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Law at War: Vietnam, 1964-1973
YIETMM STUDIES LAW AT WAR: VIETNAM * 1964-1973 by Major General George S. Prugh DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 1975 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-3 1399 First Printing For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 -Price $2.30 StockNumber0820-00531 The United States Army has met an unusually complex challenge in Southeast Asia. In conjunction with the other services, the Army has fought in support of a national policy of assisting an emerging nation to develop governmental processes of its own choosing, frpe of outside coercion. In addition to the usual problems of waging armed conflict, the assignment in Southeast Asia has required superimposing the imniensely sophisticated tasks of a modern army upon an under- developed environment and adapting them to demands covering a wide spectrum. These involved helping to fulfill the basic needs of an agrarian population, dealing with the frustrations of antiguerrilla operations, and conducting conventional campaigns against well- trained and determined regular units. Although this assignment has officially ended, the U.S. Army must prepare for other challenges that may lie ahead. While cognizant that history never repeats itself exactly and that no army ever profited from trying to meet a new challenge in terms of the old one, the Army nevertheless stands to benefit immensely from a study of its experience, its shortcomings no less than its achievements. Aware that some years must elapse before the official histories will provide a detailed and objective analysis of the experience in South- east Asia, we have sought a forum whereby some of the more salient aspects of that experience can be made available now. -
Media Coverage of the War
Media Coverage of the War No Censorship The ability of the news media to be present throughout Vietnam and cover the war without censorship was unique - - such reporting freedom did not exist before that conflict and hasn’t since. The absence of censorship appears to have been a development that was not given a great deal of thought - - somewhat like the war itself. Under the Kennedy Administration, with relatively few boots on the ground and scarcely any US reporters on the scene, press coverage of events in Vietnam was sparse until the Buddhist protests against Diem’s policies. And in the Administration belated and bungled reaction to that crisis, press censorship was apparently not considered. President Johnson’s efforts to downplay the seriousness of the conflict and paint a rosy picture of Vietnam was a major factor in his administration’s decision not to impose some form of censorship - - since censorship might alert Congress and the public that the US effort was not going as well as the White House said it was. In addition, until 1967 press coverage of America’s conduct of the war was generally very positive. Even reporters who were critical of the military’s conduct of the war, such as Neil Sheehan or David Halberstam in their accounts of the battle of An Bac in 1963, didn’t question the underlying purpose of the war until much later. In Armies of the Night, published in early 1968, Norman Mailer portrayed the mainstream press as highly critical of the anti- war movement and almost a cheerleader for the Johnson Administration. -
1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project HOWARD R. SIMPSON Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: January 10, 1994 Copyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in alifornia US Army, WWII San Francisco ity ollege Studied art in Paris Entered Foreign Service in 1951 Saigon, )ietnam 1952-1955 Press officer French in )ietnam , Dien Bien Phu Hanoi-Saigon contrast -oin Psychological Warfare Board .raham .reene PM Diem Evacuation of Hanoi 0esignation 1agos, Nigeria 1953-1959 Information officer British presence US interests in Africa Marseilles, France 1959-1934 0egional PAO annes Festival French attitudes towards the US Saigon, )ietnam 1934-1935 Info advisor to .en. Nguten 7hanh oups and disarray Barry 8orthian Ambassador Ma:well Taylor and Pres. -ohnson 1 Paris, France 1935-1937 2aval War ollege 1937-1938 Deputy Director of EA/P 1938 anberra, Australia 1939-1972 Algiers, Algeria 1972-1974 Public Affairs Officer US interests Marseilles, France 1974 onsul .eneral University of South arolina 1974 Diplomat in 0esidence Paris, France 1975-1979 Deputy PAO The French 0etirement in 1979 Simpson the author INTERNET Q: Today is January 10, 1994 this is an interview with Howard R. Simpson on behalf of the Foreign Affairs Oral History Program and I,m Charles Stuart Kennedy. To start with, I wonder, could you give me a bit about your bac.ground, where you grew up and a bit about your education/ SIMPSO2: Well, I was born in Alameda, A in 1925 and I grew up in that town and went to high school there. -
1968 Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
S. PRT. 111–23 EXECUTIVE SESSIONS OF THE SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE (HISTORICAL SERIES) VOLUME XX NINETIETH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION 1968 ( MADE PUBLIC 2010 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 34–737 WASHINGTON : 2010 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS 90TH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION J.W. FULBRIGHT, Arkansas, Chairman JOHN SPARKMAN, Alabama BOURKE HICKENLOOPER, Iowa MIKE MANSFIELD, Montana GEORGE D. AIKEN, Vermont WAYNE MORSE, Oregon FRANK CARLSON, Kansas ALBERT GORE, Tennessee JOHN J. WILLIAMS, Delaware FRANK J. LAUSCHE, Ohio KARL E. MUNDT, South Dakota FRANK CHURCH, Idaho CLIFFORD P. CASE, New Jersey STUART SYMINGTON, Missouri JOHN SHERMAN COOPER, Kentucky THOMAS J. DODD, Connecticut JOSEPH S. CLARK, Pennsylvania CLAIBORNE PELL, Rhode Island EUGENE J. MCCARTHY, Minnesota CARL MARCY, Chief of Staff COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS 111TH CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin BOB CORKER, Tennessee BARBARA BOXER, California JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JIM DEMINT, South Carolina ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania JOHN BARRASO, Wyoming JIM WEBB, Virginia ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma EDWARD E. KAUFMANN, Delaware KIRSTEN E. GILLIBRAND, New York FRANK G. LOWENSTEIN, Staff Director KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Minority Staff Director (II) 2:50 Jul 12, 2010 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\DOCS\34737.TXT MIKEB CONTENTS Page Preface ..................................................................................................................... -
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series
The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series ROBERT B. PETERSEN Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: February 16, 2001 Copyright 2015 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Ohio Oberlin College Entered the Foreign Service (USIA) in 1965 A-100 Course State Department; FSI; Vietnamese language training 1965-1966 Saigon, Vietnam; USIA; Asst. Public Affairs Officer (Danang) 1966-1967 Environment Chu Hoi Student Exchange Program Joint Economic Section Civilian Manpower Committee Consular duties Congressional escort Joint US Public Affairs Office (JUSPO) Vietnamese-American Association Programs Kuching, Malaysia; USIA; Branch Public Affairs Officer 1967-1970 Ethnic and religious groups Communal riots Operations Government American films Public speaking Brunei State Department; FSI; Japanese language study 1970-1971 1 Sapporo, Japan; Branch Public Affairs Officer 1971-1973 Environment US policy Hokkaido University Olympics Japanese journalists Princeton University; Mid-Career Fellowship 1973-1974 Washington, DC; USIA; Exhibitions Section 1974 Preparations for the Okinawa 1975 World’s Fair Language proficient recruiting team Okinawa; USIA; US Pavilion, Okinawa World’s Fair 1974-1976 Hiring employees Pavilion objectives Assessment of Expo’s success American expatriates Duties Environment Washington, DC; USIA; Desk Officer, Latin American Office 1976-1978 Human Rights Marriage Mauritius; USIA; Public Affairs Officer 1979-1982 Diego Garcia military -
Interview with Robert Don Levine
Library of Congress Interview with Robert Don Levine The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series ROBERT DON LEVINE Interviewed by: Pat Nieburg Initial interview date: December 10, 1988 Copyright 1998 ADST Early Assignment: VOA, Geneva, Paris Q: This is Pat Nieburg. It is December 10th and I'm at the house of Robert Don Levine. Bob was the Deputy Spokesman for Jess Powell in Saigon during one of the critical periods of the Vietnam War. What we shall discuss today are Bob's experiences during that period. LEVINE: Okay, I joined USIA in September of 1955 as a GS11 newswriter for the Voice of America. I spent five years writing and editing news for the Voice of America, in English of course, four and a half of those five years on what they call the overnight shift. In 1960 I joined the Foreign Service and went first to Geneva as an FSR-4. I spent about three years in Geneva first as the number two man of a two-man USIS operation in what was then called the U.S. Mission to the European Office of the United Nations. That's as far as I got. Not too long after I got there I became the number one man in the operation. My boss was transferred, having been there for two tours of duty. My next tour of duty after Geneva was in Paris as Information Officer. I was there for only nine months 1964-1965. And I got Interview with Robert Don Levine http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000683 Library of Congress caught in the build up in Vietnam and was sent to Saigon directly from Geneva as what wound up being actually the Deputy Mission Spokesman. -
Peter Braestrup Interview I
LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION The LBJ Library Oral History Collection is composed primarily of interviews conducted for the Library by the University of Texas Oral History Project and the LBJ Library Oral History Project. In addition, some interviews were done for the Library under the auspices of the National Archives and the White House during the Johnson administration. Some of the Library's many oral history transcripts are available on the INTERNET. Individuals whose interviews appear on the INTERNET may have other interviews available on paper at the LBJ Library. Transcripts of oral history interviews may be consulted at the Library or lending copies may be borrowed by writing to the Interlibrary Loan Archivist, LBJ Library, 2313 Red River Street, Austin, Texas, 78705. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY Legal Agreement Pertaining to the Oral History Interview of Peter Braestrup In accordance with the provisions of Chapter 21 of Title 44, United States Code, and subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, I, Peter Braestrup of Washington, D.C. do hereby give, donate and convey to the United States of America all my rights, title and interest in the tape recording and transcript of the personal interview conducted on March 1, 1982 at Washington, D.C. and prepared for deposit in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. This assignment is subject to the following terms and conditions: (1) The transcript (as amended PB) shall be available for use by researchers as soon as it has been deposited in the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. -
Who Were the Saigon Correspondents and Does It Matter? by William M
The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy Working Paper Series Who Were the Saigon Correspondents and Does It Matter? By William M. Hammond Shorenstein Fellow, Spring 1999 Senior Historian, U.S. Army Center of Military History #2000-8 Copyright Ó 2000, President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction The Question .......................................................................................................1 Sources and Methods...........................................................................................3 Who Were The Saigon Correspondents? 1. The Corps of Correspondents...........................................................................9 2. Length of Stay................................................................................................17 3. Women and Minorities ...................................................................................23 4. A Cultural Divide ...........................................................................................26 5. Conclusion .....................................................................................................33 Charts ..........................................................................................................................38 Endnotes ......................................................................................................................46 iii Introduction The Question Who were the Saigon correspondents? Until now, everyone has had -
Ellsworth Bunker Oral History Interview III, 10/12/83, by Michael L
LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION The LBJ Library Oral History Collection is composed primarily of interviews conducted for the Library by the University of Texas Oral History Project and the LBJ Library Oral History Project. In addition, some interviews were done for the Library under the auspices of the National Archives and the White House during the Johnson administration. Some of the Library's many oral history transcripts are available on the INTERNET. Individuals whose interviews appear on the INTERNET may have other interviews available on paper at the LBJ Library. Transcripts of oral history interviews may be consulted at the Library or lending copies may be borrowed by writing to the Interlibrary Loan Archivist, LBJ Library, 2313 Red River Street, Austin, Texas, 78705. ELLSWORTH BUNKER ORAL HISTORY, INTERVIEW III PREFERRED CITATION For Internet Copy: Transcript, Ellsworth Bunker Oral History Interview III, 10/12/83, by Michael L. Gillette, Internet Copy, LBJ Library. For Electronic Copy on Diskette from the LBJ Library: Transcript, Ellsworth Bunker Oral History Interview III, 10/12/83, by Michael L. Gillette, Electronic Copy, LBJ Library. NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY Legal Atreement Pertaining to the Oral History Interviews of ELLSWORTH BUNKER In accordance withthe provisions of Chapter 21 of Title 44, United States Code, and subject to the terms and conditions herinafter set forth, I, John B. Bunker of Wheatland, Wyoming do hereby give, donate and convey to the United States of America all my rights, title, and interest in the tape recordings and transcripts of the personal interviews conducted with my fater, Ellsworth Bunker, in Washington, D.C. -
The War in Vietnam: Papers of William C. Westmoreland
A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Vietnam War Research Collections The War in Vietnam: Papers of William C. Westmoreland Part I: History, Statements, and Clippings Files University Publications of America A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Vietnam War Research Collections The War in Vietnam: The Papers of William C. Westmoreland Part I: History, Statements, and Clippings Files Project Editor and Guide compiled by Robert E. Lester A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Westmoreland, William C. (William Childs), 1914– The war in Vietnam [microform]: papers of William C. Westmoreland/ project editor, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels.—(Vietnam War research collections) “Microfilmed from the holdings of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.” Accompanied by a printed reel guide compiled by Robert E. Lester. Contents: pt. 1. History, statements, and clippings files. ISBN 1-55655-468-0 (microfilm) 1. Westmoreland, William C. (William Childs), 1914– —Archives. 2. Vietnamese Conflict, 1961–1975—United States—Sources. I. Lester, Robert. II. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. III. University Publications of America (Firm). IV. Title. V. Series. E840.5.W4A2 959.70434′092—dc20 93-21461 CIP Copyright © 1993 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-468-0. Microfilmed from the holdings of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas. Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................................... -
AGBU Armenia Newsletter (December 2010
ARMENIAN GENERAL BENEVOLENT UNION AGBUAGBU ARMENIAARMENIA NEWSLETTERNEWSLETTER Yerevan, Armenia IN THIS ISSUE ISSUE 11, DECEMBER 2010-JANUARY 2011 ♦ AGBU President receives AGBU PRESIDENT’S VISIT TO ARMENIA RA citizen’s passport (p. 1) Berge Setrakian receives passport of a citizen of the Republic of Armenia ♦ AGBU President’s New Year message (p. 2) President of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU), Berge Setrakian, ♦ Service of blessing at the paid a visit to Yerevan, Armenia, from January 27-30. As part of his visit Mr. Se- Mother See (p. 3) trakian had meetings with RA President Serzh Sargsyan, His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, RA Prime Minister Tigran Sarg- ♦ Dr. Arshavir Gundjian retires from AGBU Central Board (p.3) syan, as well as vari- ous educational and ♦ Sinan Sinanian elected vice- cultural figures. He president of AGBU (p. 4) also received updates ♦ Joseph Oughourlian elected to on the current proc- the AGBU Central Board (p. 4) ess of implementation ♦ AGBU partnering with Eduardo of the Union’s pro- Eurnekian (p. 5) grams in Armenia. ♦ AGBU AVC winner of the On January 29, the e-content competition (p. 6) AGBU President was ♦ Delegation of “Luys” visited the received by RA Presi- AGBU Yerevan office (p. 7) dent Serzh Sargsyan. During the meeting ♦ AUA Digital Library of the parties discussed Armenian Literature (p. 7) the current and up- RA President Serzh Sargsyan presented AGBU President Berge Setrakian ♦ Peter Balakian in Armenia (p. 8) coming projects of the with a passport of a RA citizen ♦ APO tours in Europe (p. -
Informal Censorship of the Press Ia Vietavai by the U.S
•'1 INFORMAL CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS IA VIETAVAI BY THE U.S. MILITARY by CHARLES BENTON MOORE, B.G.S. A THESIS IN MASS COMMUNICATIONS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Accepted -r 2 PREFACE /Jo,^5 f' "^ The author would like to express his appreciation for the invaluable assistance and cooperation given by his thesis committee of the Department of Mass Communications at Texas Tech University. Thanks and gratitude are extended to Dr. Alexis Tan, my committee chairman, who suffered through endless ques tions on format, style and content; to Dr. Billy I. Ross, my committee member, who continually offered sound advice and guidance; and to Professor Robert Rooker who steadfastly encouraged me to maintain scholarly yet articulate expression A special thanks goes to the many survey respondents who took the time and interest to offer their opinions on the military-press conflict in Vietnam. Their experienced opinions provided the depth to the survey chapter on informal censorship. Credit must be given to Department of Defense officials who gladly opened their files and provided background data needed for this study. Space does not permit listing all military officials who assisted in this study but special thanks are extended to Major General VJinant Sidle, Army chief of information, and Colonel Philip Stevens, a long time personal friend and the Army's chief of public informa tion. Both of these gentlemen were invaluable in their • • 11 assistance in opening doors to information which v/ould other wise have been unavailable.