Dissertação Apresentada Ao Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia Da Universidade De Brasília, Em Cumprimento Às Exigências Para Obtenção Do Título De Mestre Em

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Dissertação Apresentada Ao Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia Da Universidade De Brasília, Em Cumprimento Às Exigências Para Obtenção Do Título De Mestre Em UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA Espécies Exóticas Invasoras da Fauna em Unidades de Conservação Federais no Brasil: Sistematização do Conhecimento e Implicações para o Manejo Tainah Corrêa Seabra Guimarães Orientadora: Isabel Belloni Schmidt Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília, em cumprimento às exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia. Brasília/DF, abril de 2015 Agradecimentos À minha família – principalmente meus pais –, meus amigos e ao Otávio, que sempre me incentivaram, apesar dos esforços em me desviar desse caminho: “não custa nada viajar agora”, “vamos sair, você escreve amanhã”, “não precisa ir pra UnB”, “dorme agora e trabalha nisso depois”. Não se preocupem, estou quase conquistando a liberdade em decidir o que fazer com meus horários livres (rsrs). À minha orientadora Isabel Schmidt que sempre compreendeu muito bem minhas limitações, principalmente de horários, reservando suas horas de folga para me atender, tirar minhas dúvidas e ouvir minhas angústias. Não é fácil! Aos meus colaboradores Caren Sotto, Cinthya Córdova, Lucas Camelo, Bruno Rafael e Guanair Junior, estudantes de graduação da UnB e da UCB, que me auxiliaram na busca bibliográfica sobre as EEI, sendo essenciais na execução desse trabalho e que, hoje, reconhecem a importância e necessidade urgente de manejo destas espécies. Aos colegas do ICMBio, principalmente da CGPEQ e COINF, que conviveram rotineiramente comigo, discutindo sobre as informações, dando sugestões, e me estimulando a realizar esse projeto. Em especial, agradeço ao Rodrigo Jorge, Marília Marini e Kátia Torres, que viram a importância desse mestrado para mim e para a instituição, perceberam minhas restrições, e continuaram impulsionando. Ainda, agradeço pela concessão do horário especial para servidor estudante, permitindo assistir às disciplinas no horário comercial, e posteriormente pela Licença Capacitação, para me dedicar exclusivamente a escrita da dissertação. Aos gestores de todas as UC Federais que são verdadeiros heróis, extrapolando sua atuação e capacidade de execução, visando a conservação da sociobiodiversidade da UC, de forma justa e realista, travando lutas diárias que parecem perdidas desde o início (por desigualdade de força política, econômica e em recursos humanos). E, ainda assim, esse árduo trabalho geralmente não é reconhecido, em suas diversas instâncias e níveis. Afinal, “UC nos olhos dos outros é refresco”. Agradeço, em especial, aos 138 gestores que dedicaram parte do seu tempo para responder ao questionário (além de tirar minhas dúvidas por e-mail e Skype), reconhecendo a importância deste estudo. Cito nominalmente todos no Anexo 2. Aos residentes das UC e entorno, assim como beneficiários (pescadores, extrativistas) e vigilantes que auxiliaram alguns gestores em responder as questões. Personalidades que, em muitos casos, detém o maior conhecimento sobre as UC! Aos colegas dos Centros Nacionais de Pesquisa e Conservação, que fizeram a última revisão da lista, confirmando as classificações definidas com suas expertises em relação ao grupo taxonômico: Rafael Balestra e Carlos Abrahão (Feliz) (RAN); Marcos Fialho (CPB); Carla Polaz (CEPTA); Priscilla Prudente do Amaral (CEMAVE); e Arthur Brant e demais colegas (CEPENE). E ao Alexandre Sampaio (Xandão) (CECAT), pela ajuda com a lista prévia inicialmente utilizada, além das discussões ao longo do trabalho. Aos colegas do Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, apesar da convivência ter sido de apenas por 3 meses, ao longo destes dois anos de mestrado, foram sempre muito solícitos e apoiadores. E a todos os colegas da Pós- Graduação do Programa, pela parceria nas diversas etapas. À banca Kátia Torres, Rosana Tidon e Rafael Zenni. Sumário Lista de Siglas............................................................................................................................................................... 1 Resumo ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introdução ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Material e métodos ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Objetivo 1 (Consolidação das informações sobre ocorrência EEI da fauna em UC federais) ................................ 5 Objetivo 2 (Identificação das UC federais com ocorrência de EEI da fauna bem como as ações de controle)...... 8 Objetivo 3 (Identificação e caracterização de EEI da fauna representativas): ........................................................ 8 Objetivo 4 (Proposição de modelo de ficha de sistemalização de informações e recomendações de manejo de EEI da fauna representativa) .................................................................................................................................... 9 Resultados .................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Levantamento Bibliográfico e Aplicação de Questionário ...................................................................................... 10 Espécies identificadas ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1 – Todas as espécies listadas .......................................................................................................................... 10 2 – Espécies nativas .......................................................................................................................................... 13 3 – Espécies em expansão geográfica .............................................................................................................. 13 4 – Espécies Exóticas (EE) ................................................................................................................................ 13 Unidades de Conservação Federais (UC) com registro de EEI da fauna ............................................................. 29 1 – Biomas invadidos ......................................................................................................................................... 30 2 – Ações de Manejo indicadas nos Planos de Manejo .................................................................................... 31 3 – Ações de manejo realizadas pelas UC: ....................................................................................................... 34 Espécies Representativas ...................................................................................................................................... 35 1 – Identificação, caracterização e recomendações específicas das espécies representativas:...................... 35 Discussão ................................................................................................................................................................... 62 Levantamento Bibliográfico e Aplicação de Questionários .................................................................................... 62 Espécies identificadas ............................................................................................................................................ 64 1 – Todas as espécies listadas .......................................................................................................................... 64 2 – Espécies Nativas .......................................................................................................................................... 65 3 – Espécies em expansão geográfica .............................................................................................................. 66 4 – Espécies Exóticas (EE) ................................................................................................................................ 67 Unidades de Conservação Federais com registro de EEI da fauna ...................................................................... 77 1 – Biomas invadidos ......................................................................................................................................... 79 2 – Ações de Manejo indicadas nos Planos de Manejo .................................................................................... 81 3 – Ações de manejo realizadas pelas UC (indicadas no questionário) ........................................................... 83 Espécies Representativas ...................................................................................................................................... 86 1 – Identificação e caracterização das espécies representativas ..................................................................... 86 Conclusões e Recomendações Gerais .....................................................................................................................
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