possibility does n n not co cern our ﬁsherme .

an a n n n Cold checks the growth of the org isms c usi g the redde i g , a nd in a ddition it a lso h a s the eff ect of ble a chin g the color which may be present . n n h n n (1 This redde i g of cod as bee studied by a umber of scien tists . As yet the source of i n fection c a usin g the red discoloration h as n ot

a O n t h e n a ture of t h e ecu a r re en n of s a te cod fi s h ur n t h e s ummer s ea s on b p li dd i g l d d i g , y W G F a r mm n r f r — . . o n te a t R t w . S es F s C o s s o e o o 1 8 8 9 9 4 t 7 . 6 97 . l U i d i h i i p , p “ e eta e a r s tes of c d fi s h W F a r o B u et n n ta t s F s a o b G w . te S e C o m V g bl p i , y . . l ll i U i d i h m s s on 1 8 8 6 1 —4 2 fi i i , , p . , g .

O s e rva t on s on t h e r ed ﬂ es of th e cod ﬁ s h b A La et . B u et n n t e Sta tes F i s b i h , y . y ll i U i d h C omm s s on 1 88 7 vol 7 9 — . 0 95 . i i , , , p . P r e a r a t on of th e cod a nd ot er s a t i s f or th e ma rket nc u n a a cter o o ca s t u p i h l f h , i l di g b i l gi l dy of th e c a uses of re n n A W B t n n t Sta t s D e a rt ment of A r c u ture e . t . e e dd i g , by . i i g U i d p g i l ,

B urea u of C em s t r B u t n 1 3 3 l l 3 . i e no . 6 . h i y . ll i , p , E n ton : Re or t f h o t e F s er es B oa r of Scot a n 1 8 8 7 . di g p i h i d l d , or Ma a n : s s a c us etts St at e B oa r of Hea t Re or t 1 8 90 vol . 2 J d h d l h p , , . A I P C F IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 77

een n it a a n a a b fully determi ed , but is prob ble th t the orm al h bit t

an in a a an d an n a of the org isms is the s lt w ter lowl ds alo g the co st , and n a t n the a t n , bei g s prophy ic , they will grow upo s l ﬁsh whe u in n a t bro ght co t ct wi h them . This seems to be born e out by the fa ct th at the organisms can grow freely upon ﬁsh or wood that is t an and n sal y to y degree , eve upon the surfa ce of salt crystals . S a lt a cts a s a preservative by preventin g the growth of most organ

a a in h as isms , which would c use spoil ge foods , but it n o such effect h in t is c a se . The ﬁn din g O f the organ isms on the salt in the hold of a steamer an d on the s a lt in the storehouses is evidence th at it must h a ve been

h - n t w as . T e a a sea a the i fec ed where it produced s lt used is sol r s lt ,

a a re on n an d a n a - b a n s lt beds low grou ds m rshes e r y , m ki g it e asily

i n n n a a n poss ble for i fectio to occur duri g its prep r tio . — As investigation has proven th a t winter - cured ﬁsh which h a ve been p a cked at a sea son when the growth of the organ isms h as been a rrested by the low temperature— Spoil when exposed to a w arm

a r S a n n a n temper tu e , it hows th t some source of i fectio must be cti g n n n th n . a n e co ti uously If the i fectio were due wholly to the s lt , the n a a fﬁ use of mi ed s lt or sterile s lt would su ce to prevent spoil a ge . Experiments m a de with the reﬁned salts showed some improvement

a O f h over the use of the sola r salt . While the lower temper ture t is

‘ coa st in summer h as a ided very much in reducing the amount of

n a n a a redde ed cod , p rt of the improveme t is scribed by some p ckers A to the use of a higher gra de of sa lt th an used on the tl antic co ast .

In n n a a the Provi ces some mi ed s lt is used , but spoil ge occurs there

AS a a n a in a h also . the spoil ge is the s me o m tter wh t form or w ere

ma n n a a n the the fish y be shipped , the i fectio must t ke pl ce duri g a a n and can not n a prep r tio of the fish , , therefore , come from exter l in n n fectio of the fi ished product . Should loca l con dition s be such that the in fectin g organ isms

a n n a a ma a n a the t bou d tur lly , they y be c rried i to the bo ts , but sheds , the a a the an d a a t n n ﬂ ke y rd , storerooms , prep r io rooms by the wi d ,

) n n an a an d a and the boots , clothi g, or h ds of s ilors f ctory employees ,

) y the use of w ater in ma kin g pickle an d clean sing the buildings . A Gloucester (Ma ss ) p acker cl a ims to h a ve used acetic a cid suc essf ully in preventin g ﬁsh from redden ing an d also in removi ng the

i ection able color from specimens c a rryin g it . His method is to apply with an ordin a ry n a sal atomi zer a sma ll qu antity of a 10 per E x eri ent solution of gl aci al a cetic a cid to the exterior of the ﬁsh . p neuts ca rried out by B itting a in dic ated tha t the amou nt necess a ry

' - nt n a has O r inhibition is about on e ten th of 1 per ce . Distilled vi eg r l b n the a n so a decided inhi itin g action o the growth of org isms , but

3 4 m r B u e n n 1 3 3 . . n te ta s B urea u of C e s t t o. a U i d S te h i y ll i , p RI 7 8 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E E S. a s a n Objection a ble odor results it is n ot possible to employ this medium . “ B n “ a te a n Accordin g to itti g , the further the b c riologic l work o the c a use of the redden in g of s alt ﬁsh is ca rried the stron ger the n a a in n evide ce becomes th t it is due to f ctory fectio , to the use of

n n a a an d an n . co t ami ted w ter , to the methods of h dli g The outside n n a a n in an an d n i ﬂue ces , p rticul rly the germs fou d the lowl ds i the h n t a a a n a a . vici i y of the f ctory , ve prob bly bee gre tly overestim ted The amount of in fection due to the use of sol a r s a lt h a s n ot been

n n a s in n n n a deﬁ itely determi ed , the experime ts i te ded for th t pur

' n a n n w a s n ot n a pose the a mou t due to f ctory i fectio wholly elimi ted . Wh at at the beginni n g appe a red to be prim a rily a problem of how to a void spoil age in a n i n fected product by preventin g the growth of the organisms presen t n ow a ppe a rs to con sist r ather in the usu al ” difficulty of preven tin g in fection .

Mr B n a f llowm a n a n . o As result of his i vestig tio s , itti g m kes the g recommen dation s for the prevention of fa ctory in fection :

Th e fi sh Sh ou h an rom th e s s to th e s ca s w th out n 1 . ld be dled f ve el le i bei g throw n upon th e deck or d ock where they ma y become i nfected fr om th e b oa r ds n h r m n All of th e oc s a re n ct w th th e red or he stepped upo by t e w o k e . d k i fe ed i m n n n h h m m n or a n sms a nd fi sh co i co ta ct w t t co ocu at . g i , i g i e be e i l ed 2 Th e oor s s ca s r ss n ta s w a sh ta n s w h a r r ow s a nd r . fl , le , d e i g ble , k , eelb , eve y th i ng w ith wh ich th e fi sh come in conta ct i n ma kin g th em r ea dy f or th e b utts n h n r n r r r A r sh ould be freque tly w a s ed w ith w a ter u de co s ide able p essu e . el a

' tively sma ll s tr ea m O f w a ter under stron g pres s ure is f a r more effectual i n r r r m f w r l r s r clea ni ng th a n a l a ge s t ea O a te at ow p es u e. fi sh h ou w ash S r a s f w a t r or a ma h n Th Th s o c . e 3 . e ld be ed by p y e by i e h o h a su c nt orc to d o th e w or w Th e r s nt m th o spr ays S uld ve ffi ie f e k ell . p e e e d of pitch i ng th e fi s h i nto a ta nk or dory a nd th en out a ga i n i s not s ufficient f or c a n n a nd urth rmor it t n s to s s m n at a n or a n s ms w h ch ma le i g, , f e e, e d di e i e y g i i y r nt be p ese . 4 Th e w a t r us u on th e fi sh or u on a n th n w th w h ch the fi sh com in . e ed p p y i g i i e h f n t ur Th us of h a r or w a r f r a n ur conta ct s ould be o u d oub ed p ity . e e b te o y p os ca n not ust a s it is w th th e rms w h ch com r om m t p e be j ified , filled i ge i e f e p y h a n w a sh n fi sh a nd c s It i s a so a t to o ut w th i ng t e butts d i g d o k . l p be p ll ed i s w a r om th e c t a s w as oun to th e ca s i n th e n s t a t on h r e ge f i y , f d be e i ve ig i e e rt repo ed . Th e utts sh ou th orou h c a n ns a nd out a nd s t a m f or 20 5 . b ld be g ly le ed i ide e ed n r r a w th a s o ut on of su h urous a c mi utes o Sp yed i l i lp id . B or fis h a re ta n out of th e utts w a t r sh ou tur n i n to ca us 6 . ef e ke b e ld be ed e t h e b r i ne to overflow a nd w a s h a w a y a ny redden i ng w h i ch ma y h a ve occurred n h o t e top .

Th e ﬁ sh sh ou a ss th rou h a s ra of w a t r to r m th e a d h er 7 . ld be p ed g p y e e ove nt s a t a s th s a s w h t a nd o s not ncr ea s th e t m f n e o . l , i dd eig d e i e i e keepi g

R a c s us i n w a t r - h or s n s h ou s t a me r r n h e w or 8 . o s a a d t k ed e i g ld be e d p yed , k be d one i n th e light a nd i n one pl a ce i n th e fa ctory ra th er th an a t a ny poi nt i n th e Sh wh r th e utt ma h a n to ed e e b y ppe be .

Th r n h o r o r 9 . e d y i g s uld b e ca r ied a s f a r a s pos s ible a nd still per mit p r pe

s nn n . A s con r n or o a Scot a s t of cur sh ou ncoura ed . ki i g e d d yi g , N v i yle e, ld be e g

0 n te Sta t s B ur a u f m s r n 3 3 6 1 . e e o C e t B u et n o. 1 . U i d h i y ll i , p

— PLAT E IX. Doc 83 0 . F . B . u. s .

— ~ D GIL NETS O N DRYING RE EL. F IG . l . C O L

’ C O BAY C AL. 2 — NIO N F H C P TATIO N AT NIO N C IT SAN F RANC IS , F IG . IS O M AN S HO ME S , . U Y U Y PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S; 7 9

Th e k ench in in th e tor ro m h o rm n 10 . g s e o s uld pe it a c ircul a tion of a ir a d a us a a ir s a c s Th e nch r h r not c e de d p e . ke a cks s ould be s tea med or Spr ayed a fte r o O f us each pe i d e. Th e w a s os s a n 1 1 . t d oors s h ou s ra O t n onc a w ur n ll , p , fl ld be p yed f e , e eek d i g th e coo s a s on a nd tw c a w e ur n th e s umm r l e i e ek d i g e . 2 r a n th e fi sh i n rum h 1 . s s ou r h r n m n c m n i n T e di g d ld be p o ibited . Wo ki g e o i g from th e s treet i n th eir dir ty s h oes O bviously sh ould not be a llowed to trea d fi sh i n th e a c n o r a t on A m h n n m h th e p ki g pe i . ec a ica l a ppli a ce w ould a cco plis h s a m ur os i n a c a nl ma nner t e e p p e le y . 1 Th e o s us i n ca r r n th e fi 3 . b xe ed yi g sh from th e s toreroom to th e Ski nning t a nd rom th e t a s to th e cutt rs a nd a c r h h h d a lof f ble e p ke s s ould be w a s ed ea c y . 4 Th e s nn n or cutt n ta s sh ou not h a s h e r n a th 1 . ki i g i g ble ld ve elv s o b oxes be e

k in a r fi h h h Th a ch ts of s o s . s ou w e l w a s h a h n n e to c t bi T ey ld be l ed e c eve i g . r s h n w h a h a n room i n s ffi n Th e r h u Simple b u i g it d b s ot u c ie t . floo s o ld be n n clea ed O fte . All r us sh oul r mo rom th e room rom B ts of fi sh in t . 1 5 . ef e d be e ved f p p ly i n n n r r h n n b a r rels a d boxes a ct o ly a s i cub a to s to pe petua te t e i fectio . Th n sh ro uct sh ou h i n a r a s ona coo ac in summ r 16 . e fi i ed p d ld be eld e bly l pl e e , a nd wh en sh ipped it sh ould be h a ndled u nder proper tempera ture conditions as

are oth er mea t prod ucts . All new construct on or r mo n s h ou ma a m ro s on f or 1 7 . i e deli g ld ke ple p vi i

h M a n of th e r s nt structur s a re too a r . lig t . y p e e e d k h w h r m r m All r s h a s a r r s oo s s ta s a st etc . s ou e o o 1 . u 8 bbi , b el , p , ve , e , , ld be ved f n th e ﬂ a ke y a r ds a d d ocks . onc ntr a t s u h urous a c sh ou us a s a s n ecta nt wh n 19. C e ed lp id ld be ed di i f e O ne a r t O f th e a c to 50 a r ts of w at r is e ectua stea m is not a v a il able . p id p e ff l

h r m ch r n n h a s occurr a nd 1 a r t to 200 a rts of wa t r w w e e u edde i g ed , p p e ill be f n a effective i n preventing growth if u sed o te .

B RO WN M O LD

“ B n f r ecklelike on a rown mold , which forms brow , spots p rtly

but a on h a . a on dried ﬁsh , occurs r rely t is co st It occurs usu lly old

ma n on a a h ﬁsh a . n ﬁsh , but y be fou d comp r tively fres lso The fu gus

t O f the n n the ﬁns an d ta . h n a ffects bo h sides ﬁsh , eve coveri g il W e it

h ﬁsh th a re th a h is foun d on comp a ra tively fres , ey scrubbed wi brus

nn n a a h th a re . B ut a n in ru i g w ter , fter whic ey powdered little tte

tion is p a id to this fun gus by the p ackers .

U R IN 1915 THE IND ST Y .

M D P E RSO N S E P LO YE .

The followin g table shows the persons employed in the v a rious a n a a bran ches of the in dustry an d their n ation a lity . C lifor i le ds Wa shington in the tota l n umber O f person s employed by a slight ma r

in a Stat a h in the n h n g . The l tter e le ds , owever , umber of ﬁs erme em t a t tnu the h n 15 ployed . The whi es v s ly ou mber ot er employees , o ly

In di an s an d 16 Ja p an ese bein g employed out of a tota l n umber of

1—6 f em s t r B u et n no . 1 3 3 . 6 3 . a Un i ted Sta t es B u rea u o C h i y ll i , p

3 0079 ° —16 — 6 80 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

‘ Mo Ja a n a re as n ans 919. st of the p ese employed cooks , while the I di act as ﬁshermen exclusively .

PE RSO N S E M P LO YE D I N TH E C O D F I S H E RIE S O F TH E P AC IF I C C O A ST I N 1915

W A as h C ali W en a e . aska . T HO ota . g g d l in f l gton . ornia .

In vessel ﬁ sheries : Whites In transportin g : Whites

In sh ore and b oat ﬁsheries

Indians

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

I N VE STM E N T.

n - n n a in n an d 9 in a n n Twe ty o e vessels were e g ged ﬁshi g tr sporti g ,

11 a n a n 5 n et n an d 53 3 a while l u ches , e ch u der to s , bo ts were employed

- in a ll bran ches of the fisheries . H an d lines were used exclusively in a i n in . a n a n a n the the fishery C lifor i le ds the tot l i vestme t fishery , foll owed by Al a sk a an d W a shington in the order n amed . The high value of the in vestmen t in Al aska is due to the n umber of shore stations located there.

VE S SE S B O ATS APP ARAT S SH O RE P RO P E RT AN D C AS H C AP I TA E M P O E D I N L , , U , Y , L L Y F I H E RI E F TH E P AC I F I O A T I N 1 1 TH E C O D S S O C C S 9 5 .

Was n ton . C al orni a . T hi g if otal .

Designation .

a ue. a ue. a ue. V V l V l V l alue.

Vessels fishi ng $47 500 $95 000 Tonnage O utfit Vessel s transporting Tonnage O ut t fi . Launches und er 5 tons B oats A aratus pp “ — Vessel fi sh eries Hand lines — Sh ore fi sh eries H and lines Sh ore and accessory property C ash capital

82 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

TH E P AC I F I C C O A ST C O DF I S H I N G F E E T I N 1915 L .

C rew .

O wn H m rt . er. o e o Name . p

ASKA AL .

. ﬁ a s 3 A k sh C O . n as a C od . a Nonpareil G . l U g F P G s . Un n is C i at C a s . r e o e P irate io h O . v G v l S P And . r o d an o n t . i as . S G os Lett e . d i K Kn ut N W H i Ga s . . n s ut on . . ar or n s e . H ghl and Quee . b as 8 Ro N me C hallen ge G . . e P oll ett o

Gas . 5 . o - Silver Wave . d d o

Total

WASHINGTO N .

th eson F isheries Anacortes

no .

Robins on F isheries d o

C o.

N t n C od ﬁ sh C o Seatt e or her . l P aciﬁc C oast C od d o

ﬁ sh C o .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TH E TRAN SP O RTI N G F LE E T I N 1 9 1 5

The followin g list sho ws the vess els employed in the transportin g of ﬁsh from the va ri ous Shore st ation s in Al a ska an d the c a rryin g

s en a n t n of supplie to or betwe those st tio s , together wi h the ow ers an d a a n et nna f n home ports of s me , lso the to ge O these vessels a d the n number of perso s employed on them . P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 83

RA N SPO RTI N G VE S SE E M P T LS LO YE D I N TH E C O DF I S H E RIE S O F TH E P AC I F I C C O AST I N 191 5 .

m Na e. O wner . Home r p o t .

A ASKA L .

G 8 as . Union F ish C o

Gas . 3 d o G as . 8 A n d . Grosv old

‘ Gas 8 Al aska C odﬁ sh t o Sch Un ion F ish C O Sch Sch

C A IF R A L O NI .

G o en State Gas 8 n on F s C o ld U i i h . Allen A Sch Alaska C odﬁsh C o B ertha D olb eer Sch P aciﬁc States Tradin g ( 30 Un ion Gas 8 Un ion F ish C o

Total

Grand total

F r f h r b s e a t o t e ea . Wrec e ear in r a i h d p y k d ly yea .

ALAS A SHO RE S A IO S O PE RA E D IN 1915 K T T N T .

The shore station s here n oted were all operated durin g the yea r

915 In a t n th in h 1 . ddi io ere were reserve t e E a gle Ha rbor sta tion

f n n F n n the t M n O the U io ish Co a d Squa w Ha rbor s ation of r . Joh H .

Nelson .

H O RE C O DF I S H I N G STATIO N S O P E RATE D I N A ASK A I N 1915 S L .

Is an on w c l d hi h r Hea uarters Name. O wne . q . ate d loc d .

Un ga Alaska C odfi sh C o Sq uaw Harbor Kellys R ock C ompany Harb or M fi ets C e o ov . D ora Harbor d o J H Ne son Sq uaw Harbor ohn . l R H Jo n son Hard Scratch . . h Northwest H arbor P aC Ifi c States Tradin g C O P irate C ove U n i n F ish 0 0 Northwest Harbor gO Sanborn H arbor Unga P avlof Harb or Johnson Harbor

K med al A . o 84 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

AR F C SUMM Y O ATC H .

The followin g t able gives a complete summ a ry of all t he codﬁsh secured in the vessel an d shore ﬁsheries from the inception of the in dustry an d c a rried to the home ports in Wa shin gton an d C a li i NO f h as n a e n the n f orn a . ef ort bee m d to i clude cod co sumed lo

in a a in a a a n n ca lly Al sk , which , the ggreg te , mou ts to co sider able , as it forms the pri n cip a l a rticle of diet a lon g a con siderable stretch ’ of Ala ska s co a st li n e . This t able shows th a t ﬁsh were

in a n d in secured the vessel fishery the shore fishery , or a gran d tot a l of fish .

M M AR O F O D AT H SU Y C C C .

ear. T t ar . Ye Y o al .

Number.

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

- . o

L- G SUMMARY O F VE SSE F ISHIN DATA.

n a in a a z a a a The followi g t ble shows , summ ri ed form , the v il ble d at a coverin g the vessel fishery for cod on the P a cific co ast from its In n n n in 1863 1915 n . a a i ceptio to , i clusive this t ble is show , by ye rs , the n umber of vessels from the differen t St a tes fishi n g on the v a rious n A t t an d a a on a n . s a a a a grou ds , the c tch m de e ch grou d sep r e d of the catches of the sma ll vessels opera tin g with the Al ask a shore

t at n a s h a a ot b n h as n ot n s io s t eir b se h ve n ee kept , it bee possible to

n in a an d a re n t the h - at n i clude these this t ble , they merged i o s ore st io a d ta . The total catch of the ﬂeet Since 1863 amounts to cod .

86 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

M M AR O F VE S SE F I S H I N G 1863 TO 191 5— C ont nu SU Y L , i ed . O WASHINGT N V E SSE LS .

Numb er of esse s en a e . Num er orﬁs h cau t v l g g d b gh .

To tal .

280 000

Tota 12 865 3 58 13 987 3 58 l , , , ,

0 t B r t s C o mb a oon r B a e 144 tons 1 107 000 fi h In c u es ca c u sc e e s . l d h by i i h l i h l k l y ( ) , , b b B r t C o m a s oon B a e 144 tons fi Inc u es catc s u c er e sh . l d h y i i h l bi h l k l y ) , c r C o m s oon r B a 144 t ons Inc u es catc B t s u a c e e e fish . l d h by i i h l bi h l k l y ( ) ,

d Inc u es c atc B r t s C o um a sc ooner B a e e 144 tons fish . l d h by i i h l bi h l k l y ( ) , 6 n A b r M r 3 8 t on B r t C ol mb 260 Inc u es c atc sc oo er e t e e 9 s s u a fish . l d h by h l y ( ) , i i h i , A M r 8 on B r t C o m f In c u es catc sc ooner ert e e 39 t s s u a fish . l d h by h lb y ( ) , i i h l bi , - a on A aska vesse s w t tota n et t onn i e of 167 cau t in th e Nor a !l NO TE . In t 6 h g , h th P c c 105 500 ddi i l l , i l g ifi , ” n R a a on fi sh T ese ata a e een c u e in t he ec tu t . . h d h v b i l d d pi l i R C A IT LAT E P U IO N .

V esse s . esse s l V l .

ears . Years . Y PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 8 7

’ DE AILE D D A A O F HE F ISHI F LE E F RO M 1863 TO 1 15 T T T NG T 9 .

The t able followin g shows in detail the operations of the cod

ﬁshin g the n t n the n in 1863 to 1915 inclu ﬂeet from i cep io of i dustry ,

. n a an d n et nn a a h sive The me , rig , to ge of e c vessel , the d ates o f her a an d t n on at n she h a n dep rture re ur , wh grou d ﬁs ed , d the n um a n a re a ll h “ ber of ﬁsh t ke s own . NO detailed da ta a re a v a il able f or

1866 an d 1869 h th e n a , w ile i dividu l vessel da ta for 1867 an d 1868

‘ m lete F 1863 a re in co . 1890 t n th p rom to , bo h i clusive , e data rel a te to C aliforn i a exclusively . Owin g to the v a ri a tion in the weight ﬁsh the a n an d of from v rious grou ds , a lso the considerable va ri a tion in ht O f ﬁsh th e a n in f n t a n o ffo weig from s me grou d dif ere ye rs , e rt h a s n a to S th e ht th e a h bee m de how weig of c tc , while the dat a on the prices re a li z ed a re so fra gmen ta ry th a t this item also ha s been tt as it n th n a t omi ed , would be o i g but guess a best .

“ O P E RATI O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T RY E AR L Y S .

D at e of D ate of N m of s F s n a e e se . roun d s . v l sa i n r tur n i hi g g e . il g ,

b C ALIF O RNIA .

O khotsk Sea

1 8 6 4 .

O ots Se kh k a . B erin g

Total

1 8 6 5 . E q ui ty O khotsk Sea in D ar o ly g t . E L u ] es (dO . R gg J D Sanb rn d o . . o Mary C lev elan d d o

Taccon d o . Sh m i n Is an d 1 000 Mar 27 Ju 7 u a s . 5 P orpoise . ly g l d

Total

Sh u magin Islands

Total

Sh umagin Island s d o

Tota1 .

i to 1914 nc us ve th e w ri te IS i nd eb ted t o t he sco ﬂ eet rom 1870 , a F or th e d ata cover ng th e San F ran ci f , i l i r Tr n C o of San F ranci sco w ic ace i ts In a n on F s C O ormer th e McC ollam F s n a ) , , U i i h . ( f ly i hi g di g h h pl d v l ua ble record s at h is d isposal . x w el b F rom 1863 to 1890 n c us e ata re ate to C a i orn ia e clus y . , i l iv , d l l f 0 r n T adi g voyage . “ d F ir r r h Sh ma st fa e f om t e u gins. 6 M e w ad t o trips. 8 8 P AC IF IC C O D F I SH E RIE S.

O P E RATI O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T B Y E ARS— C ont nu L Y i ed .

D ate of D ate of N m s a e of es e . F IShm roun d s v l sa n return g g . ili g . .

1 8 7 0 .

C Su till O k otsk S lara R . h ea C onstitution C arib D omin go F lorence Gold Hunter Legal Ten der Un ion F ran c isco

Wit ch Queen 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alask a S oot n Star ‘ h i g . Arizon a Sh umagin Islands Ann E liza D aisy J H R c . . os oe Mary Z ephyr P orpoise R omp Sarah Louise

Wild Gazelle

Uni on O khotsk Sea Lega l Ten der Gold Hun ter C r R S till la a . u D omingo B ark D a s Shu ma in Is an s i y g l d " Shootin g Star Alask a S H Merr . . ill F lyin g Mist Scotlan d Alfred Adams H Rosc oe J . .

Tota 926 000 l ,

1 8 7 2 . Gold Himter O khotsk Sea Scot an o l d d . Legal Ten der Shumagin Islan ds J H R . . oscoe d o Wild Gazelle d o F n M st lyi g i d o .

1 8 7 3 . Gold Hunter O kh otsk Sea C ara R Sutill o l . d . . Page E nergy D omin go Wild Gazelle Alfred Adams F lyin g Mist Alfred Adams F lying Mist

Total

1 8 7 4 .

San D e o A r 12 Ju 22 Sh uma in Is an s i g p . ly g l d E er A r 1 Au 2 d o n 3 . 3 gy p . g Jose Woo A r 12 Se t 5 d o ph ley p . p . A re A m A r 1 A 1 d o a s 5 u . 5 lf d d p . g W Gaz 2 e e A r 2 Au . 0 d o ild ll p . 3 g San D ie o g O ct . 18 d o Pa e 11 g O ct .

Total

90 P AC IF IC C O D FISH ERIE S .

O P E RATIO N S O F TH E C O D F E E T B Y E ARS— C ont nu L Y i ed .

N m sse s a e o e . F h n roun s / f v l i i g g d .

1 8 8 0 .

A r. Au 23 Sh Wild Gazelle p 8 g . umagin Ma 2 Se t 20 O k k Arago y p . hots Sea Ma Se t 4 Page y 8 p . d o M 1 2 Glencoe ay O ct . 8 d o M F remon t ay 6 O ct . 10 d o M O t 2 C onstitution ay 8 c . 8 d o Ma 1 O t 4 San Luis y 7 c . d o

Total

1 8 8 1 .

W G z A r 1 Au 2 Shuma i I ild a ell e p . g . 8 g n slands P A r 23 Se 12 e . t . o ag p p d . A r 2 S 11 k Ara o . 7 e t O ots g p p . kh Sea O d o ct . 1 C onst tu t on . . 7 o i i d . . Gl A r 29 O ct 15 enco . . e p d o . . A r S F r m . 3 0 e t 18 d o e ont p p . L M O c 15 S n a 6 t . a uis y d o . .

A S u . 1 h um I Ariel . g 8 agin slan ds Pa e Au 24 d o g g . Gen eral Mill er Lost d o H L T n As . . r e an ore d o . i 0 0 0 0 0 h D as n W Se t 19 d o hi g ave p . Adrianna Ju ly 6 d o Isabe S t 1 B er n S l ep . i g ea Tro c B Se t 25 pi ird p d o . Arago Sept 28 O khotsk Sea San Lu s O ct 9 d o . i . G en coe O t 17 l c . F remon 2 t Sept . 8 C onstitut on O ct 13 i .

Total

1 8 8 3 .

W H . . Ste ens A r 21 Ju 27 Sh u i a in Is an s v p . ly g l d D as i n Wa e M Se t 2 1 gO . h g v ay p . J o n H an cock M r 2 2 n S a . 9 Au 2 B er ea h g . i g F ran cis Alice B on an za A r 14 p . Tro c B r M r 29 a . pi i d 0 0 0 0 0 I b sa e . A r Se t 19 l p . . ' p Ara o . A r 16 g p . H era 2 O ct: 19 Apr . 0 San L u s . A r 24 O ct 15 i p . . C on st t t n u o . d o i i . G en coe A r 25 O ct: 27 l p . F r m e ont r 2 Se t . 19 Ap . 8 p A r 3 p . 0

Total

1 8 8 4 .

D ashin g Wave 22 B erin g Sea Jo n H M an c ar 23 d o . h co k . He en A A r d o W m . l . l y p Hera A r O ots Sea p . kh k Ara o A r g p . l l Isabe A r 13 l p . W H M A 18 . e r . . yer p Tro c B r A r 20 pi i d p . Jane A F a n r . lke bu g San Lu A r 26 is p . C onstitution ) F remont May b i G enc M J l oe ay ( F rancis Alice m T aIO O P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 91

O P E RAT I O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T BY E ARS— C on i n d L Y t ue .

f D ate of D ate O f Nam o ess . e v el F s n roun s . sai n r ur n i hi g g d li g . et .

1 8 8 5 .

Se 11 Sh uma in I n pt . g sla ds A r: 1 .A 2 d p ug . o Isabe A A r 1 . 2 8 u . d o l p g 7 . en W A m He . - d o Se B er n S . 5 i ea l l y pt . g C onst tut on A r 22 (Do O ot S . s e i i p t . 9 kh k a Tro c B r A r S B ei in . 25 e t 18 Sea pi i d p p . g F ran c s A ce A r A . 28 . 10 d o i li p ug . A r O c 6 p . 3 0 t . 1 Ma 2 () y ct . 8 J A F en b r ane . a u Ma Se 2 lk g y 3 pt . 5

Tota l .

A r 1 Shuma in Is an s p . g l d A r Ju 1 B er n Sea p . 3 ly 5 i g A r 1 Au 6 Sh uma in Is an s p . 3 g . g l d B erin S O O O O O O O O O ea O O O O O O O O ' S ' ' e t 1 p . 5 g A r 2 O ct 4 O ots Sea p . 3 . kh k

O ct d o . . . 1 M O ay 9 ct . 7 M 21 O c ay t . 5

Mar 20 Ju 12 Shuma in Is an s . ly g l d A 2 ug . 5 A ug . 29 A r 24 Se t 4 p . p . A 2 A 2 B ei in Sea- i r 1 u . 1 p . g g M 4 Se t 19 O ots Sea ay p . kh k M 2 O ct 5 ay 9 .

M r 16 Ju 21 Shumagin Is an s a . ly l d B r n S A r 12 Se t 2 e ea . p . p i g A 2 A r u . 9 p . 25 g O ots Sea F remont Sept 19 kh k d o Jane A F a kenbur Ma 10 Se t . 23 . l g y p Sh m in I and s Isabel u ag sl

Tota . l .

1 8 8 9 .

25 k ea May 6 Sept . O khots S

d o . May 23 .

13 Au . 4 B er n Sea Apr . g i g t 3 O ots Sea May O c . kh k

t 6 d o . May 17 O c .

1 8 9 1 .

C A IF A L O RNI .

n 11 Ju 7 B er n see 70 000 Ja . ly i g 9 A r . 16 Mar. 16 p

16 Au . 28 B er n Sea Apr. g i g

r 25 Se t . 1 d o A . p t 23 O ots Sea ay 6 Sep . kh k t 9 B er n Sea Jun e 10 Sep . i g

a Lost . 92 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

O P E RATI O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T RY-YE ARs— C ont nu L i ed .

D ate of D ate of

N m f esse . F s n r s a e o oun . v l sa n r t r i hi g g d ili g . e u n .

1 8 9 1 .

WASHINGTO N.

Lizzie C olby B erin g Sea

1 8 9 2 .

IF O RNIA C AL .

A r . 10 Au 3 1 B er n Sea p g . i g A r 27 Se t 12 p . p . A 2 r. S t 22 d o p 8 ep .

Ma 6 Au 3 1 - d o . y g . Ma 19 O 11 O k tsk y ct . ho Sea

Total

WASHINGTO N.

z C o Ma 17 B er n S L z e r. Au 3 0 ea i i lby g . i g Moonlight

1 8 9 3 .

C A IF O RNIA L .

F ranc s A ce F b 24 Sh uma in Is an s i li e . g l d Ara o B n S 11 Au . er ea g Apr . g i g

Jane A . F alk en r A r 2 Se t 9 d o . u 0 . b g p . p Hera A r 22 2 O k otsk Sea Se t . 6 p . p h F remont A r 2 S t 1 d o 9 e . 0 p . p

Total

WASHIN T G O N.

Lizz B n 110 01 e C o . er 000 i lby i g ,

1 8 9 4 .

C A IF O RNI A L . M 2 Se t B er n Sea a 9 . 6 r. p i g

M Au 2 - d o . ar. 3 1 g . 6

2 - d o - z Au . 7 . g O k otsk Sea 19 Se t . 10 Apr. p h m in Is a s A r 12 Se t . 16 Sh u a n and p . p g l d B r n S e i g ea .

5 9 0 1 8 , 00

WASHIN T G O N .

L zz e C o B er n Sea 109 000) i i lby i g ,

1 8 9 5 .

C A IF O RNIA L . r mont J B er n Sea F e . A r 15 u 18 p . ly i g O t Se A r 17 u 20 k o s a . p . J ly h k A 11 B er n Sea A r 21 u . p . g i g an e A F k n J d o J . a e ur A r 22 u 19 l b g p . ly H r e a A 25 Se t . 17 O k ots Sea pr. p h k F ran B r n Sea cis Alice. e i g

WAS T HING O N.

L zz 1 Au . 9 B er n Sea i ie Apr . 8 g i g

0 Lost.

P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

é— P E RATI O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T B Y YE ARs C ont nu O L i ed .

D ate of D ate of f F IShm roun s Name o vessel . g g d . n r urn . saili g . et

1 9 0 0 .

C ALIF O RNIA . A Se t 1 B 3 . r n pr. p e i g Sea A ug . 3 0 d o A r 10 J u 1 d o p . ly A r 9 Au 24 p . g . d o 1 S 1 A r 3 e t . o p . p 8 d M 2 S t 1 6 e . 3 o ar. p d

2 Ju B r n a Mar . 7 ly 7 e i g Se A 1 pr 2 Aug . 8 d o A t pr 3 Sep . 7 d o A 11 S t 2 pr . ep 7 d o A r 1 t p 3 Sep . 7 d o A pr 16 Sept . 11 d o

WASHI GTO N N.

Lizzie C olby B erin g Sea

1 9 0 2 .

C A IF O RNIA L . t nl 2 S a e . Mar 2 A 2 B r n Sea y . ug . 5 e i g m nt A F re o . r A 1 d p . 1 ug . 8 o Uranus Aug 15 d o A A ra o . 2 S t . d o g pr . 4 ep 8 Harr et G A 2 i ug . 6 d o C t of P a eete A 11 2 r Au . d o i y p p . g 9

Mar and Id a - A 2 d . u . 1 d o v . o g J G W . . a n 1 t 8 d o ll Ju e 5 Sep . Anna 0

WASH INGTO N .

Lizzie C olby C arrier D ove

B RITISH C O UM BIA L .

B lakeley B erin g Sea

1 9 0 3 .

C ALIF O RNIA

A 2 B r n Sea u . e Mar. 20 g 3 i g Ara o . 22 J u 2 d o g Mar . ly 9 F remont 2 t 2 d o Mar . 8 Sep

ranus . A A 2 o 1 . 1 d U pr . ug C t O i P a e t 12 d o i y p e e Aug . Harr et G A d o A 2 u . 29 i pr . g E mm a C laud in e - d A . o 9 . d o pr. Stan e A 2 t k ots Sea 1 S . 18 O l y pr. ep h k

a ost n B er n S a L i i g e . P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 95

O PE RATI O N S O F TH E 0 0 1) F E E T B Y E ARS- C ont nu L Y i ed .

D ate of D ate of Nam f ss s in r s o F oun . e ve el . i h g g d sa n return . ili g .

1 9 0 3 .

WASHINGTO N .

B erin g Sea North Paciﬁc 0 B ering Sea

B RITISH C O LUMB IA .

B k Se t . 15 B er n Sea la eley . p i g

1 9 0 4 .

R C ALIF O NIA . Mar 31 Ju 13 Shuma in Is an s . ly g l d 2 B ering Sea 1 d o Harrl et G . 0 d o Stanl e A r. 3 . y . p - d o F remont A r . 7 . . . p A r 11 C ity O f P apeete p . 1 O ct 11 O k ots Sea Metha Nelson May 5 . h k

HINGTO N WAS .

July 27 1122: C arrier D ove

RITISH C O MB IA B LU .

t B er n Sea 100 000 Se . , B lakeley p i g 5 1 9 0 .

A IF O RNIA C L . in Sea Mar 30 Se t . 8 B er . Z ampa . p g A 24 d o . en Apr 8 ug . G . l d o A 25 . Apr 1 ug .

Se t 3 d o . Harr et G Mar 3 0 p . i d o 26 Se t . 5 . Stanl e Mar. p y d o M r 3 0 Se t . 14 . F remont a . p S t 29 O kh ots Sea D rockl es May 5 e . John . S p k (10 . 27 Se t . 27 N C ast 0 Apr . S. . p d o H . . . W . .

d o. d o O ct . 7 . B ering Sea

WASHINGTO N .

23 B er n Sea 13 Au . Mar. Harold B lekum g i g A r 20 Ju 5 d o Ida May p . ly 2 d o A r 18 Au . 1 N e e C o man p . g lli l d o 1 - d o Apr . 1 d o A r 8 Au . 3 p . g 1 d o r 1 Au . 2 Ap . g r 15 Ap . r 10 Ap . Ma 9 F alcon y

BRITISH C O LUMB IA .

B er n Sea r 15 Se t . 29 Ap . p i g

0 t an Los . th e Sh uma in Is s. 0 Virtually th e same groun d as g l d

° 3 007 9 — 1 6 - 7 96 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

O P E RATI O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T BY E ARS— C ont nu L Y i ed .

D ate of D ate O f in Name of esse . F s roun s . v l a n i h g g d s . r urn ili g et .

1 9 0 6 .

A R A C LIF O NI .

H D mon A r 4 O ct 3 O kh otsk Sea W . . i d p A r O c 10 9 t . B er n S m a . ea Z a p . p i g C ity of P apeete A r 11 . d o d o ar 16 Se t 9 O k F remont p . khots Sea A r 4 Se t 2 B r . e n Stan ley p . i g Sea ar 15 Se t 4 O k Harriet G . p . khot s Sea M r 22 - Jo n D S reck les a . d o B er n Sea h . p i g

S N C ast e A r . 8 Se t . 24 O k otsk Sea . . l p p h M 2 Se 4 B ar 5 t . er n Gl en . p i g Sea M 2 Se F ar 8 t . 9 O ttillie j ord . p d o M 2 Se t 11 D ora B uh m a . O k otsk Sea l . y p h

Tota 1 478 000 l , ,

WASHI T NG O N .

C D Se t 10 Nor P arrier ove Apr 3 p . th aciﬁ c D Au 3 0 B er n F ann y utard Apr 10 g . i g Sea Li zzie C olby Apr 14 Aug 23 Se 10 N r P M f O r n 24 t . o t ﬁ aid O l ea s A r . p h aci c A 4 Haro B lek m ar 10 u . 1 d o u . ld . g A 4 F ortun a A r 18 u . B er n Sea p . g i g J R s M r 20 Au 19 ose . d o. ph u s a . g

A i e 2 Au . 17 c Mar 7 d o. l . g

Total

1 9 0 7 .

C A IF O RNIA L . C P Se 2 B r n t of a eete A r 10 t . 9 e Sea i y p . p i g Stan e 2 A 1 k k ar 2 u . 3 O ots Sea l y . g h F m n 4 Se re o t A r 2 t . 29 d o . p . p n D S r l 2 J o . eck es u 2 A r 10 d o. h p p . J ly Ju 14 d o A r 18 . p . ly O tt e 4 Mar 26 Se t . 1 B er n Sea illi . p i g hn F M Jo . er A 2 d o . . A r 7 u . 9 . ill p . g D ora 2 A r 14 Se t 0 d o. p . p .

Total

WASH INGTO N .

F ann D utard A 26 Se 16 B er n Sea t . y pr . p i g C D arr er o e . M 20 i v ar . Haro E lek um A 22 d o Mar 19 u . ld . g A ce A r 15 Se t . 2 d o li p . p R ose uss . . Au 22 d o J ph g . T otal .

1 9 0 8 .

A C LIF O RNIA .

W H D m n . . o A O c B er n Sea r 9 t . 18 i d p . i g C t of P a eete M A 24 O k otsk Sea ar 21 u . i y p . g h Stan e Se 16 d o. ar 13 t . l y M . p F remont M r 21 d o. a . O tt e F or M r 28 Se t 4 B er n Sea illi j d a . p . i g D ora. B u m A r 1 O ct 16 d o. 8 . l h p . C It of P a eete M A 24 d o. ar 21 u . y p . g

Total

WASH INGTO N .

F an Dutard A r Se t 6 B er n Sea ny p 5 p . i g Harriet G A Se 15 d o . pr 18 pt . Mal of O r eans A 6 A 2 d o. d l pr 15 ug . Haro E lek um ld Mar 3 1 Sept 3 d o. Ve a d o d o g Apr 5 - F ortuna A 1 A 11 Nort PaC Iﬁ c pr 3 ug . h All ce M r 2 A 23 B er n Sea a 8 ug . i g Jose R uss A 24 d o - d u . ph . o g

98 P AC IF IC C O D F I SH E RIE S .

O P E RATI O N S O F TH E C O D F E E T B Y E ARS- C ont nu L Y i ed .

D ate O f D ate O f F IShm roun s sai l n re urn g g d . i g . t .

1 9 1 2 .

WASHINGTO N.

A r . 12 A p ug . 26 A r. 10 A 4 p ug . 1

A r. 5 Se t 8 p p . A r 7 a A r p . p . 21 A r 11 . S 1 B r n a p ep t . 7 e i g Se A r 12 N . Se t . 15 ort P aciﬁ c p p h . .

C A IF O R A L NI . M ar . 7 9 B e n Galilee Sept . ri g Sea

F eb . 6 14 No t P Ve a Sept . r h aciﬁc M H n ar . 19 D mo Au . 0 B n Wi liam . i d g 2 eri g Sea M 1 ar . 3 C ity of P apeete Aug . 27 Ma 18 F o r . A . 26 o e r . u d O ttilli j d . g

Total

WASHINGTO N .

Ma of r ean s A r . 13 e t 10 B er n Sea id O l p S p . i g A 11 F anny D utard r . ar . 27 Sept 2 d o 5 N Joh n A Apr . Sept 15 orth P aciﬁ c

Wilson A r. 2 S B er n Sea C h as . R . p ept 2 i g

BRITISH C O UMB IA L . M A e . . . 16 B er n Alb ert ey r ug O ct . i g

1 9 1 4 .

A O R C LIF NIA. M 1 ar . 2 t 9 B er n Sea Sep . i g M ar . 24 t 12 d o Sep . M ar . 17 A 26 N ort P ac ﬁ c ug . h i M ar . 23 3 B er n Sea Sept . i g 6 Sept . M 1 ar . 8 3 Sept .

WASHINGTO N .

A r 6 11 B er n Sea p Sept . i g A r 5 15 0 p Sept . d A o r 2 Sep t . 8 d ar 25 Sept 15 Apr 1 Sept 11 Apr 7 Sept 13 Apr 2 Sept 7 N orth Apr 7 Sept 13 B erin g

T B IA B RI ISH C O LUM . M M r ar. 23 Se B er n Sea Albert eye pt . 9 i g

1 9 1 5 .

C ALIF O RNIA.

Mar . 16 r n S Aug . 13 B e i g ea

Mar . 24 Sept . 5 Mar . 17 Aug 26 North

Ma . 2 B in S a r 5 Sept . 7 er g e

Mar. 23 Aug . 19

Mar . 20 Aug . 13 M ar . 1 9 Aug . 27

a Lost . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

O PE RATIO N S O F TH E 0 0 0 F E E T B -Y E ARS- C ont nu L Y i ed .

D ate of D ate of Nam of ss e ve e . F is in roun s . l sa n r t h g g d ili g . e urn .

1 9 1 5 .

WASHINGTO N.

z a A r 12 Se t . 6 B er n S a A ale . . p p i g e A ' S 4 d o F ann y D utard r 1 0 ept .

ar 23 Au . 22 d F ortuna . g o d Apr 10 Sept . 6 o 21 Wawona Apr 14 Aug . d o A 2 S 30 N rt P a John pr 1 ept . o h ciﬁc

l A r 10 Se t . 4 B r n Sea . W I on e C h as R . s p i g Maid of O rl eans Apr 3 o d o

Total

A AL SKA .

Highland Queen C h allenge Silver W ave Miscellan eous power vessels

Total

a 20 . Wrecked about Apr .

- D A A SUMMARY O F THE SHO RE STATIO N T .

n in a n n a a at n The followi g t able Shows , co de sed form , the d t rel i g to the vessels plying to an d from the Al a ska Shore stations and the ﬁsh h an t n brought from then ce to the home station s . T ese tr spor i g ves a ea an d in n tan ﬁsh sels usu a lly make severa l trips e ch y r , some i s ces

in h n . ing vessels a r e utiliz ed for this purpose When n ot engaged ﬁs i g The total ﬁsh tran sported represent the c atches ma de at the various

Shore station s .

- AT SUM M ARY O F SH O RE STATI O N D A .

Number Number of cod of cod Num er Net Num er b b brou ht brou ht ear. g g f s . Y of esse s . tonn a e. o tr v l g ip to C ali for to Wash

in ton . ni a . g

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q 100 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

S M M AR O F SH O RE - STATI O N D ATA— C ont nu U Y i ed .

Numb er Numb er O f 0 0 d O f c0 d Num er Net Num er ear b b 1 r l l Y . f l tonn a f tr s 25 o vesse s . e. o . g ip ’ 1332521253? tagilggl . nia in t n . g o .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S n Nellie olman rom S att w c oo er C e e ost t 3 0 es . a h , f l , l i h liv b S n en m San F ranc sc w ﬁ c oo er Gl ro o ost t sh . h , f i , l i h 6 S n ul n hipped o reg ar steamship li es . d E t usan of t ese w r s e on r u ar steam igh tho d h e e hipp d eg l ers. e Sc ooner J ohn D . S reckles of San F ranc sco ost w t cod a oard . h p , i , l i h b

DE TAILE D O PE RATIO NS O F THE TRANSPO RTING F LEE T F RO M 1876

TO 1915.

The table which follows Shows in det a il the cod shipped from the

n a n in a a 187 6 n S a n . w as Shore ﬁshi g st tio s Al sk , from , whe the ﬁrst t tio

: a 1915 n . n a an d nn a est blished , to , both i clusive The me , rig , to ge of n n v S n a the tr a sporti g essel is how , together with the d tes of dep a r

an d a a a t a n a n ture from rriv l the home st tio , lso the umber of cod “ F 187 6 1903 n th e a a a brought . rom to , both i clusive, d t rel te exclu sively to C a liforn i a .

PE R I N TH E RAN SP O RTI N F E E T B Y YE AR O AT O S O F T G L S .

f Name o vessel .

114 O ct . 18 Wil d Gazelle .

1 8 7 7 . 114 24 N 1 Se t ov . 8 Wild Gazelle p .

1 8 7 8 .

k 32 Mar 18 Jun e 15 Alas a . J n 4 15 u e 2 Sept . 22 64 Apr . 4 June 29 July 9 Aug . 1 v Se t . No 9 p 0 . June 25

a F or th e data relatin g to th e ﬂeet of trans porters own ed and operated from San F rancisco th e w riter is n on F s C o ormer th e McC ollam in debted to th e very complete and accurate records kept by the U i i h . ( f ly s n Tra n of an F ran c sco F i hi g di g S i .

b F rom 1876 to 1903 n c us e th e ata re ate to C a forn a exclusIvel . , i l iv , d l li i y

102 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S .

O PE RATI O N S O F TH E RAN SP O RTI N G F E E T B Y E ARS- C ont nu T L Y i ed .

Num er D ate of D ate of b Name of esse . of ﬁ sh v l l n sa . return . i i g rou b ght .

E liza Miller

1 8 8 9 .

18 9 0 .

Dashin g Wave

John Hancock Arago T otal .

1 8 9 1 .

B l akeley

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

1 8 9 3 .

A r 2 3 . 8 C zarina F eb . p Ma 18 Ju 18 215 000 y ly . A 1 2 ug . 9 O ct . 7 E liza Miller May 14

000

1 8 9 4 .

J n 2 Apr . 5 u e 8 A 1 115 ug . 4 O ct . 0 , 000

305 . 000

1 8 9 5 .

Ma 18 Mar . 7 y A ug . 4 O ct . 18 P A IF I D H C C C O F IS E RIE S . 1 03

O P E RATIO N S O F TH E RAN SP O RTI N G F E E T B Y E ARS— C ont nu T L Y i ed .

D ate of D ate of Name of vessel . sa n , r urn ili g et .

1 8 9 6 .

F ran c s A A 28 i lice ug .

1 8 9 8 . C zarin a Win chester

C zarin a

F rancis Alice Mary and Id a F ran cis Alice Winchester

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Total

1 9 0 0 .

1 9 0 1 . Arago Mary and Id a Win c hester C zarina

C zarma ~ Wmch ester

D O .

6 1899 .

f 1900 .

M 1901 . C om an Harbor Sanh a Is an ar . 3 a Lost p y , k l d , , R 104 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E IE S.

— F TH E RAN SP O RTI N G F E E T B Y E ARS C ont nu d O P ERATI O N S O T L Y i e .

D ate of D ate O f l N m f sse . a e o ve t sa n re ur n . ili g .

174 Sept 299 2 F eb 2 Ma 1 1 0 . y 5 218 O c 69 F eb 16 t . . 6 O 26a Mar 10 17 ct . . 2 8 M r 16 Ma 2 “ 1 a . y 9 4 F Mar 2 1 eb 5 . 0 7 . 1 20 May 24 July 9 J 2 A 2 218 un e 0 ug. 5 2 Se t 14 Nov 11 53 p . . 1 4 Se 16 Nov 28 7 pt . . 1 A 1 39 ug .

1 9 0 3 .

2 D ec b Jan 28 1 0 . 7 . n Jan 28 Mar 30 C zari a 218 . . F b 2 Mar 26 120 e . 1 . M J n e 6 119 ar. 10 u A Ma 2 120 pr . 9 y 8 21 A r 12 Ju 18 8 p . ly 120 Jun e 5 July 2 6 A O 11 ct . 6 ug . N v 218 o . 9 12 O ct 26 D ec 28 0 . . D 24 1 4 Se 30 ec . 7 pt .

1 9 0 4 .

A IF R C L O NIA .

J n 1 Mar 24 1 a 7 . 2 8 . 174 M 24 2 Jan 19 ar . 1 0 . A r 10 Jun e 22 146 253 p . , Au 1 3 8 120 g . 0 , A r 11 Jun e 23 04 218 p . 2 J 2 O c 3 180 uly 2 t . N v 1 30 12 Se t 2 o . 8 0 p . 7 N v 26 A 11 o . 253 ug .

959 000 ,

WASHI T NG O N .

C arr er F eb 20 i .

1 9 0 5 .

C A IF O R IA L N . C zarina

Ann ie Larsen Stanley

S reck les J ohn D . p H D mon W . . i d

J n M er oh F . ill

WASHINGTO N .

F rom 12 July 10 O ct . Ne e C o man 1 e lli l 122 O ct . ( )

a 1901 d 1 04 . 9 . b 1 2 e k 90 . r c W e ed . 0 Lost on n a Is an F eb 4 h . 23 190 ad ﬁsh a oar U g l d , , b d .

106 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

P RATI O N O F TH E RAN SP O RTI N G F E ET B Y E ARS- C ont nu O E S T L Y i ed .

Date of D ate of f Name o vessel. sa lin . return i g .

1 9 0 9 .

A IF O RNIA C L .

Se t . 3 O ct 29 C ity of Pap eete p . 0 D ec 5 F eb . 21 J D S reck les . . ohn . p M H Mar . 15 a 12 W . . y 0 O ct 9 F eb . 25 C zarina . 2 J Stanl ey Apr . 6 un e 25 3 un Id a McKay Mar . 0 J e 14 D ora B luhm July 8 S 2 ept . 6 Nov San B uena Ventura .

T t o al .

WASHINGTO N . Regular steamers

1 9 1 0 .

C A IF O RNIA L . 0 M Nov 10 ar . 9 90 . ,

Mar. 25 May 3 1 Jun 13 O ct e . 3 0 d O ct . 17 ( ) n A 1 Ju e 13 ug . 6 M Apr . 7 ay 3 1 N 2 O ct . 7 ov . 4

WASHINGTO N . Regular steamers

1 9 1 1

C A IF O RNIA L .

o O M . 1 13 1 ct . 3 l ar 7

Apr . 9 Jun e 20 169 25 July 16 Sept . O ct . 4 D ec. 7 May 20 July 27 251 Jan . 15 ( 7) A 1 O ug . 4 ct . 10

Se . 25 D pt ec. 8

WA H T S IN G O N . B ender B ros Regul ar steamers

Total

1 9 1 2 .

C A IF O R A L NI . O ct J n 1 . 200 a . 7 1 Mar. 3 Ju ly 1 A r A r 27 p . 7 p .

Apr. 6 June 27 Ma 29 A y ug . 29 Ju O ct 6 ly 27 . N ov . 17

WASHIN GTO N . Regular steamers

e a 1908 . 1910. b ar ous ates. f Lost F eb . 15 1910. V i d , 6 1909 . 0 1911. d k M 2 Wrec e ar. 8 1910 d , . PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S . 10 7

O P E RATIO N S O F TH E RAN SP O RTI N G F E ET BY E ARS- C ont nu T L Y i ed .

D ate of D ate of am of N e vessel . s l n . r tu n ai i g e r .

1 9 1 3 .

C A IF O R L NIA. N a n 3 28 ov . 11 Ja . 11 M Ma 24 ar. 29 30 24 3 y 0, 000 A 1 O ct 1 5 2 u . 5 3 23 g 17 . 000 b 253 Jan. 25 ( )

230 Mar. 8 Ju 28 52 000 ly ,

WASH TO ING N .

1 9 1 4 .

d C ALIF O RNIA .

O 01 370 ct . 8 Jan . 25

O c . D 2 t 18 ec . 1 N d 223 ov . 15 Jan . 15

M r. A a 5 pr. 20 Ma 2 A 4 y 0 ug .

O ct . 1 D c 2 5 e . 0 6 3 76 Jan . 9 Jan . 28

266 Mar. 3 May 27 J n 2 N 2 u e 0 ov . M 1 M 230 ar. 0 ay 27 July 18 O ct 1

WASHINGTO N .

In e en ent stat ons re u ar steamers 104 600 d p d i , g l ,

1 9 1 5 .

C A IF O RNIA L .

2 F eb . 1 A r 12 Golden State Gas 5 2 3 2 p . May 6 July 1

O ct . 19 D ec . 15 n Allen A 266 F eb . 18 Ju e 2 Jun e 18 Aug . 15

6 D e . 22 Sept . c Mar 3 B ertha D olb eer 230 . 13 Jun e 2 3 000

WASHIN GTO N .

Regul ar steamers .

a 1 12 9 . b h ﬁ h ar ll st Lost ; ad s abo d ; a l o . 0 Various d ates .

D I A E R 0 THE F LEE S ST S T T .

in f ar n n a t the an to Operatin g as it does orther w ers , where d gers n a viga tion are n umerous an d the w aters ar e very poorly surveyed

a a t n a a n at O as an d ch a rted , it is m t er for co gr tul tio th S few dis ters

n a s n to the . n t a h a ve bee recorded occurri g ﬂeet The followi g ble ,

n ot a Sh the t ta h which is cl imed to be complete , ows o l wrecks of w ich ﬁ i it w as possible to n d a record . No accou nt s taken of the m any RI 108 P AC IF IC C O D F ISH E E S.

n a a a n s n n . min or accide ts to the ﬂeet , of p rti l dis bleme t , grou di gs , etc , h t e n o e e . some O f which proved very costly to ow ers , h w v r

DF I VE S SE S F RO M 187 7 TO 1915 I N C E RD F RE C K S O F C O SH SIV . RE C O O W L , LU

W r wrec e . D a . Name a O wn er and home port. h e e k d te

B rontes San F ran cisco L n e Hou San F ran Sarah y d gh , cisco .

b McC ollam C o. A aska P o oi Is an Nagay , l p l d

ra M er N . B ich ard San F ranc sco Gene l ill , i L e Hou San F ran Sh uma in Is an s L . T ern an H . i ynd gh , g l d

C l SC O .

McC ollam C o. San F ran Wild ,

C l SC O .

I a e Han sen An erson San F oundered at sea . . s b l d ,

F ranc sco .

i ‘ D as n L e Hou San F ran B er n Sea hi g ynd gh , i g

C ISC O . John Han cock d o

Ann a A aska C odﬁ sh C o. San F ran B er n Sea l , i g

ci sco. Mary and Un ga P earl A a n Se lttle & A aska C odﬁsh C o. t se . Ne e C o ma . lli l l , 1 geatt e. b ka A aska P rate n on F s C o. A as i U i i h , l l mn I an Mar on A as a C odﬁsh C o. San F ran Sa ak s . i . l k , l d

0 1sco. ma P ac c States Tra in C o. ni k 1 iﬁ d g , U San F ran cisco.

mn a ni on F is C o. San F ran Sa k U h ,

C l SO O . d o Nagai

Ro n son F s er es C o. Ana C r ko bi i h i , hi i f

cort W as . es , h

A aska C odﬁ sh C o. San F ran Run own 011 C al 2 145 000 l , d , forni a i a co st . cisco. B ird Island Nonparei lb Sh umagin Islan ds Highl and Queen Shuma gin Isl ands

a All sc ooner r e exce t th e Non arei l w c w as a ower sc ooner. h igg d , p p , hi h p h b t E mployed in sta ion work . cAll r z f o en to d eath .

BIBLIO GRAP HY .

The following bibliography O f the cod ﬁsheries of the P a ciﬁc coast is n ot i n ten ded to be a complete list O f the works an d a rticles on this

n a a all a n a n n n subj ect , but does i clude pr ctic lly th t co t i a ythi g of

a e a n T a v lue r l ti g to the commerci a l ph a ses O f it . he P ciﬁc F isher man O f ea a h n a n an S a nd n , S ttle , W s , co t i s m y hort rticles a otes rel at in n n a g to the i dustry , o ly few of the more import ant of which h a ve F n . n a O f San an al an d a n d bee listed The ewsp pers r cisco , C , Se ttle a A n a a . a o C n a n a n n to ih cortes , W sh , ls o t i . umber of refere ces the

us r d t y .

A E XAN DE R A B L , . . 1 12 P r m na r a m na t n f h a h n r n f h P a c 9 . eli i y ex i i o o lib ut ﬁs i g g ou d s o t e iﬁc a B r — co st . m . S . u a u of F sh r s D ocu nt no. 7 63 . 13 56. U e i e ie e , p

Wash ington.

1 10 PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S.

H D AL I I AM . L , W LL 44 a P ot 1867 . . 1867 . Al a s ka C o st il , , p r I—XI I 1— 28 ma a nd B n A a s a a nd i ts r sou c s . 6 . osto . 187 0 . l k e e , p , p ill mm 1 Th e oo sh s of A as a . R ort . S. C o s s on r O f A r cu r 1 7 . tu 8 f d ﬁ e l k ep U i i e g i l e, — 2 h n ton 7 5 3 9 . a s . 187 0 , p . 3 W i g

D AVI DSO N E O RGE . , G R or t of or D a son r a t to r sourc s a nd coast a tur of 1867 . ep Ge ge vid el ive e e fe es A r r tor C oast a nd R e 1 1 2 t c . 867 a s a . o . - 87 to 3 9. l k Te i y Ge de i p , , p H E N R I O TT . E LL , Y W r Ar P r nc A a s nd h I n — 2 m 1886 . O u ct c o a a t e S a s a s . 1 7 7 a s i vi e, l k , e l l d , p , p N w or a nd e . ill . Y k

F I SH E RIE S .

1 F i h r s f th e n t a D r m n St t s . a f mm r n L 191 . s o t t o C o c a d a or e ie U i ed e ep e e e b , B ur au of th e C ns us S c a R or ts 1— 24 h n . 3 . a s ton. e e , pe i l ep , p W i g

HAL O C K C H AR E S . L , L . O ur new A a s a or th e S wa r ur ch a s n — 1886 . cat . 1 7 68 111. l k ; , e d p e vi di ed , p , w r Ne Yo k . A M . HE A . LY , 1 R or t of th e cr u s of th e r nu ma r n st a m r C orwin in th 885 . ep i e eve e i e e e e n i n th e a r 1884 24—2 Ar c c O c a . 6 . ti e ye , p

B ITTE LL O H N S . , J 1882 Th e comm r c a nd n ustr s O f th e P a c c coa st of or th Am r ca . e e i d ie iﬁ N e i , n F ra nc s c etc . Sa i o.

AM E S B S H RO D . J , U W ’ A oo sh s and th e nt r s ts of i s h r n n 1 5 as a s t s s . ra s act o s 89 . l k f d ﬁ e i e e ﬁ e ie T i Am r n F sh r s Soc 1894 7 - ca t . 6 7 6 . e i i e ie ie y , , p

KRAU SE . nd h a ut ﬁsh r s n a r th e Sh uma in s a n r n 1 7 3 C od a I s . a s at 8 . lib e ie e g l d T l ed m s ch o r a h sch B a r v l I 4 B U D ut tt o v t . n ro . u t S. f e e Ge g p i e l e , , p ; lle i . mm n l I 2 2 h n F i sh C o i ss io , vo . , p . 59 , 60 . Wa s i gton .

MI ARD a nd C O B B O H N . MARS H C . , LL , , J N h r f A a s a in 1 07 U B r f F S . u a u o h r Th e s s o 9 . . s s D m n 1908 . ﬁ e ie l k e i e ie ocu e t 2 4 a sh n ton no; 63 , 6 p . W i g . f A in 1 8 B r s U. S . u au of F h 1 Th e sh r s o a a 90 . s r s D ocum n 909. ﬁ e ie l k e i e ie e t h n n 4 a s to . no. 6 5 , 7 8 p . W i g

1 The sh r s of A a s a i n 1909. U . S . B ur au of F sh r s D ocum n 19 0 . ﬁ e ie l k e i e ie e t a sh n ton no. 7 3 0 , 58 p . W i g .

1 1 Th F h r s O f A as a i n 1910 . U . S B ur au of F sh r 91 . e s s D oc i e ie l k e i e ie , u m n n 7 4 7 2 ash n ton t o 6 . e . , p W i g . D N AL D L MC O , J . .

187 1 H n tr asur s or sh r s a r oun the nor thw st coa st . . idde e e , fi e ie d e M H RDO C H O N . U , J 4 F h n h n a P n B ar row Ar ct c A a s a r n 1 a d s t o t . a sa c n 88 . s t o s i fi i g i , i l k T i , — - A n 1 11 1 1 5 Am r ca n F sh C u tur a ssoc a t o . . e i i l l i i , p H r R ort O f th e I nt r n at ona P o ar E t on 1885 . a tur a sto to N l i y , ep e i l l xpedi i — P o nt B arrow A a s a : F sh s . 129 13 2 . i , l k i e , p E N E WARD SO D . N L , W h r n w th a t ona n A s a n s s E w a . so 1887 . F ot s on a ield e l k fi e , by d d W Nel , i ddi i l H B a n F r m R ort u on n a tur a h stor r n . o notes by Ta leto . e ep p l i y collecti ons ma de i n Al as ka between th e yea rs 187 7 a nd 1881 by 295 H nr H nsh aw . E wa r son t b . W . d d Nel , edi ed y e y W e p 22 — 3 , pl . XI I I XXI .

O VE RTO N C H AR E S P , L .

1 ~ h rma n Annua 906 . P i on r i n h P fi h i n r P a c c F s ee s t e a cific cod s d ust y . ifi i e l , 1906 0 1 . 7 7 7 5 . S att . , p , , e le PAC IF IC C O D F ISH E RIE S. 1 1 1

PETRO F F , IVAN .

1 R r n h o u la n n ustr s a nd resourc f A a s a 898 . o t o t e t o s O In ep p p i , i d ie , e l k . S a a nd Sa mon F i sh r s a nd ner a R sour c s f A a s a vol O . e l l e ie Ge l e e l k , IV 1 —4 50 8 ma s , p . 67 , p , 8 pl .

RATH B N RI H ARD C . U , 1 4 Summa r O f h e F sh er n es t a t ons con uct in h r h P 89 . y t i y i v ig i d ed t e No t a ciﬁ c O c a n a nd B er n Sea rom u 1 1 888 to u 1 1892 e i g f J ly , , J ly , , by h e F s h C omm s s on st a mer Al tr o n U t . S . ba ss . B u F s h S . U i i i e lleti . i mm s ion ol x I f or 1 892 12 —2 1 5 h a rt a sh n n C o i s , v . I , , p. 7 0 , c s . W i gto .

S M N E R C H AR E S . U , L h f H n h r s Sumn r O f Ma ss a ch us n h e c ss on 18 S c O o . a s 67 . C tt o t O f pee le e , e , e i Rus s a n Amer c th n s 4 h n n to e t Sta t . 8 a as to . i i U i ed e p . W i g AN N E R Z L T , . . 8 0 E or a ons O f h e sh n ro n A a s a h n n rr 1 9 . t t u s O f a s to tor xpl i . ﬁ i g g d l k , W i g Te i y , a nd O re on ur n 18 th F h mm m 88 e . S . s C o ss on st a r g d i g , by U i i i e e Alba tr s B mm s s on l os . u t n . S . F sh C o vo . VII I f or 1888 lle i U i i i , , , 1— 5 1 l 2 ch a r h n n p . 9 , 0 p . , ts . Wa s i gto .

1891. Th e sh n r oun s of B r sto B a A as a : A re m na r r ort u on ﬁ i g g d i l y , l k p li i y ep p h i n n f h F h mm m r S . s C o s on l s t e ves tiga t io s O t e U . i is i stea e A ba tr o s n h mmer f 1 890 B n F h mm ss n r e s o S . s C o o o u t u . u . v l d i g lleti U i i i , . f r 1 27 —2 h r h n TX o 889 . 9 88 3 c a s a s on , , p , t . W i gt .

2 R r n h n es ti n f h h m 18 . e o t u o t e a t o s o t F s m s n m e S . C o s s ea r 9 p p i v g i U . i i io t e Al ba tr s s f r h e ea r n n n 0 1 9 a h n n R r o o t u 3 88 . s to . o t y e di g J e , W i g ep F sh omm s s on ol xvr f or 1 95— 12 2 h U . S . i C i i , v . , 888 , p . 3 5 , pl . Wa s in n g to .

1 3 R or t u on th e n st at ons of h S F sh mm ss on s t a mer t e . . C o 89 . ep p i ve ig i U i i i e Alba tr ss r m u 1 1 n 1 R r o o 889 to u e 3 0 189 . o t . S. f J l y , . J , ep U F sh omm ss on f r 1 1 — 42 h n n i C i i , o 889 to 891 , p . 207 3 , 1 pl . Wa s i gto . RE AT T Y . r m 1868 . r a t w th Russ a r a r n ur ch a s of A as a r o t ro T e y i i [ eg di g p e l k ] , ep f C omm tt on F or e n A a r s F or t th C on r s s S con S ss on i ee ig ff i , ie g e , e d e i , H ous of Re resenta t s 7 r no 13 57 a sh n ton 3 S a . . . e p ive , ; e i l W i g RNE R L M TU , . . 1 Re ea r h i n A s a I F h F r m n n h n 886 . s c s t o s o t e atu a t . v s s o C o tr u t e l k , p , i e . ib i r al h s tor of A a s a r sults O f n s ti a tions ma ch e in th e i y l k , e i ve g de i ﬂy Yukon D istr ict a nd th e Al eutia n I sl a nds ; cond ucted under th e a us f S n r c Arm n n r m M 4 cos o th e a Se . S . e t o a 187 pi ig l vi e , U y , x e di g f y , , A us 1 1 —1 1 1—1 to ug t , 88 , p . 87 3 , pl . 5 .

I I A A WILc ox W LL M . 1 o n th h r h P 898 . tes o s e s of t e a c a s in 1 R r F s h e c co t 895 . e o . S N ﬁ ie iﬁ p t U . i C omm s s on f or 1 896 57 5— 5 h n n i i , p . 6 9 . Wa s i gto .

t s n h h r f th P i n 1902 . o o t e s s o e a c c coa t 189 R or F s h s t . S . N e fi e ie ifi 9 . ep U i — mm n f or 1901 501 - 5 4 2 2 1 h C o ss o 7 . 8 9 9 te t . a s i i , p . , pl , x fig W in n g to .

Th mm r h r 1907 . e co e c a s e es O f th e P a c c C oast Sta tes in 1904. Re ort i l ﬁ i iﬁ p , mm n m U S. C o ss o r f F her f r 1 05 n no 4 . e o s s o 9 ocu e t . i i i ie , d 7 p. s h n W a i gton.

80079 — 16 —8