DOCSLIB.ORG

Informal Censorship of the Press Ia Vietavai by the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

•'1 INFORMAL CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS IA VIETAVAI BY THE U.S. MILITARY by CHARLES BENTON MOORE, B.G.S. A THESIS IN MASS COMMUNICATIONS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved Accepted -r 2 PREFACE /Jo,^5 f' "^ The author would like to express his appreciation for the invaluable assistance and cooperation given by his thesis committee of the Department of Mass Communications at Texas Tech University. Thanks and gratitude are extended to Dr. Alexis Tan, my committee chairman, who suffered through endless ques­ tions on format, style and content; to Dr. Billy I. Ross, my committee member, who continually offered sound advice and guidance; and to Professor Robert Rooker who steadfastly encouraged me to maintain scholarly yet articulate expression A special thanks goes to the many survey respondents who took the time and interest to offer their opinions on the military-press conflict in Vietnam. Their experienced opinions provided the depth to the survey chapter on informal censorship. Credit must be given to Department of Defense officials who gladly opened their files and provided background data needed for this study. Space does not permit listing all military officials who assisted in this study but special thanks are extended to Major General VJinant Sidle, Army chief of information, and Colonel Philip Stevens, a long­ time personal friend and the Army's chief of public informa­ tion. Both of these gentlemen were invaluable in their • • 11 assistance in opening doors to information which v/ould other­ wise have been unavailable. Historians may never fully resolve the debate on whether or not the military censored the press in Vietnam and whether or not the press performed its role in Vietnam in a profes­ sional and responsible manner. Yet, historians cannot fail to note the unheralded bravery of civilian and military journalists who shared death to tell the war's story. It has been said that a journalist owes nothing to those who govern his country; he owes everything to the people of his country. This thesis is dedicated to the 35 civilian correspondents and the unknown number of military journalists who gave their lives in covering the war in Vietnam. The names that follow represent just a few of those who paid the utmost price in upholding the oft-quoted yet still meaningful concept—the people have a right to know. Robert Capa Huynh Thanh My Life Magazine Associated Press Killed by Viet Minh, 1954 Killed in Mekong Delta, 1965 Peter Thiel Dickie Chapelle Killed in Mekong Delta, 1965 Killed by booby trap, 1965 Jerry Rose Margaret Higgins Associated Press Garden City Newsday Killed in air crash, 1965 Died of suspected hepatitis, 1966 Bernard Kolenberg Associated Press Charlie Chellappah Killed in air crash, 1965 Freelance Killed near Cu Chi, 1966 111 Sam Castan Tatsuo Sakai Look Magazine Nipon Keizai Shimbun Killed by mortar fire, 1966 Killed by rocket, 1968 Bernard Fall Paul Savanuch Author Stars and Stripes Killed by suspected booby trap, Killed, 1968 1967 Ollie Noona Ronald Gallagher Associated Press Freelance Killed in helicopter, 1969 Killed by artillery, 1967 Gerald Miller Felipa Schuyler CBS Correspondent Killed, 1970 Killed in helicopter, 1967 George Syvertsen Horomichi Mine CBS International Killed in Cambodia, 1970 Killed by mine, 1968 Rene Puissesseu Robert Ellison ORTF French TV Freelance Captured, later reported Killed in air crash, 1968 killed, 1970 Bruce Pigott Raimanik Lekhi Reuters CBS Killed by Viet Cong, 1968 Captured, later reported killed, 1970 Ronald Laramy Reuters Frank Frosch Killed by Viet Cong, 1968 United Press International Killed in Cambodia, 1970 John Cantwell Time-Life Kyoichi Sawada Killed by Viet Cong, 1968 United Press International Killed in Cambodia, 1970 Michael Birch Associated Press Francois Bailly Killed by Viet Cong, 1968 United Press International Killed in Cambodia, 1970 Charles Eggleston United Press International Francois Sully Killed in street fighting, Newsweek 1968 Killed in helicopter, 1971 Ignacio Ezurra Larry Burrows La Nacion Life Missing, assumed dead, 1968 Killed in helicopter, 1971 IV Henri Huet Associated Press Killed in helicopter, 1971 Kent Potter United Press International Killed in helicopter, 1971 Keisaburo Shimamoto Jiji and Pana Press Killed in helicopter, 1971 V CONTENTS PREFACE ii I. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of the Study 2 Limitations of the Study 3 Related Studies 3 Method and Organization 5 Significance of the Study 6 II. THE MILITARY'S PRESS ROLE IN VIETNAM 9 Introduction 9 The Flow of Military News 10 Rules for Discussion with Correspondents 14 Military Assistance to the Press 16 Military Restrictions on the Press 23 Summary 32 III. THE INDICTMENT AGAINST THE PRESS 38 Introduction 3 8 Are We Getting Through 39 Why Aren't We Getting Through 4 3 The Military 59 Summary 59 IV. THE INDICTMENT AGAINST THE MILITARY 67 Introduction 67 The Case Against the Military 68 vi In Defense of the Information Officer 90 Summary 93 V. FORMAL CENSORSHIP AND THE VIETNAM WAR 102 Introduction 102 Absence of Formal Censorship in Vietnam 103 Summary 107 VI. SURVEY OF INFORMATION CENSORSHIP IN VIETNAil 111 Introduction 111 Scope and Purpose of the Survey 112 Method and Procedure 113 Limitations of the Survey 115 Related Studies 119 Significance of the Survey 120 Survey Results 120 Summary 152 VII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 161 Introduction 161 Summary 162 Conclusions 169 Implications for Further Study 17 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 174 APPENDIX 182 A. COVER LETTER AND QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO MILITARY INFORI'lATION OFFICERS 183 Vll C. COVER LETTER AND QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO NEWSMEN 190 D. RULES GOVERNING PUBLIC RELEASE OF US MILITARY INFORMATION IN VIETNAil (Annex A to Military Assistance Command Vietnam Directive 360-1, March 27, 1970) 197 E. POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR RELEASE OF INFORMATION (Section II, Military Assistance Command Vietnam Directive 360-1, March 27, 1970) 203 Vlll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Complete Roster Versus Selected List Replies 118 2. Whether or Not Formal Censorship Imposed 122 3. Whether or Not Informal Censorship Imposed 122 4. Newsmen and Military lOs Replies on MACV Ground Rule Impairment 130 5. Security Reasons Used to Deny Newsmen Legitimate Information 134 6. Preferential Treatment of Newsmen 140 7. Newsmen Ratings of News Sources in Vietnam 14 6 8. Military Ratings of News Media in Vietnam 149 IX LIST OF FIGURES Figure ^^ ^ Page 1. Dual Flow of Combat News 12 2. Newsmen's and Military Information Officers' Biggest Problems in Vietnam 143 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The United States, either directly or indirectly, has been involved in the Indochina war for most of the past 20 years. The death toll has claimed more than 45,000 Ameri­ cans, more than 95,000 men "of various nationalities in the former French colonial army" and estimates of one to two million Indochinese. War always raises troublesome and even dangerous ques­ tions between the government and the press. The Vietnam war raised more than most. Even more so than in previous wars of strict wartime censorship, the government has been vehe­ mently criticized for its press policies in the Vietnam war. Despite press criticisms of censorship, news management and government lies, the amount of information that poured out of Vietnam about the war was staggering. More had been written and filmed about this conflict than during any other American war. It was television's first extensive coverage of a war. In less than 24 hours battles fought in Vietnam were viewed in living color in homes across the nation. In the opinion of Fred W. Friendly, former president of CBS News, the war in Vietnam was "... the best reported and 2 least understood war in history." 1 The Vietnam war was the military's first significant press war. In previous wars, formal censorship was imposed upon the newsmen with the military reading and editing all copy or film prior to broadcast. In Vietnam, however, press freedom, at least in respect to formal censorship, was virtually complete. The military information apparatus in Vietnam was com­ plex and proved to be both an asset and a liability to news­ men. Without military support the war could not have been "the best reported war" in history. Yet, because of mili­ tary press barriers, many writers have echoed Friendly's concern that the Vietnam war was "the least understood" war in history. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to examine the degree, if any, of informal censorship imposed by the military over the press corps in Vietnam. This includes an investigation as to the extent of military control over the news in Vietnam, whether the military exercised formal censorship, type re­ strictions imposed, and whether or not such censorship or restrictions hindered newsmen from informing the American public about the war. In addition, this study will highlight military support to the press and briefly review indictments against both the press and the military. Limitations of the Study This study is limited only to the examination of in­ formal censorship as applied by the U.S. military in the Republic of South Vietnam. It does not include the military elsewhere, nor does it include press activities of the U.S. or South Vietnamese governments. In addition, analyses of military support, press restrictions and indictments against both the press and military are limited only to Vietnam. Related Studies Although a number of scholarly works have been written about the military-press conflict in Vietnam, none examined for this study addressed the specific subject of informal censorship of the press by the military in Vietnam. Raymond Funderburk, in a University of Alabama Master's thesis, discussed in great detail military restrictions im­ posed upon the press.
Recommended publications
  • The Global Visual Memory a Study of the Recognition and Interpretation of Iconic and Historical Photographs

    The Global Visual Memory a Study of the Recognition and Interpretation of Iconic and Historical Photographs

    The Global Visual Memory A Study of the Recognition and Interpretation of Iconic and Historical Photographs Het Mondiaal Visueel Geheugen Een studie naar de herkenning en interpretatie van iconische en historische foto’s (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 19 juni 2019 des middags te 2.30 uur door Rutger van der Hoeven geboren op 4 juni 1974 te Amsterdam Promotor: Prof. dr. J. Van Eijnatten Table of Contents Abstract 2 Preface 3 Introduction 5 Objectives 8 Visual History 9 Collective Memory 13 Photographs as vehicles of cultural memory 18 Dissertation structure 19 Chapter 1. History, Memory and Photography 21 1.1 Starting Points: Problems in Academic Literature on History, Memory and Photography 21 1.2 The Memory Function of Historical Photographs 28 1.3 Iconic Photographs 35 Chapter 2. The Global Visual Memory: An International Survey 50 2.1 Research Objectives 50 2.2 Selection 53 2.3 Survey Questions 57 2.4 The Photographs 59 Chapter 3. The Global Visual Memory Survey: A Quantitative Analysis 101 3.1 The Dataset 101 3.2 The Global Visual Memory: A Proven Reality 105 3.3 The Recognition of Iconic and Historical Photographs: General Conclusions 110 3.4 Conclusions About Age, Nationality, and Other Demographic Factors 119 3.5 Emotional Impact of Iconic and Historical Photographs 131 3.6 Rating the Importance of Iconic and Historical Photographs 140 3.7 Combined statistics 145 Chapter 4.
  • The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Third Phase of Their Development, 1963-1977

    The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Third Phase of Their Development, 1963-1977

    INTRODUCTION THE PULITZER PRIZES FOR INTERNATIONAL REPORTING IN THE THIRD PHASE OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT, 1963-1977 Heinz-Dietrich Fischer The rivalry between the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. having shifted, in part, to predomi- nance in the fields of space-travel and satellites in the upcoming space age, thus opening a new dimension in the Cold War,1 there were still existing other controversial issues in policy and journalism. "While the colorful space competition held the forefront of public atten- tion," Hohenberg remarks, "the trained diplomatic correspondents of the major newspa- pers and wire services in the West carried on almost alone the difficult and unpopular East- West negotiations to achieve atomic control and regulation and reduction of armaments. The public seemed to want to ignore the hard fact that rockets capable of boosting people into orbit for prolonged periods could also deliver atomic warheads to any part of the earth. It continued, therefore, to be the task of the responsible press to assign competent and highly trained correspondents to this forbidding subject. They did not have the glamor of TV or the excitement of a space shot to focus public attention on their work. Theirs was the responsibility of obliging editors to publish material that was complicated and not at all easy for an indifferent public to grasp. It had to be done by abandoning the familiar cliches of journalism in favor of the care and the art of the superior historian .. On such an assignment, no correspondent was a 'foreign' correspondent. The term was outdated.
  • Návrh a Implementace Rozšíření Do Systému Phabricator

    Návrh a Implementace Rozšíření Do Systému Phabricator

    Masarykova univerzita Fakulta informatiky Návrh a implementace rozšíření do systému Phabricator Diplomová práce Lukáš Jagoš Brno, podzim 2019 Masarykova univerzita Fakulta informatiky Návrh a implementace rozšíření do systému Phabricator Diplomová práce Lukáš Jagoš Brno, podzim 2019 Na tomto místě se v tištěné práci nachází oficiální podepsané zadání práce a prohlášení autora školního díla. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že tato diplomová práce je mým původním autorským dílem, které jsem vypracoval samostatně. Všechny zdroje, prameny a literaturu, které jsem při vypracování používal nebo z nich čerpal, v práci řádně cituji s uvedením úplného odkazu na příslušný zdroj. Lukáš Jagoš Vedoucí práce: Martin Komenda i Poděkování Srdečně chci na tomto místě poděkovat vedoucímu mé diplomové práce RNDr. Martinu Komendovi, Ph.D. za cenné náměty a odborné vedení. Dále chci poděkovat Mgr. Matěji Karolyi za všestrannou po- moc při implementaci praktické části práce a Ing. Mgr. Janu Krejčímu za zpřístupnění testovacího serveru a technickou podporu. iii Shrnutí Diplomová práce se zabývá nástroji pro projektové řízení. V teore- tické části jsou vymezeny pojmy projekt a projektové řízení. Poté jsou představeny vybrané softwarové nástroje pro projektové řízení a je provedeno jejich srovnání. Pozornost je zaměřena na systém Phabrica- tor, který je v práci detailně popsán. V praktické části je navrženo rozšíření Phabricatoru na základě analýzy potřeb a sběru požadavků. Výsledkem je rozšířující modul po- skytující přehledné informace o úkolech z pohledu času a náročnosti, čímž zefektivní jejich plánování a proces týmové spolupráce. iv Klíčová slova projektové řízení, Phabricator, PHP, reportovací modul, SCRUM v Obsah 1 Projektové řízení 3 1.1 Projekt a projektové řízení ..................3 1.2 SW nástroje pro projektové řízení ...............4 1.3 Přehled nástrojů z oblasti řízení projektů ...........6 1.3.1 Phabricator .
  • Title: the Emerge of Constitutional Government in Vietnam Author: Pham Duy Nghia

    Title: the Emerge of Constitutional Government in Vietnam Author: Pham Duy Nghia

    Title: The Emerge of Constitutional Government in Vietnam Author: Pham Duy Nghia This paper has been submitted to the conference ‘Vietnam: political and economic challenges and opportunities’ at the Australian National University on 3 October 2019 This is a preliminary version. It is not for quoting or citations. Do not remove this note. The Emerge of Constitutional Government in Vietnam Pham Duy Nghia* “In order to institutionalize the Party program to build Socialism, we the people of Vietnam, make this Constitution”. Preamble 2013 Constitution of Vietnam I. Introductory Overview Long synonymous as war, since 1986 transformed from one of the poorest countries into a low middle-income country, Vietnam is now one of the most dynamic emerging countries in the world1. With 95 million population, reaching the development level compatible to the Philippines or Egypt2, Vietnam is home for millions of private business and an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. The life of million Vietnamese was improved, poverty significantly reduced, by 2035 more than half of Vietnamese population are projected to join ranks of global middle class with consumption of $15 a day or more3. Aggressively integrated into the global economy, Vietnam is party of dozen free trade agreements, including Vietnam-EU, Vietnam-Japan, and CP- TPP4. In regard of trade openness, Vietnam ranks globally the fifth among the most open economies in the world, just following Luxembourg, Hongkong, Singapore, and Ireland5, with total trade more than double the size of its GDP. In contrast to rapid changes in dismantling the command economy and embracing market reforms, the political system undergone less visible evolution.
  • Long Road to Democracy 29

    Long Road to Democracy 29

    INTRODUCTIONI VIETNAm’s iCE AGE In January 2011, the Arab Spring transformed Tunisia. Egypt followed suit. Then Burma had its own spring. But no spring ever came to Vietnam. On the contrary, the political chill deepened. When National Assembly speaker Nguyen Phu Trong took over as Vietnamese Communist Party general secretary, he was ready to do anything to maintain order and, above all, stay in power. He inaugurated a new era marked by a growing crackdown on journalists and bloggers. Since his promotion, those who refuse to submit to the single party’s censorship have been subjected to waves of arrests, trials, physical attacks and harassment. The Trong era’s statistics are impressive, if not glorious. In 2012 alone, the Vietnamese authorities prosecuted no fewer than 48 bloggers and human rights activists, imposing a 3 total of 166 years in jail sentences and 63 years of probation. Vietnam is now the world’s second biggest prison for blogger and netizens, after China. Relative to population size, the situation is much worse in Vietnam than China. A total of 35 bloggers and netizens are currently detained just for exercising their right to information and expression, of whom 26 were arrested since Trong took over. The new Vietnamese strongman’s achievements including reinforcing the human and technological resources assigned to Internet surveillance, and the constant adoption of new repressive laws and directives. The latest, called Decree 72, makes it illegal to use blogs and online social networks to share information about news developments. It marks a new low in the regime’s campaign against use of the modern Internet as a tool of independent information and troublesome counterweight to Vietnam’s traditional media, which are kept under tight party control.
  • Engaged Observers: Documentary Photography Since the Sixties

    Engaged Observers: Documentary Photography Since the Sixties

    OBJECT LIST Engaged Observers: Documentary Photography since the Sixties At the J. Paul Getty Museum, the Getty Center June 29–November 14, 2010 1. Leonard Freed (American, 1929 - 2006) 5. Leonard Freed (American, 1929 - 2006) Demonstration, New York City, 1963 Georgia, 1965 Gelatin silver print Gelatin silver print Image: 25.9 x 35.4 cm (10 3/16 x 13 15/16 Image: 38.3 x 25.6 cm (15 1/16 x 10 1/16 in.) in.) Gift of Brigitte and Elke Susannah Freed. The Gift of Brigitte and Elke Susannah Freed. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 2008.59.3 2008.59.9 2. Leonard Freed (American, 1929 - 2006) 6. Leonard Freed (American, 1929 - 2006) March on Washington, Washington, D.C., Political Meeting, Harlem, 1963 August 28, 1963 Gelatin silver print Gelatin silver print Image: 33.2 x 25.2 cm (13 1/16 x 9 15/16 Image: 37.8 x 25.4 cm (14 7/8 x 10 in.) in.) Gift of Brigitte and Elke Susannah Freed. The The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 2008.62.3 2008.59.4 7. Leonard Freed (American, 1929 - 2006) 3. Leonard Freed (American, 1929 - 2006) New York City, 1963 Johns Island, South Carolina, 1964 Gelatin silver print Gelatin silver print Image: 33.2 x 25.2 cm (13 1/16 x 9 15/16 Image: 25.7 x 34.9 cm (10 1/8 x 13 3/4 in.) in.) Gift of Brigitte and Elke Susannah Freed.
  • Law at War: Vietnam, 1964-1973

    Law at War: Vietnam, 1964-1973

    YIETMM STUDIES LAW AT WAR: VIETNAM * 1964-1973 by Major General George S. Prugh DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 1975 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-3 1399 First Printing For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 -Price $2.30 StockNumber0820-00531 The United States Army has met an unusually complex challenge in Southeast Asia. In conjunction with the other services, the Army has fought in support of a national policy of assisting an emerging nation to develop governmental processes of its own choosing, frpe of outside coercion. In addition to the usual problems of waging armed conflict, the assignment in Southeast Asia has required superimposing the imniensely sophisticated tasks of a modern army upon an under- developed environment and adapting them to demands covering a wide spectrum. These involved helping to fulfill the basic needs of an agrarian population, dealing with the frustrations of antiguerrilla operations, and conducting conventional campaigns against well- trained and determined regular units. Although this assignment has officially ended, the U.S. Army must prepare for other challenges that may lie ahead. While cognizant that history never repeats itself exactly and that no army ever profited from trying to meet a new challenge in terms of the old one, the Army nevertheless stands to benefit immensely from a study of its experience, its shortcomings no less than its achievements. Aware that some years must elapse before the official histories will provide a detailed and objective analysis of the experience in South- east Asia, we have sought a forum whereby some of the more salient aspects of that experience can be made available now.
  • Introduction

    Introduction

    Introduction This collection of essays and reviews follows right on from Anglo- English Attitudes. The last piece in that book was written in 1999; the earliest one here is from the same year. To be honest, nothing much has changed in the interim. I write about whatever happens to interest me, sometimes accepting commissions from editors, sometimes writing pieces and sending them in on spec. A decade from now, by which time I’ll be in my sixties, I hope to have enough new mate- rial to bring out a third volume. You see, I’ve got tenure on this pecu- liarly vacant chair – or chairs, rather. It’s a job for life; more accurately, it is a life, and hardly a day goes by without my marvelling that it is somehow feasible to lead it. As in the earlier collection, there’s no area of specialised concern or expertise; on the contrary, the pleasure, hopefully, lies in the pick ’n’ mix variety, the way one thing leads to another (often Quite different) thing. Actually, one thing has changed: in the last ten years I’ve been asked to contribute introductions to Quite a few books, either re - issued literary classics or photographic monographs and catalogues. I love doing this and am especially grateful to the editors who somehow got wind of the idea that I was interested in Rebecca West or Richard Avedon or whoever and gave me the chance to get between the covers of a shared volume with them. This seems to me the greatest privilege that can be afforded any reader (even if it slightly under- mines the idea of being – as I claim in a piece to be found later in this volume – a gatecrasher).
  • Extensions of Remarks

    Extensions of Remarks

    32874 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 20, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS BACON CRUSTY BUT BIG <anti-aircraft) was shipped off to Camp Every time Bacon ran, parties unknown HEARTED Stewart, near Hinesville. got out rap sheets against him, usually Bacon amassed a fine war record, being charging B.acon changed jobs a lot, wasn't decorated and getting a battlefield commis­ an articulate speaker or proper dresser. HON.GEORGE(BUDDY)DARDEN sion in Battle of the Bulge while serving Those digs didn't bother Arthur. OF GEORGIA with the 78th Infantry Division. Bacon was The one that did was the cut that while taken prisoner one day, then helped impris­ American Legion manager, he wasn't good IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES on his captors the next. at tending bar. "Hell, how does that fellow Wednesday, November 20, 1985 Directing fire from an observation post on know?" snorted Arthur. "I've never poured a column of German tanks, Bacon's outfit him a drink." Mr. DARDEN. Mr. Speaker, Georgia's suddenly was surrounded by enemy troops, "There isn't anything I've every done that Seventh District lost a distinguished citizen disarmed and imprisoned in a big pillbox. I'm ashamed of," he replied. "There isn't recently with the death of Arthur T. Bacon, When the battle tide switched the next anything I've done that most folks in mayor of the city of Smyrna. morning, Bacon and his captain, Alvin Smyrna don't already know about." I had the honor of serving Mayor Bacon Murphy, who spoke German, persuaded the That kind of simple honesty marked the first as district attorney of Cobb County, Nazis that all would be killed in the pillbox man.
  • Making Democracy Work by Hedrick Smith

    Making Democracy Work by Hedrick Smith

    This Guide was made possible by a grant from THE CHARLES STEWART M OTT FOUNDATION Printing and distribution of instructors’ and citizen’s guides were also supported by THE ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON FOUNDATION Funding for the public television series was provided by THE CORPORATION FOR PUBLIC BROADCASTING PBS THE JOHN D. AND CATHERINE T. MACARTHUR FOUNDATION THE CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK THE CHARLES STEWART MOTT FOUNDATION THE DILLON FUND THE CHARLES H. REVSON FOUNDATION THE NORTH STAR FOUNDATION THE JEROME KOHLBERG FUND The People and the Power Game This guide was produced was produced by in cooperation with HEDRICK SMITH PRODUCTIONS HEDRICK SMITH PRODUCTIONS by the in association with OUTREACH DEPARTMENT SOUTH CAROLINA ETV AT SC ETV HEDRICK SMITH, Correspondent and PATRICIA P. DRESSLER, Director Senior Executive Producer MICHELE M. REAP, Editor PATRICK M. RODDY, Executive Producer and Program Producer MARGARET B. WALDEN, Writer BARAK GOODMAN, Program Producer FOSTER WILEY, Principal Camera Design by PAUL GALLAGHER, STEVE JOHNSON and BLJ PUBLISHING RESOURCES, INC. MARK SHAFFER, Field Producers HEDRICK SMITH, PATRICK M. RODDY, Photos by WALTER CALAHAN, CAMERON DAVIDSON BARAK GOODMAN and MARK SHAFFER, Writers and HEDRICK SMITH PRODUCTIONS SANDRA L.UDY, Coordinating Producer and Production Manager Teachers and public television stations JENNIFER CHRISTIANO, RACHEL ENGLEHART, have the right to download and copy Production Associates this guide for educational use JANINA RONCEVIC, Executive Assistant from The People and the Power Game AMY MALL, Researcher World Wide Web site. http://www.pbs.org/powergame Making Democracy Work By Hedrick Smith The history and institutions of American democracy The Constitution provides a system of separated are a source of national pride to Americans.
  • Michael Kamber

    Michael Kamber

    Why Photography WHY PHOTOGRAPHY Michael Kamber I grew up in a time, in the 1960s and 70s, when photographs made a difference. My family got The Portland Press Herald every morning. There was always a black-and-white news image on the front page. This photo was a representation of an important event in the world from the previous day. Weekly news magazines, such as Time and Newsweek, were packed with photos too; I pored over them eagerly, occasionally cutting photos from their pages. They were my only links to far-off happenings in a distant world. The iconic photos of the civil rights movement in particular were burned into my consciousness. I studied the defiant marchers, snarling dogs, and pot-bellied Southern sheriffs with insouciant grins. Pictures from the Vietnam War changed my consciousness as well. We watched grainy clips on TV every evening. Yet it was the photos, rather than the news footage, that seared the deepest. I remember the photos and the photographers: Larry Burrow's color work from the field of battle, exhausted men and blood-stained ban- dages against the brown earth; Henri Huet, a French-Vietnamese As- sociated Press photographer, took pictures with the eye of a poet; the classic images that I would see again and again in my youth: Eddie Adams' Saigon execution photo; Nick Ut's picture of the napalmed girl running down Highway One. These photos were credited with 69 CREATIVE LIVES turning the American public against the war. These photos provided evidence of people's lives, their suffering, American foreign-policy failures; realities that needed to change.
  • War News Coverage

    War News Coverage

    WAR NEWS COVERAGE A STUDY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES by PUNLEY HUSTON YANG B.L#, National Chengchi University Taipei, China, 1961 A MASTER 1 S THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Technical Journalism KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1968 Approved by: ajor Professor JCC? ii J3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to the many persons whose guidance, suggestions, and services have helped to make possible the completion of this thesis. First of all, I am immeasurably indebted to Mr. Del Brinkman for his suggestions, criticism, and patience* I would also like to acknowledge Dr. F. V. Howe as a member of my Advisory Committee, and Professor Ralph Lashbrook as Chairman of the Committee for the Oral Examination. I wish to thank Helen Hostetter for her suggestions on the style of the thesis and English polishing. I wish to extend my thanks for Kim Westfahl's tremendous typing. Finally, sincere appreciation is due the Lyonses, the Masons, and Myrna Hoogenhous for their continual encouragement in the school years. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii INTRODUCTION -V Chapter I. A WAR CORRESPONDENT'S PORTRAIT 1 II. EARLY PERIOD* WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN THE 19th CENTURY 6 III. COVERAGE OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR H* IV. COVERAGE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 26 V. COVERAGE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR «f0 VI. COVERAGE OF THE KOREAN WAR 63 VII. COVERAGE OF THE VIETNAM WAR 75 VIII. CONCLUSION 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY 100 IV • • • • And let me speak to the yet unknowing World How these things came about: so shall you hear Of carnal, bloody and unnatural acts, Of accidental judgments, casual slaughters, Of deaths put on by cunning and forced cause, And, in this upshot, purposes mistake Fall'n on the inventors 1 heads: all this can I truly deliver.