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Dynamic Evolution of Ekakula Spit of Odisha Coast, India Using Satellite Data

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Dynamic Evolution of Ekakula Spit of Odisha Coast, India Using Satellite Data Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 43(7), July 2014, pp. Morpho- dynamic evolution of Ekakula spit of Odisha coast, India using satellite data R. Mani Murali* & P. Vethamony CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa – 403004, India. *[Email: [email protected]] Received 1 October 2013; revised 13 November 2013 Ekakula spit is t at the northern end of Gahirmatha coast in the state of Odisha, India. This spit is located at the mouth of Maipura River which is falling in the Mahanadi delta region. This spit is a prominent and important for many reasons. This spit triggers interests to the coastal managers and environmentalists because of its nature. Multi-temporal satellite images (1999 – 2009) were used to study the Morpho-dynamic evolution of this spit. Results show that the spit grows towards northeast mainly by the deposition of sand brought by the littoral drift from the south. Spit got fragmented and detached portion moved away towards the offshore in the past. A close inspection of the temporal satellite images of the area reveals the progressive evolution of the spit. Spit appears to have undergone growth and fragmentation over the years and accordingly the Maipura river mouth shifted to and fro. The growth of the spit forces the river to shift its mouth and the river causes fragmentation by breaching the spit during heavy floods and cyclones. Ekakula spit lost about 306m when compared its position in 1973 (SOI toposheet) with that in the satellite image of 1999. The year- wise length of the Ekakula spit was estimated using satellite data for the period 1999-2009 from a base point selected for this purpose. Ekakula spit length increased since 1999 by 2710 m by 2008 and little reduced to 2431 m during 2008-09. Spit appears to be growing steadily by deposition of sediment brought from south by the littoral drift except during 2003 and 2009 when it suffered some erosion. Maximum increase in length was during 2004-2005 followed by 2000-01 and 1999-2000. Minimum was during 2004- 05. Erosion was minimal during 2002-03. [Keywords: Gahirmatha coast, erosion, Ekakula spit, Odisha, Mahanadi delta.] Introduction south and the Budhabalanga and Subarnarekha Odisha coast of India is about 476 km long1 rivers in the north have very little or no delta stretching from Icchapuram in the south to the west formation4. The lone Hukitola bay off Jambu has of Subarnarekha river mouth on the western shore been formed as a result of the huge complex spit to of the Bay of Bengal. In general, Odisha coastline the north of the Mahanadi estuary5. There are only is oriented in a SW-NE direction. Accretion and three islands off the Orissa coast - Outer Wheeler erosion processes in parts of Orissa coast were Island, Long Wheeler Island, and Coconut Wheeler studied by2.There are several major and minor Island off Dhamara and Maipura River mouths. rivers joining the Bay of Bengal at several locations The net littoral drift along the coast is northerly6. along the coast. From south up to Dhamara, the This littoral drift together with the river discharged rivers and creeks opening to the sea are Rushikulya, sediments make the river mouths a depositional Chilka lake, Bhargavi, Kushbahdra, Prachi, Devi, environment7. Hence, the river mouths protrude in Jatadharmohan creek, Mahanadi, Jambu, Hansua, to the sea. The littoral drift deposition builds spits Bansgarh, Maipura and Dhamara. North of and bars at the river mouths especially at the Dhamara coast, the Budhabalanga and southern side of the river mouths. Most of the river Subarnarekha rivers enter the sea at the northern mouths have well developed spits. This causes the most part of Odhisa coast. The sediment coastline orientation shifting towards west or contributions from all these rivers spread along the northwest at the immediate vicinity of the northern coast and make the Orissa coast depositional in side of the openings. Again after a stretch, the nature3.The coast bulges out in the central portion, coastline tends to orient itself towards north east. from Chilka Lake to Dhamara, where Mahanadi, The Gahirmatha coast (Fig. 1) lie at its southern Brahmani and Baitarani river systems form a end is about 10 km northwest of the Paradip coast combined delta. The coast is concave in shape on the north side of Mahanadi River. Between these between Dhamara and the Subarnarekha River coasts, there are two rivers, the Dharma and mouth as no major river pushes the shoreline into Maipura which are at the northern side of the Bay of Bengal. The Rushikulya river in the Gahirmatha coast discharge into the sea. INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 43, NO. 7, JULY 2014 86°47'25"E 86°52'30"E 86°57'35"E 87°2'40"E 20°49'0"N 20°49'0"N Dhamra river Nasi II Nasi I 20°43'55"N Maipura river Ekakula 20°43'55"N Habalihuti Gahirmatha Kanhupur 20°38'50"N 20°38'50"N 20°33'45"N Pentha 20°33'45"N Fig 2. Field photos showing the deposition at the spit Ekakula spit (Fig. 2) is an extension of the 20°28'40"N 20°28'40"N Gahirmatha coast at the Maipura river mouth. This elongated spit extending towards north from Ekakula owes its origin mainly to the deposition of 20°23'35"N 20°23'35"N sediments brought by the northerly long shore 86°47'25"E 86°52'30"E 86°57'35"E 87°2'40"E 5,000 Meters sediment transport from south and partly to the Fig 1. Study region sediments deposited by the Maipura -Dhamara river system8. A close inspection of the temporal satellite images of the area (Table 1) reveals the progressive evolution of the spit. Same was observed during the field trip in December,2008 (Fig. 2). Spit appears to have undergone growth and fragmentation over the years and accordingly the Maipura river mouth shifted to and fro.Growth of the spit forces the river to shift its mouth and the river causes fragmentation by breaching the spit during heavy floods and cyclones9. Materials and Methods Available data and information pertaining to the study area from different sources are collected and used here. Satellite data pertaining to the study area was procured from the National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, after atmospheric correction. Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor (LISS) III sensor data from the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) are used in this study. Cloud free data pertaining to January-February months for the years 1999 to 2009 are processed and analysed. Spatial resolution of these data is about 23 m. Geo- referencing was carried out using the reference points from toposheets. Details of data sets, image characteristics and tidal positions are presented in Table 1. Digital image processing of satellite imagery and the spatial mapping was undertaken using commercial digital image processing software. The accuracy was maintained with less than 1.0 RMS error. Then the coastlines were digitized using common data interpretation techniques. They were superimposed on registered toposheet published by Survey of India in 1975 MANI MURAI &VETHAMONY: MORPHO- DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF EKAKULA SPIT (Survey period, 1973-73) to study the long term prolongation of the spit may lead to the withdrawal changes occurred on the spit. of material from the proximal end of the spit Apart from these, a field survey of the coastline causing thinning and deposition at the distal end using a DGPS (Accuracy is 2m) was carried out in causing widening. During high episodic floods or December 2008. The positions along the Ekakula extremely high wave conditions and storm surges spit to Maipura River mouth were taken to associated with cyclones, the river tends to breach demarcate the high water line and to compare with the spit in between especially at the thinned the other data sets. location. Ekakula spit lost about 306m when compared its Table 1: Details of satellite images position in 1973 (SOI toposheet) with that in the Tidal Path/ro Satelli Time satellite image of 1999. But a comparison between Year Date height[m w te ID [GMT] ] the images in 1989 (before it was breached and the 28/2/9 05:10: detached part remained separately as Nasi bar) and 1999 107-58 1D 1.781 9 30 1999 showed that the loss was about 6 km. Since 19/1/0 05:13: 1999 the spit has been growing again towards 2000 107-58 1D 1.098 0 44 northeast. The year-wise length of the Ekakula spit 22/2/0 05:11: was estimated using satellite data for the period 2001 107-59 1D 1.338 1 43 1999-2009 from a base point selected for the 13/1/0 05:05: purpose. The details are presented in the Table 2. 2002 107-60 1D 1.865 2 26 The Ekakula spit length increased since 1999 by 17/2/0 04:53: 2710 m by 2008 and 2431 m during 2008-09 2003 107-61 1D 1.740 3 16 towards northeast (Fig. 3). The spit appears to be 13/1/0 04:59: growing steadily by deposition of sediment brought 2004 107-62 P6 1.723 4 09 from south by the littoral drift except during 2003 24/2/0 04:57: and 2009 when it suffered some erosion. The 2005 107-63 P6 1.900 5 30 maximum increase in length was during 2004-2005 09/12/ 04:51: (712 m) followed by 2000-01 (687 m) and 1999- 2005 107-64 P6 1.180 05 53 2000 (597 m).
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