DISTRICT SURVEY

REPORT (For mining of minor minerals)

As per Notification No. S.O.3611 (E) New Delhi dated 25TH Of July 2018 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)

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JANUARY, 2021 DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT SURVEY DISTRICT DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, DISTRICT, WEST

CONTENTS SL. TOPIC DETAILS PAGE NO. NO CONTENT I - II ABBREVIATIONS USED III - IV LIST OF TABLES V - VI LIST OF MAPS VII LIST OF ANNEXURES VIII CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENT X FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS XXX 1 PREFACE 1 2 INTRODUCTION 2 3 GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT 4 - 16 a. General information 3 b. Demography 3 - 7 c. Climate condition 7 d. Rain fall (month wise) and humidity 8 e. Topography and terrain 8 - 9 f. Water course and hydrology 9 - 10 g. Ground water development 10 - 13 h. Drainage system (general) 13 i. Cropping pattern 13 - 15 j. Landform and seismicity 15 k. Flora 15 - 16 l. Fauna 16 4 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT 17 - 22 o General landform 17 o Soil 17 - 19 o Rock pattern 19 - 20 o Different geomorphological units 20 o Drainage basins 21 - 22 5 LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT 23 - 30 . Introduction 23 - 26 a. Forest 26 - 27 b. Agriculture & Irrigation 27 - 29 c. Horticulture 29 d. Mining 30 6 GEOLOGY 31 - 34  Regional geology 31 - 33  Local geology 33 - 34 7 MINERAL WEALTH 35 - 37  Overview of the mineral 35 - 37 resources (covering all minerals)

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CONTENTS SL. TOPIC DETAILS PAGE NO NO. 8 SAND AND OTHER RIVERBED MINERALS 38 - 66 A. Sand & Other riverbed minerals 38 - 61 i. Drainage System 38 - 39 ii. General profile of River/stream 39 - 40 iii. Annual deposition of river bed mineral 40 - 41 iv. Annual deposition factor 41 - 46 v. Replenishment 46 - 52 vi. Total potential of minor mineral in the riverbed 53 - 54 vii. Riverbed mineral potential 54 viii. Riverbed mineral potential zones (sand) 56 - 61 B. In- situ minerals 62 - 66 9 OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT 67 - 78 a. General overview 67 b. List of existing mining leases 67 - 77 c. Details of production of sand and other 78 minor minerals during last 3 years 10 DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM MINERAL 79 SECTOR 11 TRANSPORT (RAILWAY, ROAD) 80 - 82 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 83 13 CONCLUDING REMARKS & RECOMMENDATIONS 84 14 REFERENCE CITED 85 - 86 15 ANNEXURES XI- XXIV

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED

ABBREVIATIONS & : FULL FORMS SYMBOLS USED % : Percent ′ : Minute ″ : Second < : less than (strict inequality) = : Equal to (strict equality) > : greater than (strict inequality) ≈ : approximately equal ° : Degree °C : Degree Centigrade °F : Degree Fahrenheit ArcGIS : ArcGIS is a GIS for working with maps and geographic information maintained by the ESRI. CD blocks : Community development blocks cm : Centimeter cum : Cubic meter Dec : December DEIAA : District Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority DSR : District Survey Report E : East e.g., : ‘exempli gratia’(Latin phrase) means ‘for example’ EC : Environmental Clearance et.al., : ‘et alia’ (Latin phrase) means ‘and others’ G:2 stage : General Exploration (stage of exploration as per UNFC norms) G:3 stage : Prospecting (stage of exploration as per UNFC norms) GIS : Geographic Information System Govt. : Government GPS : Global Positioning System Ha : Hectare i.e., : ‘id est’ (Latin phrase) means ‘that is’/’in other words’

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

ABBREVIATIONS & : FULL FORMS SYMBOLS USED ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research Inch : inches kg/ha : Kilogram per hectare km : kilometer km/ hour : Kilometer per hour km2 : kilometer square LANDSAT : Land Satellite stands for Low Altitude Satellite LULC : Land use and land cover m : Meter Mar : March Max. : Maximum mbgl : Meter Below Ground Level Min. : Minimum mm : Millimeter MoEFCC : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change N : North NH : National Highways No.(s) : Number(s) RI value : River Index value S : South SEIAA : State Environment Impact Assessment Authority Sept : September sp. : species sq.km : Square kilometer Temp : Temperature viz., : Latin phrase ‘videre licet’, and is used as a synonym for "namely", W : West

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TOPIC PAGE NO. NO. 1. Regional profile of the district 4 2. Demographic pattern of the district (Source: Census 2011) 4 3. Religion Data of the district 4 4. Jhargram Demographic Statistics of SC & ST 6 5. Jhargram Demographic Statistics of BR & DR 6 6. Maximum and Minimum Temperature of the District 7 7. Average rainfall by month in the district 8 8. Ground water availability of Jhargram 10 9. Status of Ground Water Development 10 - 11

10. Cropping intensity of Jhargram 14 11. Important variety cultivated under different crops 14 - 15 12. Seismic Zone Intensity on MM scale 15 13. Earthquake Zonation of District of Jhargram, West Bengal 15 14. Soil type with Soil Reaction Classes of Jhargram 17 15. Soil characteristics of Jhargram district 18 16. Land use and land cover classification scheme of the district 25 17. Land Use Statistics (2018–2019) 26 18. Forest area scenario of Jhargram (2017 - 18) 26

19. Net cropped area and Gross cropped area land statistics (in 28 hectare) of Jhargram

20. Agriculture land and Cultivable Barren land statistics (in hectare) 28 of Jhargram

21. Basic irrigation statistics of Jhargram 28

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

 LIST OF TABLES

22. Sources of irrigation and irrigation potential (in hectare) in 2016- 28 – 29 17 23. The major fruits and vegetables grown in the district 29 24 Status of availability of minerals other than sand (2017 - 2018) 30 25. Wentworth’s Sediment Size Classes (1922) 36 26. Drainage system with description of main rivers 39 27. Salient features of important rivers and streams 39 28. Coordinate Details of Cross section Lines 47 29. Estimation of Sand resources in Pre and Post monsoon period in 49 - 52 sand bars

30. Sediment Load comparison between Pre & Post Monsoon periods 52 for different rivers of Jhargram District

31. Annual deposition 54 32. Riverbed mineral potential 54 33. Riverbed sand potential zones (Sand)(SOURCE: Field Survey) 55 - 61 34. List of existing mining leases of the district with location, area, 62 - 66 period of lease and status (In-situ)

35. List of existing mining leases of the district with location, area, 67-73 period of lease & status (Sand)

36. Data of settled and EC done Brick earth of the district 74 - 75

37. Data of EC pending Brick earth of the district 76 - 77

38. Details of generated revenue for sand sector during last 3 years 78 39. Details of revenue generated from mineral sector during last 3 79 years 40. CD block wise road density of Jhargram sub-division during 2003 81 – 2004 and 2011

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

 LIST OF MAPS

MAP NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. 1. LOCATION MAP OF THE DISTRICT 2

2. ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF THE DISTRICT 3

3. SLOPE MAP OF THE DISTRICT 9

4. WATER LEVEL DEPTH MAP OF DISTRICT (PRE- 12 MONSOON) 5. WATER LEVEL DEPTH MAP OF (POST- 13 MONSOON) 6. SOIL MAP OF THE DISTRICT 19

7. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE DISTRICT 20

8. DRAINAGE MAP OF THE DISTRICT 22

9. LAND USE LAND COVER MAP OF THE DISTRICT 25

10. FOREST COVER MAP OF THE DISTRICT 27

11. GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE DISTRICT 34

12. MINERAL RESOURCE MAP OF DISTRICT 37

13. CATCHMENT AREA MAP OF MAIN RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT 38

14. ELEVATION MAP OF THE DISTRICT 40

15. ELEVATION & LONGITUDINAL PROFILE MAP OF MAIN 45 RIVERS 16. CROSS SECTION MAP OF PURULIA DISTRICT 48

17. TRANSPORT NETWORK MAP OF THE DISTRICT 82

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

 LIST OF CHARTS

CHART TOPIC PAGE NO. NO. 1. Graphical Representation of Rural & Urban Population of the 5 district 2. Graphical Representation of Male & Female Population of the 5 district 3. Graphical Representation of distribution of male & female literates 6 of the district 4. Jhargram Demographic Statistics of BR & DR 7

 LIST OFANNEXURES

ANNEXURE TOPIC PAGE NO. NO. I EXSISTING SAND BLOCK MAP OF THE DISTRICT XI-XV

II PROPOSED PROMISING SAND BLOCK MAP OF THE DISTRICT XVI- XX

FIELD PHOTOGRAPS XXI - III XXIV

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TOPIC PAGE NO. NO. Modes of Sediment Transport in Rivers 44 1. Cross section of the kangsabati Rivers 48 2. Cross section of the Subarnarekha Rivers 49 3.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

CONFIDENTIALITY CLAUSE

This District Survey Report (DSR) of Purulia District, West Bengal, has been prepared by RSP Green Development and Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Howrah, West Bengal, . Any reproduction, direct or indirect other than for the specific purpose for which the report has been prepared, should not be carried out, without prior written consent of RSP Green Development and Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. and Govt. of West Bengal.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

RSP Green Development and Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. would like to thank & express its heartfelt gratitude to the government officials of respective departments of West Bengal and also to the reassuring residents of Paschim Bardhaman district, who helped a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. In this context we will like to thank Industry and Commerce. We will like to express our deepest gratitude to Respected Secretary, Joint Secretary, Director of Mines, Superintending Geologist, Assistant Director, Chief Mining Officer & other officials of CMO, We will also like to thank Department of Industry, Commerce and Enterprises (Mines Branch) located at 4, Abanindranath Tagore Sarani (Camac Street), Kolkata-16. We will also like to express our deepest gratitude to Respected District Magistrate, Additional District Magistrate (Land & land reforms), OC Mines, Block Land & Land Reforms Officers, District Land and Land Reforms officer, Revenue Inspector’s, Revenue Officer’s and other respected officers. The RSP Green Development & Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. is really thankful to the villagers in and around the district of Purulia who have offered their fullest and wholehearted cooperation, without which the execution of the work would not have become as smooth as it has been.

Thanking You,

RSP GREEN DEVELOPMENT & LABORATORIES PVT. LTD

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT  General Landform Being a part of Chotonagpur plateau, the geomorphological point of view Jhargram can be conveniently divided into three Physiographic Units viz., (a) Plains, (h) Piedmont and (c) Hills and also alluvial plain deposits. The district gradually slopes down towards east; hilly terrain occurs in the north-western portion of the district (Development & Planning Department). The geological formation of Jhargram is mainly lateritic, which occupies the central as well as the southern parts of this area, whereas the eastern part gradually gives way to the alluvium of the Lower Ganga plain. The plains command the largest area followed by the Piedmont and the hills.  SOIL The district is fundamentally shielded with unfertile hard laterite rocks and/or soil. The other than lateritic soil, the district soil can be broadly classified into four categories, viz., red sandy, red gravelly, older and newer alluviam. The most major soil type of the district is lateritic in Jhargram along with existence of newer alluvial patches near the river basins which tumble over in the wet season. The lateritic soils are slightly acidic with pH range 5.5 to 6.5 and poor in calcium, organic matter, and available phosphates and in bases. Laterite soil has a little water holding capacity. In some portions of the district red graveled and sandy soils appear with few patches of older alluvium. The red soils are poor in organic matter and available plant nutrients and coarse textured with pH around 6.0 to 6.6. In the alluvial tract three types of local soils are abundant e.g., clayey soil is known as ‘entel’; the loam soil, known as ‘doash’/ ‘dorash’/‘doesta’ and sandy loam soil which is known as ‘beledoash’.pH of alluviums ranges from pH 6.0 to 8.0 i.e., marginally acidic and to some extent alkaline( shodhganga.in flibnet.ac.in./bitstream/). In the lateritic tracts of Jhargram subdivision the soils are mostly loam and sandy loam, having the same name as the alluvial portion, but their color is reddish-brown, and they are inferior in fertility to the corresponding types of soil in the alluvial tract (O’Malley, 1995).

Table 14: Soil type with Soil Reaction Classes of Jhargram

Soil Type Soil Reaction Classes lateritic soils pH 5.5 to 6.5 Red soils pH 6.0 to 6.6 Alluvium pH 6.0 to 8.0

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

Table 15: Soil characteristics of Jhargram district

SOIL TYPE TEXTURAL AREA (ha) LAND SITUATION Net Block Cultivated % of % of Sandy Loam Clay Low Medium High Area (Ha) Predomina Other Sandy Clay nt type Total Type Total Loam Loam Area Area Jhargram 25424 Lateritic 90 Alluvium 10 1745 18515 3719 1445 - 3063 9349 13013 22826 Lateritic 90 Alluvium 10 5408 14754 1312 1352 - 2961 8490 11375 Sankrail 21153 Lateritic 80 Alluvium 20 4173 14313 1343 1324 - 4833 8868 7452 Jambani 20450 Lateritic 85 Alluvium 15 6664 12629 1157 607 - 9884 9959 -I 20052 Lateritic 70 Alluvium 30 3845 11228 3390 1589 - 4354 9629 6069 Binpur-II 21870 Lateritic 95 Alluvium 5 4566 16098 1206 2387 - 6855 12628 Gopiballabpur-I 15265 Lateritic 60 Alluvium 40 2502 7255 3751 1757 - 4222 5497 5546 Gopiballabpur-II 15566 Lateritic 55 Alluvium 45 1249 10243 2325 1749 - 1553 8279 5733 District Total 162606 30152 105035 18203 3506 - 23980 66851 71775 (Annual Action Plant, SevaBharatiKrishiVigyan Kendra, ICAR 2018 - 2019)

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

Map. No. 6 SOIL MAP OF THE DISTRICT

 ROCK PATTERN There are various types of rocks are present in the survey area. The distribution of rocks offers a complex picture in Jhargram. The parent rock usually composed of Feldspathic schistose. The major parts of the area are covered with laterites with oldest outcrops which are of the Archaean con and the alluvium is of recent origin. The laterites of Jhargram are not homogeneous and contain all possible gradation from loose gravelly formation to hard compact pisolitic masses (http://shodhganga.in flibnet.ac.in/).In the north-west part of Binpur, block micaceous schists crop occurs beneath a stream laterite flats near the village of' Silda. Around 13 kilometer away towards west anabrupt low ridge rises from the lateritic plain and the ridge is mainly made of grey and bluish-grey micaceous schists with bands of gneiss that has a resemblance with the rocks of Silda village. Group of hills of irregular shape to the west of this ridge, are principally composed of hard grey and greyish-white gritty quartzites associated with irregular veins of vein quartz. The rocks are considerably perverse and twisted. Bands of

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

quartzose-grit generally form precipitous peaks which are dotted over the area. Blue slates and traps occur in the lower ground and in the intermediate valleys. There are scattered masses of iron slag, the refuse of former iron smelting, here and there. Strongly folded mica schists, phyllites and epidiorites of Archaean age dominate the extreme northwest portion of the district and preponderance of perceptible topography of the area is gravelly, pisolitic and nodular in nature. The overall appearance of the area portrays throughout swellings with a gentle rippling surface, the slightly elevated waving rolls above the adjoining alluvial plains (O’Malley, 1995).  DIFFERENT GEOMORPHOLOGICAL UNITS The district is a part of Chotonagpur plateau; it gradually slopes down towards east;hilly terrain occurs in the north-western portion of the district. Kakrajhore area is having the highest altitude of about 300 mts. These areas are covered with unfertile hard laterite soil/rocks. The altitude of southern areas of the district belonging to Nayagram, -I & II blocks are having the altitude of about 65 mts; soil is comparatively alluvial in these area. Geomorphologicaly the study area is classified into seven units such as Badlands, flood plains; Para deltaic fan surface, pediments and Pedi plains, ridges and hills and upland plains. Upland plain is spread out all over the area and more than 60 % area of Jhargram, 80 % area of with good ground water potentiality. Badland topography is found in Binpur-I, where the ground water potentiality is low. Flood plains areas exhibit an excellent ground water potentiality which found along three main channel in the Kangsabati Command area. The area covered by low ridges and hills in Binpur-II with low ground water potentiality Map. No. 7 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE DISTRICT.

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

 DRAINAGE BASINS In Jhargram the river system includes river Kansabati popularly known as Kasai, river Subarnarekha and river Dulung which is the tributary of river Subarnarekha, Tarafeni and several rivulets viz., 'Deb', 'Palpala', Rangium', 'Kupon' etc. Most of the above rivers flow from west to east as the western side of the division is having higher altitude as Jhargram has a gently sloping plain of low relief excepting the small north-western section where the low hills rise rather suddenly from the lateritic plain (Das and Das, 2015).Kansabatientres Jhargram from its north in between Binpur I and Binpur II and flows towards east along the eastern border of Jhargram Block. enters the area from in the west and flows between Gopiballavpur I and Gopiballavpur II. With a southerly direction Dulung meets Subarnarekha River as a tributary. The Tarafeni river originates in the northwest portion of this division near Patagarh in Banspahari Range. It runs towards east within the jurisdiction of and Binpur police Stations and finally has fallen into the Kangsabatiriver. The Kasai/ Kansabati valley drains the northern and north-eastern part, while the southern half is drained by the river Subarnarekha and the south-western part of Nayagram is drained by the Muralinadi, a tributary of Jamiranadi. Subarnarakha & Kasai drainage basins contain within themselve a few secondary drainage basins, which are drained by their respective tributary streams. The Kasai has two prominent tributaries namely the Tarafeni in the north and the Kaliaghai in the east. Similarly the Dulung basin forms a part of the Subarnarekha valley. There are also numerous small tributaries to the south of Subarnakha. Towrads the north of this area, the plains rise gradually along the Dulung basin and Kasai-Tarafeni basin. Besides there are a few scattered plains developed on the narrow valleys in the hilly region at varying heights. It is a zone of accumulation.

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Map. No. 8 DRAINAGE MAP OF THE DISTRICT

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

5. LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT

 INTRODUCTION Wide-ranging areas of the tropical belt have been profoundly ruined by unfortunate land use (Lamb et. al., 2005). Landscapes tropics have been shaped by the inhabitants in both unsustainable and sustainable ways over past decades (Whitmore and Turner, 2001; Heckenberger et. al., 2003; Toledo et. al., 2003). Being a district of a state of a tropical country Jhargram is not an exception. Jhargram is newly formed district of west Bengal. Actually Jhargram Subdivision of West Medinipur district has now been declared as a separate district as Jhargram district in the year of 2017. The area is backward in industrial growth. The land use/cover pattern of an area was an outcome of the natural and socio-economic parameter and used by the man in time and space (Kayet et. al., 2018).In terms of land use, agriculture fallow/barren land and waste land with/without scrub contributed mass majority to total soil losses and are reasonably stumpy in dense forest area of Jhargram district and Binpur-II block was detected as extensive high risk zone of soil erosion whereas the low risk was observed from Gopiballvpur -I block (Shitet. al., 2015). The forest in Jhargram area was subjected to over exploitation by local communities socially and economically for fuel wood and construction wood, non-timber product in some local market. Furthermore, they represent pasture for domestic grazers. Ecologically, forests are essential for some villagers to earn money by selling fuel wood also the plant leaf (Das and Das, 2015) and also forest have been desecrated due to human population has been growing and also clearing for agricultural activities (Reynolds et. al., 2006).So, Land use and land cover (LULC) study is extremely significant for understanding the connections and interactions between anthropogenic activities and ecological occurrences for better decision making and land management (Lu et. al., 2004). The land use/ land cover of the study mainly encompasses the aspects that are described afterworlds;  Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. Land covers include grass, asphalt, trees, bare ground, water, etc. Land cover data documents how much of a region is covered by forests, wetlands, impervious surfaces, agriculture, and other land and water types. Water types include wetlands or open water.  Land use: Land use shows how people use the landscape – whether for development, conservation, or mixed uses. Land use refers to the purpose the land serves, for example, recreation, wildlife habitat, or agriculture. Land use applications involve both baseline mapping and subsequent monitoring, since timely information is required to know what current quantity of land is in what type of use and to identify the land use changes from year to year.  Deciduous forest: The forest under Jhargram falls under Northern tropical dry deciduous forest. The natural forests are mostly of mixed nature. Mostly coppice Sal forest mixed with miscellaneous species like Palash, Kusum, Mahua, Neem, and Kendu are the major source for timber, pole, small wood, fire wood, and medicinal plant to local people (Das and Das, 2015). Such woody vegetation with a percent cover >60% and height exceeding 2 metre, consists of broadleaved tree communities with an annual cycle of leaf-on and leaf-off periods, dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year.  Cropland: Temporarily cropped area followed by harvest and a bare soil period (e.g., single and multiple cropping systems). Different types of cropland based on seasons (e.g., kharif, rabi, zaid). Cropland includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest.  Built up land: a developed area, i.e., any land on which buildings and/or non-building structures are present, normally as part of a larger developed environment such as: developed land lot, rural

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area, urban area. Land covered by buildings and other man-made structures  Mixed forest: Vegetation formation composed principally of trees, including shrub and bush under storey, where neither broad-leaved nor coniferous species predominate.  Shrub land: Land with woody vegetation less than 2 m in height and with greater than 10% shrub canopy cover. The shrub foliage can be either evergreen or deciduous. Shrub land, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes. Shrub land may either occur naturally or be the result of human activity.  Fallow land: Fallow Land is farmland that has no crops on it, usually for a year, to recover its fertility to grow crops. Land taken up for cultivation temporarily allowed remaining uncultivated for one or more seasons.  Waste land: Sparsely vegetated land with signs of erosion and land deformation that could be attributed to lack of appropriate water and soil management, or natural causes. These are land identified as currently underutilized and could be reclaimed to productive uses with reasonable effort. Degraded forest (<10% tree cover) with signs of erosion is classified under wasteland.  An empty area of land, especially in or near a city, which is not used to grow crops or built on, or used in any way and/or a place, time or situation containing nothing positive or productive, or completely without a particular quality or activity.  Water body: Areas with surface water, either impounded in the form of ponds, lakes, reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, etc. Can be either fresh or salt-water bodies.  Plantations: A plantation is the large-scale estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops. The crops that are grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugarcane, sisal, oilseeds, oil palms, rubber trees, fruits, commercial horticulture plantations, orchards and tree cash crops.  Wetland: A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is inundated by water, either permanently or seasonally. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil. Land with permanent mixture of water and herbaceous or woody vegetation. The vegetation can be present either in salt, brackish, or freshwater/ The LULC pattern and map of district Jhargram have been depicted below:

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

Map. No. 9 LAND USE & LAND COVER MAP OF THE DISTRICT

Table 16: Land use and land cover classification scheme of Jhargram district

Sl. Description-1 Description-2 (source: NRSC LULC) No. 1. Deep forest Dense category of evergreen/semi evergreen forest

2. Open forest Closed and open category of deciduous and tree clad area

3. River and water Perennial and dry river/stream and line and unlined canal/drain body 4. Sand Sand is a naturally occurring granular river flow material

5. Agriculture land Kharif, Rabi, Zaid, two cropped, more than two cropped, plantation— agricultural, horticultural, agro horticultural 6. Wasted land Inland natural and inland manmade wetland 7. Settlement Residential mixed built-up, public/semipublic, communication, public utilities/facility, commercial, transportation Ref. Kayetet. al., 2018

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Table 17: Land Use Statistics (2018–2019) Net Cropped Area 168448 Area under non-agricultural use 38927 ha Area under Forest 73647 ha Area under current fallow (2016-17) 3377 ha Cultivable waste land 21417 ha Gross cropped area 229713 ha Area cultivated more than once 70495 ha Cropping intensity 136 % Annual Action Plant, Seva Bharati Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR 2018 - 2019 a. Forest Jhargram district is a district in the state of West Bengal and is famous for its "wooded beauty". Jhargram district covers an area of 303764 hectare, out of which 59497 hectare is under forest coverage and out of total forest coverage protected area occupies 52392.62 hectare and reserved area covers 2349.61 hectare. Major part of the district is covered by dense/depleted forest areas; main areas are Jhargram, Jambani, Binpur -I,Binpur-II. The major forest product providing floral species of forest are Sal, Jhaw, Akashmoni, Eucalyptus, Mahua, Haritaki, Bayraetc. Minorn non-timber forest products are Sal seeds, Mahua juice, medicinal plants like Amlaki, Kalomegh, Kurchi, Satamul, Diaskoria, Sarpagandhas, etc. Besides, forest products like dates, blackberries, ’kakrol’, bankundri are also accessible in the forests of this district. Sal is the main timber producing species (District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18). Lalgarh forests, Kankrajhoreforest are important forests of Jhargram district. Presently this division is having nearly 480 Forest Protection Committees. The Jhargram Forest Division comprises three ranges e.g.,Chandabila, Nayagram, and Kesorekha Ranges have been transferred to Division with all establishments. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhargram_district). Table 18: Forest area scenario of Jhargram (2017 - 18)

Nos. of Range Nos. of Beats Nos. of Total Forest Reserve (in Ha.) Protected Mouzas (in Ha.) (in Ha.)

12 36 808 59497.57 2349.61 52394.62

Source: District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18

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DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

Map. No. 10 FOREST COVER MAP OF THE DISTRICT

For the purpose of scientific management of forests vested in Government under Estate Acquisition Act, 1953, Jhargram Forest under the administrative setup as Jhargram Division erstwhile parent division styled as was bifurcated into two divisions viz., West Medinipur Division (retitled as Jhargram Division) with headquarters at Jhargram and East Medinipur Division with headquarters at Medinipur. The West Medinipur Division came into existence on 29.01.1954. b. Agriculture and Irrigation Land use in Jhargram from its origin is dominated by agricultural activities after forest cover. 268249 hectare is agricultural land. The same trend is observed in Jhargram the greatest share of its land belongs to agricultural practices currently. hargram is a developing district of West Bengal. So its agriculture is under-developed and in a state of static condition. Aus, Aman & Boro paddy are the principal agricultural crops produced in the district. Apart from these many other different crops are grown in the district such as wheat, sugarcane, pulses, oil seeds as, mustard, groundnut, vegetables as potato ,tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, brinjal, cucurbits, onions etc. Fruits such as watermelon mango, banana, guava

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etc., are also found to grown in the district (Annual Action Plant, Seva Bharati Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR 2018 - 2019).Net cropped area of the district is about 168448 hectare and Gross cropped area is 227921 hectare (DDMP Jhargram, 2018). Table 19: Net cropped area and Gross cropped area land statistics (in hectare) of Jhargram

Net cropped area 168448 hectare

Gross cropped area 227921 hectare

Source: (DDMP Jhargram, 2018) Table 20: Agriculture land and Cultivable Barren land statistics (in hectare) of Jhargram

Agricultural land 268249 hectare Cultivable Barren land 5652 hectare Source: District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18 Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and renutritioning the sequestrated soils in dry areas and during dry periods and/or the time of less than average rainfall. The Jhargram District faces both flood & Drought. Most of blocks are under drought prone area of about 114099 hectare. The average rainfall of the District for last 10 years is 1609.46 mm. but it is the experience of the people that the District faces scattered & uneven distribution of rainfall almost in every year & the monsoon showers come always in late. Currently Government attempts to minimize the drawbacks agricultural issues by certain extent advancement in the economic condition, education, technology manures, pesticides, irrigation facilities etc. As a result of such initiatives reduction of irrigation water availability became low. Prudent and effectual water management with special reference to watershed development and micro irrigation system was implemented to the thrust areas with low production due to nutrient deficiency of low yielding wheat in irrigated medium land under micro farming situation and irrigated up land to assess the effect of different seed treatment measures of cucurbits during Rabi season (Annual Action Plant, Seva Bharati Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR 2018 – 2019). Table 21: Basic irrigation statistics of Jhargram Net Irrigated Area (2016-17) 61224 hectare % of irrigation 36.34 % Source: Annual Action Plant, Seva Bharat iKrishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR 2018 - 2019 . Table 22: Sources of irrigation and irrigation potential (in hectare) in 2016-17 Sources of irrigation Area (Ha) Total No.s HDTW 155 17 MDTW 3680 219 LDTW 599 66 STW 25710 10695 RLI 4548 157 ODW 1898 4564

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Others 4021 1041 Tanks 2780 4632 Canal 17833 GREOSS TOTAL 61224 21391 c. Horticulture Practice of garden cultivation and management is known as horticultural crops,i.e., fruits and vegetable acquire a place of important as protective food. Horticulture provides much needed health supporting vitamins, minerals enriched foods. Besides, their value in human consumption, horticultural crops play an important role in commerce, particularly in export trade and processing industry in Jhargram district.Horticultire id very commonly practiced crop production process in Jamboni / Binpur-I / Binpur- II / Sankrail / Gopiballavpur-I / Gopiballavpur-II / Nayagrambloks of drought and flood prone district Jhargram. Rice, oilseeds, potato, wheat, pulses; dry chillies etc., even timber plants, ornamental plants fruit plants-mango, guava, papaya, citrus, jack fruit and cashew nut are cultivated by horticulture. The major fruits and vegetables grown in the district by horticulture are given below (Annual Action Plant, Seva Bharati KrishiVigyan Kendra, and ICAR 2018 – 2019): Table 23: The major fruits and vegetables grown in the district Crop/Enterprise Season Area (ha) Unit /No Component of technology

Production of Forest saplings Kharif 5.0 100,000 no. Sapling rising of good varieties in Akashmoni, Gamar,Sisso, poly house and polythene pack Teak and Mahaginietc. rearing with scientific nursery management technique. Production of Fruits: Mango, Kharif 2.0 20,000 no. Veneer grafted, Air layered plant Guava, Papaya,Citrus, Jack fruit and cashew nut Production of Turmeric Kharif 1.0 - Production of good variety (Seed Turmeric Rhizome Rhizome) (Saguna) Elephant foot Yam Kharif 1.0 - Production of good variety Seed Rhizome (Gagendra) Production of vegetable Througho 4.2 210,000 no. Protected nursery management. seedlings ut the year Production of flower Round the 0.2 50,000 no. Protected nursery management. seedlings Year Ornamental plant Round the 0.2 1,00,000 no. Cutting year Vegetable production Round the 1.0 - Production of fresh vegetables year through judicious application of nutrients and PPC Source: Annual Action Plant, Seva Bhara tiKrishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR 2018 – 2019

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d) Mining Type, obtainability and distribution of mineral resources are basically the reflection of antiquated paragenetic ore- geological sequence. The acreage of state of West Bengal is candidly sanctified with the enormous natural resources including prospective minerals and being a part of tract of Rarh Bengal and Chotonagpur plateau Jhargram is extremely enriched with numbers of minerals. Presence of feldspathic schistosetype parent rock, mica schists with bands of gneiss, phyllites and epidiorites of Archaean age, quartzites, kaolinitic clay from the decomposed felspathic rocks etc., are the reliable indicators of bountiful convenience of mineral resources for commercial purposes and economic development. Not only that but also the benevolence of magnificent rivers systems maximum part of the area is covered by deposited ordinary river sand. Rock formation of the area is alluvial rocky upland and undulating lateritic upland these formations undergo series of metamorphic cycles, like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of sand material. Sand is very abundant minor mineral resource of the district. Demand for river sand is enormously increased for infrastructural construction purposes as, building construction road construction, other concretized infrastructural developments. Therefore, illegal mining, without proper mining plan and unscientific disappearance of river sand from the river beds is not only initiate natural and environmental hazards but also will accelerate economic setback of the surrounding areas and need proper initiatives in this regard. Perhaps river sand mining is already legally started in Subarnarekha river bed at Mouza Chormundi, Plot No. 298(p), J.L. No. 207 under jurisdiction of Gopiballavpur police station and Mouza Baura, J.L. No.141, Plot No 243 under jurisdiction of Nayagram police station (http://environmentclearance.nic.in/). Table 24: Status of availability of minerals other than sand (2017 - 2018)

UNFC ESTIMATED NATURE OF ORE MINERAL LOCATION GRADE WORK DONE CODE RESOURCE BODY CLAY Mouza: G3 Upto a vertical depth Washing clay of: Geological mapping: Clay of Katachua Katachu of 15m bgl :0.14 mi. Katachua yields 18% of 3750 sq. m. (1:1000 appears to have a and tonnes (Katachua), Grade-I, 16% of Grade- Scale) in Katachua, originated from around 0.24 mi. tonnes II and residue 66%. 997 sq. m. (1:2000 granite Belpaha (Kadamdiha), Moderate to low scales) in Chirugora, mainly.Formation of ri, PS. 0.037 mi. tonnes plasticity; Kadamdiha 6591 sq. m. (1:1000 clay in other areas is Belpahari, (Chirugora),0.015 mi. yields 16% Grade- scales) in mainly from the tonnes (Balichu) and I,46.5% Grade-II and Kadamdiha; alteration of Phyllitic 0.12 mi.tonnes Residue 37.5%. Low Sampling & Analysis rocks. (Banspahari plasticity by hand feel. (including Clay of Chirugora and beneficiation): 1 Bulk Balichua: hard and sample from semi Katachua. QUARTZ Mouza: G-4 3.36 ( upto 20m SiO2: 97.5% to 99.6%; Geological mapping: Strike length - Kendapar depth)/334 4.sq km (1:12500) 450mX width: 100m a, approx. ; Sampling (Garpahar) & PS.Belpah &analysis : 9 nos. 550mx130m ari, (Kendapara). Quartz veins occur within the mica Strike length 450mX width : 100m (Garpahar) & 550mx130m - schist Source: Data Base of Directorate of Mines & Minerals, Government of West Bengal&(District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18)

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6. GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT

 REGIONAL GEOLOGY There are various types of rocks to be noticed in the area. Laterites cover the major part of the area. Only in the extreme north-west of Binpur police station, the distribution of rocks offers a complex picture. The oldest outcrops are of the Archaean era and the alluvium is of recent origin. In the north- west of Binpur, micaceous schists crop up from beneath the laterite flats in a stream near the village of' Silda, and about 13 km further west a low ridge rises rather abruptly from the lateritic plain. Here it forms the boundary between West Bengal and Bihar. The ridge is formed of grey and bluish grey micaceous schists with bands of gneiss. It has close similarity with the rocks found, in the Silda village. To the west of this ridge there is a group of hills of irregular shape which have no general bearing but occur rather in isolated masses separated by valleys. These hills are principally composed of hard grey and greyish-white gritty quartzites associated with irregular veins of vein quartz. The rocks are much twisted and contorted. Bands of quartzose-grit generally form precipitous peaks which are dotted over the area. Blue slates and traps occur in the lower ground and in the intermediate valleys. There are scattered masses of iron slag, the refuse of former iron smelting, here and there. The sequence of geology of Jhargram is as follows: D. Alluvium C. Laterites B. Granites & intrusive rocks A. Iron ore series A. Iron ore series The rocks of the series, belonging to the archaean era, are the oldest in Jhargram. It is found in the extreme north- west. There are three distinct stages of rock formation. These are: c) Dalma Lava b) Iron ore series a) series The rocks of Chaibasa series form a plain in the north-west of the region. These are of mainly micaceous schist. The name of next series originates from the abundance of iron ore in these rocks. The iron-content of the rock is not high for economic exploitation. Garnet is an abundant mineral. To the south of this region, rocks of Dalma lava stage form a structural syncline. The lava out-crop is very narrow in the west and it is much broken in the East. The rocks of the iron-ore series are strongly folded. The principal axis of movement was from the north to south. The beds were intensivly thrust towards the South. The deposits of the iron ore series were metamorphosed due to violent orogenic movement (Dunn 1933). The intensity of metamorphism was of higher great in the north than in the south' which contributed to the varied topographical feature of the area. The metamorphosed garnetiferous schists are physically resistant to erosion, but are liable to easy chemical decomposition. These rocks have given rise to narrow plains. The rocks of Dalma lava stage, of a low metamorphic order, are very resistant to chemical decomposition but may be easily eroded by mechanical weathering. Thus broken Landscape in the east can be explained. The hills are composed of the rocks of the Iron ore series which are chemically less alterable than the rocks of the Chaibasa series and physically more

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resistant than the rocks lying south of it. B. Granites and other intrusive There was a period of intrusion of various plutonic rocks into the sedimentary formation of the iron ore series during the orogensis. These probably contributed to the metamorphism of the sedimentary deposits. The oval shaped Kuilapal outcrop is the most spectacular granite outcrop in the north-west. There are many dykes of epidiorites and tourmaline-quartz in the south -east of Dalma Lava outcrop. It was subject to prolonged erosion down to late tertiary for which the deepest rock, the plutonic and the metamorphic, were exposed. The landmass formed a peneplain above which rose occasional hill ridges. This area probably formed a coastal plain at early tertiary. C. Laterite The word 'Laterite' had been used first by Buchanan (1807) and interpreted and fixed by the immediate successors, Newbold (1846), Medlicott and Blanford (1879). Laterites are recognised as a massive vesicular or concretionary iron stone formation, nearly always associated throughout the world with uplifted peneplains and undoubtedly originally formed on areas of low relief subject to high water tables. Waterlogging of the soil and weathered rock would be inferred as giving the pre-condition necessary for the formation of laterite. It is very difficult to ascertain the age of the laterites of Jhargram. Its general appearance is that of a continuous layer spread over the country, swelling here and there with a gently undulating surface, the waving rolls of which are slightly elevated from the alluvial plains. lt extends from the eastern margin of the rocks of the iron ore series to the town of Kharagpur in the east, which is beyond the eastern margin of the area. It gradually passes below the alluvium. It extends from in the north to Mayurbhanj in the south, being interrupted by strips of alluvial deposits brought down by the rivers flowing from north-west. Laterites are in a continuous bed under these alluvial strips. The laterites of Jhargram are not homogeneous and contain all possible gradation, from loose gravelly formation to hard and compact pisolitic masses. In some places, the oxides of iron have been leached out from the surface horizon to a great extent that the term 'Laterite' is not adequate enough to describe it. A general profile would show four horizons, namely: (a) The parent rock usually composed of Feldspathic schistose, (b) A clay horizon, which appear to be Kaolinitic in character, (c) Laterite horizon, (d) A surface horizon composed of ferruginous incrustation of concretions. Nearly spherical ferruginous nodules, about 0.3 cm to 0.6 cm in diameter are the main constituent of the surface horizon. Brown clay, which is more or less sandy, is associated with it. These nodules have a coating of iron oxide which are arranged in concentric layers round a central block of matter. The central block is magnetite. It is often decomposed and become yellowish in colour. It even leaves a cavity when iron oxide is leached out. The characteristic of this layer is hard and compact and interrupted by hollows of irregular shapes and directions. At places honey-comb structure of Laterite is exposed. Cultivated fields become hard if left fallow for a year. Clayey Laterite becomes harder on exposure and desiccation. Laterite deposits are associated with rounded pebbles of various sizes of different rocks. The roundness of the pebbles suggests a process of fluvial transportation. These Laterites are extracted as road metal for which it is admirably adapted. Pits seem to be filled up by the detrital materials and then recementation or subsequent cohesion of the previously free particles or nodules take place. This seems to have

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produced by the infiltration of the water, which decomposing and partially taking up the iron has again redeposited it forming cement between the nodules. This recementing is always found along the lines of joint or cracks by which such water has trickled. The laterite itself is of very variable thickness being in places not more than a foot or two, while near Gop House more than 50 feet are exposed of solid blocky laterite arranged in large tabular masses or beds, which have a slight dip or inclination to the south. This laterite rests on greyish white and reddish clay. It is soft, soapy and felspathic. This is more or less Kaolinitic type of clay which is resulted from the decomposition of felspathic rocks. lt is more ferruginous near the surface than below. Due to impregnation of iron solution from the above, the colour of the bed changes from red to yellow and becomes nearly white at depths. This nonporous clay, which is covered by open and fissured laterite above, forms the water level of the area. Some cases are known of wells which have been sunk through the laterite, passing through some 60* and meeting no water until they reach the clay below. There are a few isolated areas along the eastern fringe of the rocks of the iron ore series where hard and compact laterites are found as the capping on the flat tops of the monad nocks. Here kaolinised clay bed is totally absent. The laterites here are not associated with any types of pebbles. Hill top laterites were likely to be formed in situ and had more extensive earlier. The tract to the west is undulating and even hilly and possesses a flora closely approximating that of Chotanagpur plateau. D. Alluviums The depressions and flood plains of the rivers are covered with alluvium. As there is no alternate channel for flood water of Subarnarekha in this area, the flood water recedes after a few days and deposits a fair amount of silt and sand on the adjoining low-lying areas of Subarnarekha particularly on the southern part of Gopiballavpur Block II and Sankrail Police Station. These are the most recent geological formation of the area.  LOCAL GEOLOGY To facilitate and systematize the Geological description and to grip the idea about local geology, the area has been studied imposing special emphasis on different factors and the entire area has been divided into a number of sectors. Litho units encountered in the investigated area give the actual view about the local geology pertaining to different tectogenic episodes followed by different types of geomorphological sculpture of the area carved out by granite gneisses and different types of fluvial agencies. Lithounits (encountered): sand, silt, clay, laterite/murrum, ironstone, granite gneiss, quartzs, phyllites etc. A considerable no. of new murrum/boulder blocks were marked during field work viz. 21 blocks. 28 new river sand blocks were marked with approach points. Reserves were estimated for both sand and murrum considering depth of 3m and 2m respectively. Geological Map is given below.

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Map. No. 11 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE DISTRICT

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7. MINERAL WEALTH

 OVERVIEW OF MINERAL RESOURCES Mineral resources are finite and non-replenishable, that is why, and conservationists all over the world have raised concerns. Limitations in land availability, restrictions in use of forest land, rehabilitation & resettlement of people displaced from their lands and environmental aspects have been the major issues that have been cited. On the other hand, there is a growing demand for industrial as well as economic growth to compete with global markets and economy. In view of the above, exploitation of available mineral/mineral resources to get necessary utility products, value additions to product are imperative. Government would have limited role to play. Technological advancement would also trigger growth of industry. The mineral industry will be forced to look into further exploration for discovery of new deposits and increase new resource bases and at the same time look into the resource conservation and environmental protection for our next generation to grow. It is felt, that the industry should aim towards the scenario of sustainable growth on a sustenance basis in mineral sector while exploiting the available resources. However, minor minerals like riverbed sand, murrum & boulder, clay and quartz are found to occur within Jhargram District. During the course of this field work a considerable no. of blocks of river sand and murrum were identified and marked accordingly. Sand, especially riverbed sand, is naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles ranging between 0.0625 mm to 2 mm in diameter. Basically, riverbed sands are produced due to weathering of rocks by mechanical forces. By a long- lasting process, the weathered rock form gravel and further disintegrates to sand. Gravel occurs here as unconsolidated accumulations and consist of particles larger than sand (diameter >2 mm), that is granules, pebbles, cobbles, boulders or any other combinations of these. Concepts of size distribution of different particles that play a pivotal role in the formation of riverbed sand deposits are vividly clear from Wentworth‘s size classes of sedimentological particles. The canonical definition of sediment grain sizes as defined by geologist Chester K. Wentworth in a 1922 article in The Journal of Geology: "A Scale of Grade and Class Terms for Clastic Sediments" is given in Table 27.

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Table 25: Wentworth’s Sediment Size Classes (1922)

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Map. No. 12 MINERAL RESOURCE MAP OF THE DISTRICT

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8. SAND & OTHER RIVERBED MINERALS

A. SAND & OTHER RIVERBED MINERALS i. Drainage System The common hydrological regime is defined by the tropical monsoon climate with alternating dry and wet seasons. Mid- June to mid-September is the rainy season in which 90 percent of the rainfall occurs. The spatiality of rain is also controlled by the orientation of the axis of monsoon trough. Naturally, the base flow is either little or almost lacking. The annual peak flow occurs during the highest monsoon downpour. So, the floatability, transportability, competency and erosive power of the streams attain their maxima at that time. The network of channel is growing in a random fashion. All these aspects influence the rate of soil erosion in the district in a great way. The district is a part of Chotonagpur plateau; it gradually slopes down towards east; hilly terrain occurs in the north-western portion of the district. Kakrajhore area is having the highest altitude of about 300 mts. These areas are covered with unfertile hard laterite soil/rocks. The altitude of southern areas of the district belonging to Nayagram, Gopiballavpur-I & II blocks are having the altitude of about 65 mts; soil is comparatively alluvial in these areas. The altitude of Jhargram town is around 80 mts. There are a number of rivers in this district flow from north to south/south-east direction. The major rivers are Kangsabati, Subarnarekha, Silabati, Keleghai and Dulang.

Map. No. 13 CATCHMENT AREA MAP OF MAIN RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

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Table 26: Drainage system with description of main rivers Sl No. Name of the River Area drained (sq.km.) % area drained in the district

1 KANGSABATI 465.23 0.94%

2 SUBARNAREKHA 474 2.31%

Table 27: Salient features of important rivers and streams Sl No. Name of the River Total length in Place of origin Altitude of origin district (km) (m)

1 KANGSABATI 29.48 Jabarban peak of 600 Ghoramara pahar

2 SUBARNAREKHA 71.91 Pisca/ nagri( rani- 610 chuan) near , chotanagpur pleatu

ii. General profile of river/stream If rivers are always straight i.e., if rivers follow straight course the meaning of slope becomes value less, but if the river is curvy and follows a sinusoidal pattern (as is usually the case, at least to some extent), then we have to measure the horizontal distance along the sinuous projection of the course of the river on a horizontal plane. The slope can be measured in feet per mile or some metric units like meters per kilometers. Recalling some trigonometry, we might recognize the tangent of a slope angle although measuring the slope of a river is not an easy matter. The slope of the rivers of Kasai & Subarnarekha of Jhargram district, in this case, has been measured following the method of Digital Elevation Model (DEM). To reach the targeted approach, here contour lines are digitized from topographic map using a scale of 1: 8000; from this map few contours are also digitized in flat areas. Spot heights are also digitized. From this height data, contour interpolation is completed in ArcGIS approach. This slope map is exported to ERDAS for further processing. The slope map is classified to 0-15 degree or more than 15 degree

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Map. No. 14 ELEVATION MAP OF THE DISTRICT

iii. Annual Deposition of River Bed Minerals Sand is naturally occurring as granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Sand is formed due to weathering of rocks due to mechanical forces. It is also felt that the greater use of substitute material (manufactured sand, artificial sand etc.) and construction technology and sustainable use of the resource could drastically reduce adverse impact of mining on the environment. The broad principle on which any sustainable sand mining guidelines or policy can be based is that river or natural resources must be utilizes for the benefit of the present and future generation, so river resources should be prudently manages and developed. In Jhargram district of west Bengal, sands and gravel deposits occur as minor minerals. Elevation based on following parameters:

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a) Geomorphological studies  Catchment area of : 819.97 sq. km (in Jhargram District)  Catchment area of Subarnarekha River: 1741.46 sq. km (in Jhargram District) iv. Annual deposition factor Detailed Sedimentation Study Not all channels form sediment and not all rivers transport sediment. Some have been carved into bedrock, usually in headwater reaches of streams located high in the mountains. Sediment transport knowledge is important in river restoration, ecosystem protection, navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management. Bed load represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Geological erosion and soil erosion are the two basic terms usually used to describe the erosion processes. A third term used in this DSR is water course erosion which is predominately stream bank or channel erosion and in some cases is a part of both the geological and soil erosion processes. Geological erosion is the erosion that has scarred the earth's surface creating mountains, chasms, flood plains, deserts, and deltas under natural or relatively undisturbed conditions. Different types of landscapes & geomorphological sculptures are also the outcome of geological erosional activities. Geological Erosion is caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows (i.e., Lahar) and gulling and has to a varying degree been influenced by man's activities and may require partial control by man. Soil Erosion is more closely associated with agricultural land because by definition soil is the unconsolidated mineral or organic material that will support plant growth. Soil particles located on the surface of agricultural lands, forest lands, or grazing lands are detached by rainfall or eroded away by surface runoff. This may take place in the form of sheet erosion with at in sheet of water flowing down a gentle upland slope. Rill erosion is another form with runoff occurring in well-defined yet small incisions in the land surface. Gully erosion is the dissection of the soil surface with a deep cut in the land channel formed below an uncut reach thus creating a sudden break in surface slope. Water Course Erosion is the erosion of a stream channel's bank and bed caused by flowing water. A river channel or water course transports or carries sediment that originates from surface runoff in the upland reaches by the erosion processes previously described of geological or soil Erosion. The water course's ability to transport its sediment load is dependent on channel velocity or energy. If the upland sediment inflow to the river channel or water course is low, then there is unspent energy which will pick up or erode the bank and bed of the channel. A meander pattern may develop with erosive forces active on the bank and bed of the channel on the outside or concave bends in the water course meander. These streams have channel forms that often are dominated by the nature of the rock (of varying hardness and resistance to mechanical weathering and of varying frequencies of joints, spacing and pattern) in which the channel has been cut. Such channels often include pools that trap sediment so that long reaches of channel may carry essentially no sediment at all. Such channels, known as non- alluvial channels, have been considered for convenience of study of sedimentation. But here, we will focus on alluvial channels, the class of river channel forming the vast majority of rivers on the earth‘s surface. Alluvial channels are self-formed channels in sediments that the river typically has at one time or another, transported downstream in the flow.

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The movement of detrital particles by air, water, ice or gravity is defined as sediment transport. Grains (may be sand particles transported by air & water (fluid transport)) move as bed load (by rolling & sliding and by saltation) or in suspension, when grains are kept up by turbulence. The different sizes/density population of moving grains, promote sorting of the materials and mechanical abrasion during transport removes corners & edges, so the grains become more rounded. The lower density and viscosity of air means that air transports a smaller range of grainsized than does water, and generally only the fineness dust move in suspension. As a result, Aeolian deposits are usually much better sorted than water-laid sediments. The process of deposition of sand on riverbed is a vital part of sedimentation. For proper documentation of the processes, we should cater light on the following aspects. The amount and size of sediment moving through a river channel are determined by three fundamental controls: Competence, capacity and sediment supply. The sediment load of a river is transported in various ways although these distinctions are to some extent arbitrary and not always very practical in the sense that not all of the components can be separated in practice: 1. Dissolved load 2. Suspended load 3. Intermittent suspension (saltation) load 4. Wash load 5. Bed load Dissolved Load: Dissolved load is the material that has gone into solution and is part of the fluid moving through the channel. Since it is dissolved, it does not depend on forces in the flow to keep it in the water column. The amount of material in solution depends on supply of a solute and the saturation point for the fluid. For example, in limestone areas, calcium carbonate may be at saturation level in river water and the dissolved load may be close to the total sediment load of the river. In contrast, rivers draining insoluble rocks, such as in granitic terrains, may be well below saturation levels for most elements and dissolved load may be relatively small. Suspended load: Sediments carried as solids as the stream flows are suspended load. The size of particles that can be carried is determined by the stream‘s velocity. Faster streams can carry larger particles. Streams that carry larger particles have greater competence. Streams with a steep gradient (slope) have a faster velocity and greater competence. Saltation Load: A type of sediment transport in air or water in which particles are moved forward in short, abrupt leaps. This process is intermediate between suspension and traction. Wash load: Although wash load is part of the suspended-sediment load it is useful here to make a distinction. Unlike most suspended-sediment load, wash load does not rely on the force of mechanical turbulence generated by flowing water to keep it in suspension. It is so fine (in the clay range) that it is kept in suspension by thermal molecular agitation (sometimes known as Brownian motion). Because these clays are always in suspension, wash load is that component of the particulate or clastic load that is-washed through the river system. Unlike coarser suspended-sediment, wash load tends to be uniformly distributed throughout the water column. That is, unlike the coarser load, it does not vary with height above the bed.

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The term sand is used to denote an aggregate of mineral or rock grains greater than 1/16mm and less than 2mm in diameter. Sands follow traction and inertiasuspensi on approximately in accordance with the so-called Sixth- Power Law, which corroborates a complete transfer of kinetic energy transmitted from water to a particle and prohibits allowance for the subsidiary effect of viscous drag. But the size-velocity relationship in this range is defined by the popular Stokes Law. Here smaller particles remain in suspension chiefly by the kinetic effects of disperse system i.e., colloid. Bed load: Particles that are too large to be carried as suspended load are bumped and pushed along the stream bed as bed load. Bed load sediments do not move continuously. Streams with high velocities and steep gradients do a great deal of down cutting into the streambed, which is primarily accomplished by movement of particles that make up the bed load. Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect together to form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type, bedrock type, climate and vegetation cover influence input, output and transport of sediment and water in a drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). So, the river bed sand depositions are the manifestation of rate of current of water flow. Another two factors – lower flow regime and upper flow regime are also the vital factors which play a pivotal role for deposition of sands in particular pockets. These factors also influence the nature of the pattern of water bodies (Twidale, 2004). Methodology: The catchment area of river has been analyzed with the help of Arc-GIS approach. The mined affected area of the river will be measured through Arc-GIS approach and ground based survey by GPS approach gives fruitful results. The stretch of the mined area of river is divided in various segments, depending on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each segment is collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-morphological patterns, in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the mined affected area of the river is divided in to various segments to analyze grain size distribution in river bed. The role of hydraulic gradient of most of the rivers has been scrutinized in detail to explain the causes of riverbed sand deposits. Although, the role of drainage density is of paramount importance in riverbed sand deposition. Bed material: The mixture of sediments that compose stream bed is called bed material. Bed material is stationary, but particle size is important to sediment transport because, as energy level of a stream increases, some bed- material particles are mobilized and become part of the bed load or suspended load. In this report, composition of bed material is defined by particle-size distribution. Suspended Sediment Material: Usually small particles, suspended by turbulence of the flow or existing as colloids, and transported at about the same downstream velocity as the flowing water. Suspended sediment is distributed at all depths in flowing water. In this report, suspended sediment is expressed as concentration in mg/l. Suspended-sediment load: In this report, annual suspended-sediment load is expressed in tonnes. Suspended- sediment discharge: A computed value of the quantity (weight) of suspended sediment per unit time also referred to as suspended-sediment transport rate. Total sediment load: The sum of bed load and suspended sediment load is together called total sediment load. In this report, total sediment load is expressed in tones. Total sediment discharge: The sum of bed load discharge and suspended-sediment discharge.

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Figure. 1 Modes of Sediment Transport in Rivers When a graph is plotted with the river bed elevation on the vertical axis and the upstream distance on the horizontal axis, a smooth curve may pass through the points. The result is called the Longitudinal Profile or Long profile of the river. The longitudinal profiles of most rivers are concave upward. The reason is not difficult to understand. In the downstream direction, one tributary after another joins the river, each adding discharge. As the river grows larger, the ratio of cross-sectional area to wetted perimeter increases. Because the slope of the river depends, in large part, on the relative magnitude of the down slope driving force of gravity, which is affected by the whole volume of the river, and the up slope resisting force of friction, which is affected by the area of the riverbed, the slope decreases downstream. A longitudinal profile should extend through a reach extending from upstream of the project area to downstream of the project area. Profile points should be surveyed in the thalweg and be detailed enough to illustrate the channel morphology (riffle-pool sequences). The base level of a river is the elevation of water surface of the water body, along the river course, into which the river flows. Let us think about what happens to the river as its base level changes. The concept to keep mind is that the river has some equilibrium longitudinal profile, in the sense that if conditions of precipitation, sediment supply, and base level remain constant the longitudinal profile stays the same. If a different set of conditions is imposed upon the river, the river adjusts its longitudinal profile accordingly towards a new equilibrium.

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Map. No. 15 ELEVATION & LONGITUDINAL PROFILE MAP OF MAIN RIVERS

If base level rises, some of the sediments that are carried along by the river towards the river mouth are deposited along the way to raise the river bed, thereby establishing a new equilibrium longitudinal profile. If base level falls, the river erodes its bed to adjust towards a new, lower equilibrium profile. There‘s more to be said, however, about what happens as the river erodes its bed as a consequence of a fall in base level. The erosion does not happen uniformly everywhere, all at the same time, but by upstream propagation of a point where the channel slope changes from steeper downstream of the point to less steep upstream of the point. The point of change in slope is called a knickpoint. The position of a knick point is marked by a waterfall or rapids. Knickpoints migrate slowly up stream, extending the new, lower longitudinal profile as the river eats its way upstream. If a floodplain has developed in the river valley, the old floodplain downstream of the knickpoint survives, for a long time, as a pair of terraces above the new, lower river channel Because the difference between old and new equilibrium profiles decreases upstream, other things being equal (the elevations of the highlands in the headwaters of the river are very conservative), the height of this knickpoint decreases as it migrates upstream. Often, if base level drops abruptly a number of times during some long period of time, more than one knickpoint is present along the river course, each slowly making its way upstream.

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Sediment Transport Rate: The rate at which sediment is moved past a cross section of the flow is called either the sediment transport rate or the sediment discharge. It‘s related to the sediment load, but it‘s different, just because different fractions of the sediment load are transported at different rates. It can be measured in mass per unit time, or in weight per unit time, or in volume per unit time. Sediment Discharge formulae: To derive a sediment discharge formula, have to think about the physics of sediment transport in a way that allows you to develop the form of some rational equation for transport rates, which contains within it one or more adjustable parameters‖ whose values are assigned by analysis of selected data sets already at hand. Our common sense tells us that the stronger the flow the greater the sediment transport rate. And an important first-order fact of observation is that the sediment transport rate is a very steeply increasing function of the flow strength. Think about the simplest way to embody these important facts in a formula for the sediment transport rate per unit width of flow, usually written ‘qs’. The Sediment Yield: To introduce just one more thing about sediment in rivers, we should make a distinction between the sediment discharge and what‘s called the sediment yield of a river. The sediment yield is the sediment discharge divided by the total drainage area of the river upstream of the cross section at which the sediment discharge is measured or estimated. The sediment yield measures the rate, per unit area, at which sediment is removed from the watershed. It is important in studies of the long-term evolution of landscapes drained by rivers. v. Replenishment Replenishment defines rejuvenation of riverbed sand deposition phenomena. The word replenishment is the fulcrum of riverbed sedimentation under different depositional environmental conditions especially during rainy seasons. The rate of gross or absolute silt production (erosion) in the watershed and the ability of the, stream system to transport the eroded material in a river have the direct relation with the quantity of sediment delivered into a river. The rate of gross erosion is dependent upon many physical factors like climatic conditions, nature of soil, slope of the area, topography and the land use. Hydro-physical conditions of the watershed govern the capability of transporting the eroded material. It has been observed that the average rate of sediment production decreases as the size of drainage area increases and the larger watershed, the lesser is the variation between the rates. The larger watershed presents more opportunity for deposition of silt during its traverse from the point of production. The watershed with maximum land use class of forest, generate very low rate of production unless the forests are degraded or open forest. The cultivated watersheds with unscientific farming produce very high rate of silt production. The total amount of eroded material, which reaches a particular hydraulic control point, is termed as sediment yield. The rotational mining is being adopted to facilitate the replenishment of the excavated pits during rainy season. Thus, the mineable area is to be divided in two blocks i.e., the upstream block and the downstream block. The mining of these blocks is suggested on rotation basis in such a way that pit of previous year mining will act as depository for the monsoon season. Sand is extracted from the said lot during one year; more than the extracted quantity of the same are automatically replenished by rainfall in the monsoon by the river/nallah itself on account of its flow and velocity. For sustainability of river sand mining, it is necessary that the mine pits formed as a result of sand excavation are refilled with sand by natural process of replenishment in a reasonable period of time so that the area is again available for mining. The rate of excavation should be decided in accordance with the rate of replenishment which is the rate at which sand/gravel is deposited on the river flood plain by the river during monsoon season. However, determination of site- specific rate of replenishment is quite difficult as it is dependent on several factors such as geology and topography of the catchment area of the river, breadth of the flood plain, rainfall in that particular year (which is quite variable and not very

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much predictable much in advance) etc. Dandy-Bolton formula is generally used to calculate the sediment yield. But it is to be kept in mind that to prepare the mining plans of the mines, the factor of annual replenishment is to be taken into consideration while calculating the mineral reserves. It has also been observed that during flooding, all the pits replenish with sand. Hence, mined out areas in the pre- monsoon season will be completely replenished with sand during monsoon. Therefore, it has been assumed that the pits will be replenished after each monsoon. The main rivers are Kangsabati and Subarnarekha rivers.  Field data collection: Field survey for sand replenishment data have been carried out during April-May 2019 for pre-monsoon and during November-December for all the river ghats on continuous basis for post monsoon period. However, the non-operational areas were covered through traverses. In both the cases, relative elevation levels were captured through GPS/DGPS. Thickness of the sand bars was measured through sectional profiles. In few instances, sieve analysis of the sands was carried out to derive the size frequency analysis.  Selection of study profiles: Study profiles are selected based on the occurrence of the sand bars in the channel profiles. Aerial extents of each of the profiles are mapped from satellite imageries. Frequency distribution did while selection of the ground trothing of the blocks.  Data compilation: Following data were compiled for generation of this annual replenishment report:  Elevation levels of the different sand ghats and sand bars as measured at site.  Extents of the sand bars are measured from the post monsoon satellite imageries.  Sand production data of the district.  Development of cross profiles:

Cross section lines are chosen based on the drastic variation of the river widths, proximity of the operating sand ghats and the position of the sand bars. Table 28: Coordinate details of cross section line Sl no River name Section Line Latitude Longitude Block Name

1 Kangsabati A-A’ 22°34'53.51"N 87° 1'52.80"E Gopiballavpur - I 22°35'1.95"N 87° 2'0.26"E 2 Subarnarekha A-A’ 22°13'8.47"N 86°50'18.38"E Binpur - I 22°13'8.22"N 86°50'40.73"E

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Map. No. 16 CROSS SECTION MAP OF JHARGRAM DISTRICT

Figure. 2 CROSS SECTION OF KANGSABATI RIVER

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Figure. 3 CROSS SECTION OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER

 Assessment of sediment load in the river: Assessment of sediment load in a river is subjective to study of the whole catchment area, weathering index of the various rock types which acts as a source of sediments in the specific river bed, rainfall data of the area for a period not less than 20 years, and finally the detail monitoring of the bed upliftment with time axis. Again the sediment load estimation is not dependent variable of the imaginary district boundary, but it largely depends upon the aerial extents of the catchment areas, which crossed the district and state boundaries. Table 29: ESTIMATION OF SAND RESOURCES IN PRE AND POST MONSOON PERIOD IN SAND BARS

Estimation of Sand Resources in Pre and Post monsoon period in sand bar regions of Kangsabati River

Sl No Block Name of River Area Sand Sand Area Sand Thickness Sand Code Hectare Thickness In Volume in Hectare In Meter Volume in Meter M.Cum M.Cum

Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon

1 MBINB1 KANGSABATI 3.881007467 2.4 0.09314417 3.482428 2.4 0.0836

2 MBINB2 KANGSABATI 3.872172072 2.7 0.10454864 3.4745 2.7 0.0938

3 MBINB3 KANGSABATI 2.239819458 2.6 0.05823530 2.00979 2.6 0.0523

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4 MBINB4 KANGSABATI 5.592573275 2.7 0.15099947 5.018216 2.7 0.1355

5 MBINB5 KANGSABATI 5.603024629 2.8 0.15688469 5.027594 2.8 0.1408

Estimation of Sand Resources in Pre and Post monsoon period in sand bar regions of Subarnarekha River

Sl No Block Name of River Area Sand Sand Area Sand Thickness Sand Code Hectare Thickness In Volume in Hectare In Meter Volume in Meter M.Cum M.Cum Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon 1 MGB1 SUBARNAREKHA 4.489524108 3.5 0.157133344 4.292434 3.5 0.1502

2 MGB2 SUBARNAREKHA 3.654777743 3.57 0.130475565 3.494333 3.57 0.1247

3 MGB3 SUBARNAREKHA 3.974552871 3.68 0.146263546 3.80007 3.68 0.1398

4 MGB4 SUBARNAREKHA 5.005575777 4.02 0.201224146 4.785831 4.02 0.1924

5 MGB5 SUBARNAREKHA 5.01628177 4.25 0.213191975 4.796067 4.25 0.2038

6 MGB6 SUBARNAREKHA 4.872699508 4.3 0.209526079 4.658788 4.3 0.2003

7 MGB7 SUBARNAREKHA 5.236831921 4.78 0.250320566 5.006935 4.78 0.2393

8 MGB8 SUBARNAREKHA 5.239255308 4.5 0.235766489 5.009252 4.5 0.2254

9 MGB9 SUBARNAREKHA 4.42993097 4.24 0.187829073 4.235457 4.24 0.1796

10 MGB2-1 SUBARNAREKHA 5.226823554 4.28 0.223708048 4.997366 4.28 0.2139

11 MGB2-8 SUBARNAREKHA 5.290879615 4.26 0.225391472 5.05861 4.26 0.2155

12 MGB2-9 SUBARNAREKHA 4.692684866 4.35 0.204131792 4.486676 4.35 0.1952

13 MGB2-10 SUBARNAREKHA 4.929031482 4.37 0.215398676 4.712647 4.37 0.2059

14 MGB2-11 SUBARNAREKHA 4.830452881 4.42 0.213506017 4.618396 4.42 0.2041

15 MGB2-12 SUBARNAREKHA 5.198923753 4.64 0.241230062 4.970691 4.64 0.2306

16 MGB2-13 SUBARNAREKHA 4.558969773 4.38 0.199682876 4.358831 4.38 0.1909

17 MGB2-14 SUBARNAREKHA 5.329268905 4.47 0.23821832 5.095314 4.47 0.2278

18 MGB2-15 SUBARNAREKHA 5.188619391 4.52 0.234525596 4.960839 4.52 0.2242

19 MGB2-16 SUBARNAREKHA 5.000642192 4.48 0.22402877 4.781114 4.48 0.2142

20 MGB2-2 SUBARNAREKHA 5.184228637 4.39 0.227587637 4.956641 4.39 0.2176

21 MGB2-3 SUBARNAREKHA 4.773318691 4.47 0.213367345 4.56377 4.47 0.204

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22 MGB2-4 SUBARNAREKHA 5.151489384 4.46 0.229756427 4.925339 4.46 0.2197

23 MGB2-5 SUBARNAREKHA 5.26967472 4.38 0.230811753 5.038336 4.38 0.2207

24 MGB2-6 SUBARNAREKHA 5.214030959 4.52 0.235674199 4.985135 4.52 0.2253

25 MGB2-7 SUBARNAREKHA 5.2256082 4.49 0.234629808 4.996204 4.49 0.2243

26 SB1 SUBARNAREKHA 4.359535613 2.3 0.100269319 4.168152 2.3 0.0959

27 SB8 SUBARNAREKHA 4.716040163 2.45 0.115542984 4.509006 2.45 0.1105

28 SB9 SUBARNAREKHA 4.366800544 2.32 0.101309773 4.175098 2.32 0.0969

29 SB10 SUBARNAREKHA 4.466272356 2.2 0.098257992 4.270203 2.2 0.0939

30 SB11 SUBARNAREKHA 5.283315553 2.49 0.131554557 5.051378 2.49 0.1258

31 SB12 SUBARNAREKHA 5.227497124 2.26 0.118141435 4.99801 2.26 0.113

32 SB13 SUBARNAREKHA 5.255898965 2.21 0.116155367 5.025165 2.21 0.1111

33 SB2 SUBARNAREKHA 3.440386989 2.2 0.075688514 3.289354 2.2 0.0724

34 SB14 SUBARNAREKHA 5.27369522 2.46 0.129732902 5.04218 2.46 0.124

35 SB15 SUBARNAREKHA 4.51220479 2.54 0.114610002 4.314119 2.54 0.1096

36 SB16 SUBARNAREKHA 5.244759962 2.48 0.130070047 5.014515 2.48 0.1244

37 SB17 SUBARNAREKHA 4.595499425 2.42 0.111211086 4.393757 2.42 0.1063

38 SB18 SUBARNAREKHA 5.203332287 2.38 0.123839308 4.974906 2.38 0.1184

39 SB19 SUBARNAREKHA 5.239802322 2.47 0.129423117 5.009775 2.47 0.1237

40 SB20 SUBARNAREKHA 5.198762682 2.45 0.127369686 4.970537 2.45 0.1218

41 SB21 SUBARNAREKHA 5.318987554 2.38 0.126591904 5.085484 2.38 0.121

42 SB22 SUBARNAREKHA 4.067426001 2.49 0.101278907 3.888866 2.49 0.0968

43 SB3 SUBARNAREKHA 4.155223303 2.38 0.098894315 3.972809 2.38 0.0946

44 SB23 SUBARNAREKHA 5.231859638 2.4 0.125564631 5.002181 2.4 0.1201

45 SB24 SUBARNAREKHA 5.264987972 2.27 0.119515227 5.033855 2.27 0.1143

46 SB25 SUBARNAREKHA 5.238816023 2.32 0.121540532 5.008832 2.32 0.1162

47 SB26 SUBARNAREKHA 5.219341073 2.24 0.11691324 4.990212 2.24 0.1118

48 SB4 SUBARNAREKHA 5.24625353 2.28 0.11961458 5.015943 2.28 0.1144

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49 SB5 SUBARNAREKHA 5.214440958 2.35 0.122539363 4.985527 2.35 0.1172

50 SB6 SUBARNAREKHA 5.378569187 2.2 0.118328522 5.14245 2.2 0.1131

51 SB7 SUBARNAREKHA 5.241976781 2.48 0.130001024 5.011854 2.48 0.1243

52 MSHB1 SUBARNAREKHA 5.284399121 3.2 0.169100772 5.052414 3.2 0.1617

53 MSHB10 SUBARNAREKHA 5.275746261 3.15 0.166186007 5.044141 3.15 0.1589

54 MSHB11 SUBARNAREKHA 5.293729735 3 0.158811892 5.061335 3 0.1518

55 MSHB2 SUBARNAREKHA 5.241453823 3.2 0.167726522 5.011354 3.2 0.1604

56 MSHB3 SUBARNAREKHA 2.151182931 3.1 0.066686671 2.056746 3.1 0.0638

57 MSHB4 SUBARNAREKHA 2.007681205 3.34 0.067056552 1.919544 3.34 0.0641

58 MSHB5 SUBARNAREKHA 2.024050832 3.16 0.063960006 1.935195 3.16 0.0612

59 MSHB6 SUBARNAREKHA 2.099833699 3.27 0.068664562 2.007651 3.27 0.0657

60 MSHB7 SUBARNAREKHA 5.235469093 3.45 0.180623684 5.005632 3.45 0.1727

61 MSHB8 SUBARNAREKHA 5.224389708 3.36 0.175539494 4.995039 3.36 0.1678

62 MSHB9 SUBARNAREKHA 5.237345466 3.24 0.169689993 5.007426 3.24 0.1622

Table 30: Sediment Load comparison between Pre & Post Monsoon periods for different rivers of Jhargram District River Pre Post- Pre Monsoon Post Monsoon Varianc Variance Name Monsoon Monsoon No Sediment Sediment Load (Mcum) (%) No of of Ghats Load (Mcum) (Mcum) Ghats Kangsabati 5 5 0.56381 0.5059 -0.05791 -10.27 Subarnarek 62 62 9.80138 9.3711 -0.43028 -4.4 ha Total 67 67 10.36519 9.877 0.48819 -4.7

Considering the quantum of sand accumulated in the year during monsoon, a replenishment rate for the year comes about 95%.

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vi. Total Potential of Minor Mineral In The River Bed i. Geological Studies  Lithology of Catchment Area  Kansabati: lithological units are Calc-granulite, Calc-Schist, Crystalline Limestone, Metamorphosed Basic volcanic, and Granite & Mica schist.  Subarnarekha: Quartzite, Granite – gneiss.

ii. Climatic Factors

 Intensity of rainfall The intensity of rainfall due to depressions sometimes becomes very great and may cause enhanced soil erosion the district. During winter, western disturbances generally cause light rainfall. This does not cause any major soil erosion problem. During hot weather season of March to May, rainfall is caused by the Nor’ westers or Kalbaisakhi. Kalbaishakhi generally bring sudden rainfall with great intensities. Besides, the season in which it occurs is characterized by the presence of bare soil mostly devoid of vegetation. Therefore, it causes considerable amount of soil erosion.

 Climate Zone Jhargram district enjoys the tropical monsoon type of climate characterized by hot wet summer and cool dry winter. There is a relatively short wet period preceded by a period of comparatively dry spells of long duration.  Temperature Variation The year may be divided into four seasons. The cool weather commences in the later part of November and lasts until the middle of February. During these months the prevailing winds are from the north and northeast. This is followed by the hot and dry season which extends up to May. The weather becomes increasingly hot during the day, though the night remains fairly cool. The daily range of temperature is often tempered by Nor ‘westers which generally appears in the evening. The south west monsoon season sets in about the middle of June and continues up to the end of September. October & the first half of November, constitute the post monsoon season.

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Table 31: Annual Deposition

Sl. River/ stream Portion of the Length of area Average width Area Mineable mineral river/stream recommended for of area recommended potential (in M. No. recommended for mineral recommended for mineral Cum) 60% of mineral concession concession (in for mineral Concession (sq. Total mineral meter) concession (in m) potential meter)

1. Kangsabati Only commercially 0.258 147.886 190125.28 0.33828 viable zones are recommended for 2. Subarnarekha mineral concession 0.204 254.199 2960210.449 5.88083 to get economic feasibility TOTAL FOR THE DISTRICT 6.219117

vii. Riverbed Mineral Potential

Table 32: Riverbed mineral potential

Boulder (in cubic m) Not Measurable

Pebbles/ gravels (cubic m) Not Measurable

Sand/ white sand (cubic m)* 10365196.37 Total mineable mineral potential (cubic m)* 6219117.8

*Vide list of existing and proposed sand mining leases

Source: Field survey

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Table 33: Riverbed sand potential zone (sand) (Source: Field Survey)

Sl Block River Location of Potential Zone Area(H) Depth Geologi cal Mineabl e Area Remarks . ID Name (m) Reserve (in Reserve(i within N Administr Mouz JL Plot Coordinates MCum/Y n prohibited o. ative a No. No. ear) MCum/Ye zone as per Block a r) rule 3 of WBMMC Rules, 2016 1 MBINB KANGS BINPUR-I Patrani 706 21 22°36'30.42"N,87°0'51.74"E 3.482428 2.4 0.0836 0.05015 No Possible for 1 ABATI pal 22°36'23.86"N,87°0'56.87"E auction 22°36'20.55"N,87°0'53.67"E 22°36'28.89"N,87°0'48.01"E 2 MBINB KANGS BINPUR-I Patrani 706 21 22°36'4.91"N, 87° 1'8.18"E 3.4745 2.7 0.0938 0.05629 No Possible for 2 ABATI pal 22°35'58.20"N,87°1'10.23"E auction 22°35'55.32"N, 87°1'5.98"E 22°36'3.48"N, 87° 1'3.34"E 3 MBINB KANGS BINPUR-I 770 1331/14 22°35'34.72"N,87°1'12.08"E 2.00979 2.6 0.0523 0.03135 No Possible for 3 ABATI 95 22°35'29.88"N,87°1'12.79"E auction 22°35'28.61"N, 87° 1'8.97"E 22°35'34.87"N, 87° 1'8.05"E 4 MBINB KANGS BINPUR-I Payarab 768 768 22°35'3.17"N, 87° 1'53.81"E 5.018216 2.7 0.1355 0.0813 No Possible for 4 ABATI ila 22°35'2.33"N, 87° 2'3.34"E auction 22°34'55.86"N, 87° 2'2.93"E 22°34'58.47"N,87°1'53.09"E 5 MBINB KANGS BINPUR-I Payarab 768 768 22°35'8.65"N, 87° 1'24.72"E 5.027594 2.8 0.1408 0.08446 No Possible for 5 ABATI ila 22°35'5.43"N, 87° 1'36.36"E auction 22°35'0.15"N, 87° 1'33.64"E 22°35'4.11"N, 87° 1'24.47"E 6 MGB1 SUBARN GOPIBALL Hatbari 1 1(P) 22°12'55.23"N,86°44'26.19"E 4.292434 3.5 0.1502 0.09014 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I 22°12'49.49"N,86°44'26.27"E auction A 22°12'56.25"N,86°44'12.38"E 22°12'55.05"N,86°44'12.50"E 7 MGB2 SUBARN GOPIBALL Jharapa 2 1(P) 22°12'47.13"N,86°44'47.34"E 3.494333 3.57 0.1247 0.07485 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I ra 22°12'41.35"N,86°44'52.52"E auction A 22°12'37.74"N,86°44'49.40"E 22°12'43.28"N,86°44'43.94"E 8 MGB3 SUBARN GOPIBALL Jharapa 2 1(P) 22°12'34.96"N,86°45'17.70"E 3.80007 3.68 0.1398 0.08391 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I ra 22°12'29.45"N,86°45'17.55"E auction A 22°12'29.29"N, 86°45'8.80"E 22°12'33.97"N,86°45'10.09"E 9 MGB4 SUBARN GOPIBALL Samta 10 1(P) 22°12'45.37"N,86°45'47.00"E 4.785831 4.02 0.1924 0.11543 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I 1380(P) 22°12'40.88"N,86°45'49.66"E auction A 22°12'37.48"N,86°45'38.84"E 22°12'41.72"N,86°45'37.47"E

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10 MGB5 SUBARN GOPIBALL Janghat 36 786(P) 22°12'53.40"N,86°48'42.70"E 4.796067 4.25 0.2038 0.1223 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I i 22°12'49.28"N,86°48'54.03"E auction A 22°12'45.09"N,86°48'52.30"E 22°12'49.62"N,86°48'41.09"E

11 MGB6 SUBARN GOPIBALL Karbani 73 371(P) 22°13'25.15"N,86°48'50.37"E 4.658788 4.3 0.2003 0.1202 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I a 431(P) 22°13'24.87"N,86°48'56.38"E auction A 896(P) 22°13'16.79"N,86°48'56.26"E 22°13'16.96"N,86°48'49.88"E

12 MGB7 SUBARN GOPIBALL Kuricha 268 359/363 22°12'29.02"N,86°58'43.82"E 5.006935 4.78 0.2393 0.1436 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I amat 22°12'31.88"N,86°58'52.42"E auction A 22°12'25.84"N,86°58'54.99"E 22°12'23.60"N,86°58'47.26"E 13 MGB8 SUBARN GOPIBALL Togeriy 267 523 22°12'9.23"N, 86°58'58.68"E 5.009252 4.5 0.2254 0.13525 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I a 22°11'57.87"N, 86°59'2.57"E auction A 22°11'57.42"N,86°58'56.76"E 22°12'8.83"N, 86°58'54.93"E 14 MGB9 SUBARN GOPIBALL Maliyar 107 1 22°12'0.69"N, 86°51'26.25"E 4.235457 4.24 0.1796 0.10775 No Possible for AREKH AVPUR-I a 22°11'57.55"N,86°51'30.83"E auction A 22°11'51.92"N,86°51'26.03"E 22°11'56.40"N,86°51'20.32"E 15 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Kuliana 248 165 22° 9'47.15"N, 87°1'38.43"E 4.997366 4.28 0.2139 0.12833 No Possible for 1 AREKH AVPUR-II 22° 9'46.89"N, 87°1'47.14"E auction A 22° 9'39.45"N, 87°1'45.42"E 22° 9'44.44"N, 87°1'35.17"E 16 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Kuliana 248 165 22°13'7.89"N, 86°54'42.24"E 5.05861 0.2155 0.1293 4.26 No Possible for 8 AREKH AVPUR-II 22°13'7.37"N, 86°54'53.41"E auction A 22°13'2.39"N, 86°54'52.60"E 22°13'3.54"N, 86°54'40.62"E 17 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Chorchi 75 6422(P) 22°12'40.49"N, 86°52'3.81"E 4.486676 4.35 0.1952 0.1171 No Possible for 9 AREKH AVPUR-II ta 6557(P) 22°12'36.78"N, 86°52'8.49"E auction A 8204(P) 22°12'29.10"N, 86°52'0.30"E 8205(P) 22°12'32.07"N,86°51'58.43"E 18 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Chorchi 75 8205(P) 22°12'25.72"N,86°51'36.23"E 4.712647 4.37 0.2059 0.12357 No Possible for 10 AREKH AVPUR-II ta 22°12'22.52"N,86°51'41.81"E auction A 22°12'16.88"N,86°51'35.76"E 22°12'21.41"N,86°51'30.00"E 19 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Chorchi 75 8205(P) 22°12'29.15"N,86°50'52.38"E 4.618396 4.42 0.2041 0.12248 No Possible for 11 AREKH AVPUR-II ta 22°12'25.90"N, 86°51'1.55"E auction A 22°12'20.84"N,86°50'58.41"E 22°12'24.73"N,86°50'49.90"E 20 MGB2- Chorchi 75 74, 75 22°12'52.31"N,86°50'40.83"E 4.970691 4.64 0.2306 0.13838 No 12 ta 22°12'47.72"N,86°50'44.48"E 22°12'41.27"N,86°50'37.51"E

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SUBARN GOPIBALL 22°12'45.73"N,86°50'33.90"E Possible for AREKH AVPUR-II auction A

21 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Chorchi 75 78 22°13'15.62"N,86°50'23.95"E 4.358831 4.38 0.1909 0.11455 No Possible for 13 AREKH AVPUR-II ta 22°13'6.97"N, 86°50'32.51"E auction A 22°13'4.28"N, 86°50'27.29"E 22°13'12.18"N,86°50'22.55"E 22 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Bansgo 76 321(P) 22°13'37.26"N, 86°50'5.53"E 5.095314 4.47 0.2278 5.095314 No Possible for 14 AREKH AVPUR-II ra 322(P) 22°13'29.53"N,86°50'13.15"E auction A 22°13'25.57"N, 86°50'9.06"E 22°13'34.04"N, 86°50'2.16"E 23 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Bansgo 76 320(P) 22°13'50.88"N,86°49'40.74"E 4.960839 4.52 0.2242 0.13454 No Possible for 15 AREKH AVPUR-II ra 321(P) 22°13'47.26"N,86°49'49.16"E auction A 322(P) 22°13'43.14"N,86°49'45.44"E 22°13'44.11"N,86°49'40.61"E 22°13'46.00"N,86°49'36.40"E 24 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Kirtans 77 538(P) 22°13'49.11"N, 86°49'5.35"E 4.781114 4.48 0.2142 0.12852 No Possible for 16 AREKH AVPUR-II ole 22°13'49.34"N,86°49'12.85"E auction A 22°13'42.24"N,86°49'12.35"E 22°13'41.49"N, 86°49'5.54"E 25 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Taldan 22° 9'54.77"N, 87° 0'53.25"E 4.956641 4.39 0.2176 0.13056 No Possible for 2 AREKH AVPUR-II gra 22° 9'51.63"N, 87° 1'3.46"E auction A 22° 9'46.83"N, 87° 1'1.58"E 22° 9'49.65"N, 87° 0'51.79"E 26 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Dangari 372 583(P) 22°10'56.02"N,86°59'53.15"E 4.56377 4.47 0.2040 0.1224 No Possible for 3 AREKH AVPUR-II a 22°10'52.24"N,86°59'58.31"E auction A 22°10'46.27"N,86°59'53.97"E 22°10'46.92"N,86°59'50.53"E 22°10'49.43"N,86°59'49.02"E 27 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Taldan 22°10'30.69"N,86°59'45.80"E 4.925339 4.46 0.2197 0.1318 No Possible for 4 AREKH AVPUR-II gra 22°10'24.07"N,86°59'53.52"E auction A 22°10'19.70"N,86°59'50.57"E 22°10'26.19"N,86°59'42.78"E 28 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Damuri 271 218(P) 22°12'10.62"N,86°59'18.60"E 5.038336 4.38 0.2207 0.13241 No Possible for 5 AREKH AVPUR-II a 22°12'9.98"N, 86°59'26.36"E auction A 22°12'3.28"N, 86°59'27.71"E 22°12'3.58"N, 86°59'19.21"E 29 MGB2- SUBARN GOPIBALL Malinc 194 11, 12 22°12'51.18"N,86°56'49.94"E 4.985135 4.52 0.2253 0.1352 No Possible for 6 AREKH AVPUR-II ha 22°12'47.41"N,86°56'53.23"E auction A 22°12'40.73"N,86°56'43.70"E 22°12'44.38"N,86°56'40.86"E 30 MGB2- Kuliana 248 169 22°13'4.47"N, 86°56'28.67"E 4.996204 4.49 0.2243 0.1346 No 7 22°13'0.39"N, 86°56'30.97"E 22°12'54.98"N,86°56'22.59"E

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SUBARN GOPIBALL 22°12'59.46"N,86°56'18.89"E Possible for AREKH AVPUR-II auction A

31 SB1 SUBARN NAYAGRA Dahi 142 22° 2'34.41"N,87°11'18.54"E 4.168152 2.3 0.0959 0.05752 No Possible for AREKH M 22° 2'27.23"N,87°11'23.46"E auction A 22° 2'23.48"N,87°11'20.14"E 22° 2'30.91"N,87°11'14.49"E 32 SB8 SUBARN NAYAGRA Jhai Pur 227 214 21°58'33.05"N,87°13'17.40"E 4.509006 2.45 0.1105 0.06628 No Possible for AREKH M Nutan 21°58'29.53"N,87°13'17.94"E auction A Pal 21°58'27.15"N, 87°13'3.14"E 21°58'30.40"N, 87°13'3.42"E 33 SB9 SUBARN NAYAGRA Ramgar 229 21°58'12.50"N,87°13'19.53"E 4.175098 2.32 0.0969 0.05812 No Possible for AREKH M h 21°58'9.84"N, 87°13'20.05"E auction A 21°58'6.61"N, 87°13'6.23"E 21°58'10.13"N, 87°13'5.26"E 34 SB10 SUBARN NAYAGRA Jhaipur 228 214 21°57'54.17"N,87°13'26.53"E 4.270203 2.2 0.0939 0.05637 No Possible for AREKH M Panch 21°57'51.91"N,87°13'27.75"E auction A Kanya 21°57'45.66"N,87°13'18.45"E 21°57'49.44"N,87°13'14.37"E 35 SB11 SUBARN NAYAGRA Sonagu 126 22° 3'40.47"N, 87° 9'59.60"E 5.051378 2.49 0.1258 0.07547 No Possible for AREKH M na 22° 3'39.13"N, 87°10'6.24"E auction A 22° 3'31.74"N, 87°10'5.51"E 22° 3'32.97"N, 87° 9'57.61"E 36 SB12 SUBARN NAYAGRA Malam 125 22° 3'59.54"N, 87° 9'39.22"E 4.99801 2.26 0.1130 0.06777 No Possible for AREKH M 22° 3'54.34"N, 87° 9'42.86"E auction A 22° 3'48.67"N, 87° 9'35.90"E 22° 3'52.08"N, 87° 9'31.95"E 37 SB13 SUBARN NAYAGRA Gokuln 144 22° 4'15.40"N, 87° 9'21.81"E 5.025165 2.21 0.1111 0.06663 No Possible for AREKH M agar 22° 4'12.60"N, 87° 9'26.60"E auction A 22° 4'4.87"N, 87° 9'17.84"E 22° 4'8.70"N, 87° 9'14.58"E 38 SB2 SUBARN NAYAGRA Dahi 142 22° 2'15.77"N,87°11'36.90"E 3.289354 2.2 0.0724 0.04342 No Possible for AREKH M 22° 2'10.93"N,87°11'41.20"E auction A 22° 2'8.06"N, 87°11'33.74"E 22° 2'10.66"N,87°11'31.51"E 39 SB14 SUBARN NAYAGRA Aushap 124 22° 4'31.02"N, 87° 9'5.38"E 5.04218 2.46 0.1240 0.07442 No Possible for AREKH M al 22° 4'27.31"N, 87° 9'8.17"E auction A 22° 4'21.55"N, 87° 8'58.53"E 22° 4'25.28"N, 87° 8'54.94"E 40 SB15 SUBARN NAYAGRA Aushap 124 22° 4'52.20"N, 87° 8'47.82"E 4.314119 2.54 0.1096 0.06575 No Possible for AREKH M al 22° 4'48.84"N, 87° 8'50.12"E auction A 22° 4'42.66"N, 87° 8'41.61"E 22° 4'46.94"N, 87° 8'38.89"E

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41 SB16 SUBARN NAYAGRA Jadabp 73 22° 5'11.00"N, 87° 8'29.34"E 5.014515 2.48 0.1244 0.07462 No Possible for AREKH M ur 22° 5'7.38"N, 87° 8'33.47"E auction A 22° 5'1.42"N, 87° 8'25.82"E 22° 5'5.81"N, 87° 8'21.30"E 42 SB17 SUBARN NAYAGRA Ichha 60 22° 7'35.78"N, 87° 6'30.36"E 4.393757 2.42 0.1063 0.0638 No Possible for AREKH M Pura 22° 7'30.53"N, 87° 6'34.03"E auction A 22° 7'23.35"N, 87° 6'28.62"E 22° 7'25.66"N, 87° 6'25.64"E 43 SB18 SUBARN NAYAGRA Totasai 59 22° 7'45.41"N, 87° 6'9.48"E 4.974906 2.38 0.1184 0.07104 No Possible for AREKH M 22° 7'43.99"N, 87° 6'14.09"E auction A 22° 7'33.09"N, 87° 6'9.28"E 22° 7'35.94"N, 87° 6'4.99"E 44 SB19 SUBARN NAYAGRA Totasai 59 22° 7'57.62"N, 87° 5'46.08"E 5.009775 2.47 0.1237 0.07424 No Possible for AREKH M 22° 7'54.88"N, 87° 5'50.76"E auction A 22° 7'46.03"N, 87° 5'44.46"E 22° 7'48.07"N, 87° 5'40.29"E 45 SB20 SUBARN NAYAGRA Baish 37 22° 8'13.57"N, 87° 5'21.29"E 4.970537 2.45 0.1218 0.07307 No Possible for AREKH M Batia 22° 8'11.02"N, 87° 5'25.25"E auction A 22° 8'1.90"N, 87° 5'19.29"E 22° 8'4.08"N, 87° 5'14.61"E 46 SB21 SUBARN NAYAGRA Baish 37 22° 8'20.64"N, 87° 4'57.53"E 5.085484 2.38 0.1210 0.07262 No Possible for AREKH M Batia 22° 8'18.49"N, 87° 5'2.65"E auction A 22° 8'10.41"N, 87° 4'51.99"E 22° 8'8.59"N, 87° 4'55.49"E 47 SB22 SUBARN NAYAGRA Bachur 38 22° 8'26.47"N, 87° 4'32.51"E 3.888866 2.49 0.0968 0.0581 No Possible for AREKH M khoyar 22° 8'26.23"N, 87° 4'39.79"E auction A 22° 8'17.89"N, 87° 4'34.46"E 22° 8'20.34"N, 87° 4'31.33"E 48 SB3 SUBARN NAYAGRA Gokuln 144 22° 1'54.68"N,87°11'50.66"E 3.972809 2.38 0.0946 0.05673 No Possible for AREKH M agar 22° 1'50.91"N,87°11'52.80"E auction A 22° 1'48.00"N,87°11'43.11"E 22° 1'52.21"N,87°11'41.21"E 49 SB23 SUBARN NAYAGRA Khanda 35 22° 8'38.79"N, 87° 4'13.13"E 5.002181 2.4 0.1201 0.07203 No Possible for AREKH M rpara 22° 8'36.21"N, 87° 4'17.70"E auction A 22° 8'28.12"N, 87° 4'11.71"E 22° 8'30.87"N, 87° 4'6.74"E 50 SB24 SUBARN NAYAGRA Gobra 36 22° 8'51.85"N, 87° 3'54.40"E 5.033855 2.27 0.1143 0.06856 No Possible for AREKH M Sol 22° 8'48.79"N, 87° 3'59.07"E auction A 22° 8'40.87"N, 87° 3'51.60"E 22° 8'44.64"N, 87° 3'48.02"E 51 SB25 SUBARN NAYAGRA Gobra 36 22° 9'10.25"N, 87° 3'33.85"E 5.008832 2.32 0.1162 0.06972 No Possible for AREKH M Sol 22° 9'6.88"N, 87° 3'37.95"E auction A 22° 9'1.87"N, 87° 3'28.00"E 22° 8'58.47"N, 87° 3'32.21"E

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52 SB26 SUBARN NAYAGRA Deulba 8 22° 9'26.54"N, 87° 2'51.82"E 4.990212 2.24 0.1118 0.06707 No Possible for AREKH M d 22° 9'25.92"N, 87° 2'57.29"E auction A 22° 9'15.83"N, 87° 2'52.59"E 22° 9'18.12"N, 87° 2'47.64"E 53 SB4 SUBARN NAYAGRA Kamala 212 22° 1'35.59"N, 87°12'1.06"E 5.015943 2.28 0.1144 0.06862 No Possible for AREKH M pur 22° 1'30.78"N, 87°12'4.24"E auction A 22° 1'28.57"N,87°11'59.61"E 22° 1'31.47"N,87°11'51.85"E 54 SB5 SUBARN NAYAGRA Kamala 212 22° 1'14.25"N, 87°12'8.72"E 4.985527 2.35 0.1172 0.0703 No Possible for AREKH M pur 22° 1'9.83"N, 87°12'11.44"E auction A 22° 1'4.92"N, 87°12'2.31"E 22° 1'8.34"N, 87°11'58.60"E 55 SB6 SUBARN NAYAGRA Hijal 214 22° 0'15.25"N,87°12'41.06"E 5.14245 2.2 0.1131 0.06788 No Possible for AREKH M Bani 22°0'9.95"N, 87°12'40.96"E auction A 22°0'8.34"N, 87°12'29.04"E 22°0'12.83"N, 87°12'29.48"E 56 SB7 SUBARN NAYAGRA Hijal 214 21°59'54.07"N,87°12'46.96"E 5.011854 2.48 0.1243 0.07458 No Possible for AREKH M Bani 21°59'49.54"N,87°12'48.23"E auction A 21°59'47.12"N,87°12'36.32"E 21°59'50.95"N,87°12'34.48"E 57 MSHB1 SUBARN SANKRAIL Dhitpur 267 1(P) 22°8'47.75"N, 87°5'27.58"E 5.052414 3.2 0.1617 0.09701 No Possible for AREKH 22°8'46.56"N,87°5'33.90"E auction A 22°8'38.06"N, 87°5'26.11"E 22°8'40.71"N, 87°5'21.53"E 58 MSHB1 SUBARN SANKRAIL Naihat 268 1831(P) 22°6'1.94"N, 87°7'49.70"E 5.044141 3.15 0.1589 0.09533 No Possible for 0 AREKH 22°5'54.18"N, 87°7'58.59"E auction A 22°5'50.89"N, 87°7'55.09"E 22°5'59.22"N, 87°7'45.99"E 59 MSHB1 SUBARN SANKRAIL Naihat 268 1831(P) 22°5'45.51"N, 87°7'35.81"E 5.061335 3 0.1518 0.0911 No Possible for 1 AREKH 22°5'41.06"N, 87°7'39.68"E auction A 22°5'33.19"N, 87°7'30.52"E 22°5'35.42"N, 87°7'28.07"E 60 MSHB2 SUBARN SANKRAIL Dhitpur 267 1(P) 22°8'36.49"N, 87°5'47.11"E 5.011354 3.2 0.1604 0.09622 No Possible for AREKH 22°8'34.84"N, 87°5'51.72"E auction A 22°8'24.92"N, 87°5'43.75"E 22°8'28.54"N, 87°5'40.32"E 61 MSHB3 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 402 22°8'26.04"N, 87°6'6.79"E 2.056746 3.1 0.0638 0.03826 No Possible for AREKH 22°8'18.50"N, 87°6'6.04"E auction A 22°8'24.58"N, 87°6'9.70"E 22°8'19.62"N, 87°6'3.14"E 62 MSHB4 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 227 22°8'18.08"N, 87°6'26.13"E 1.919544 3.34 0.0641 0.03847 No Possible for AREKH 22°8'16.37"N, 87°6'29.04"E auction A 22°8'10.42"N, 87°6'25.32"E 22°8'11.46"N, 87°6'23.02"E

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63 MSHB5 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 227 22°8'7.88"N, 87°6'45.42"E 1.935195 3.16 0.0612 0.03669 No Possible for AREKH 22°8'6.04"N, 87°6'48.03"E auction A 22°8'0.94"N, 87°6'44.02"E 22°8'3.16"N, 87°6'41.44"E 64 MSHB6 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 701 22°7'51.11"N, 87°6'59.80"E 2.007651 3.27 0.0657 0.03939 No Possible for AREKH 22°7'45.65"N, 87°7'5.86"E auction A 22°7'44.31"N, 87°7'4.05"E 22°7'49.29"N, 87°6'57.13"E 65 MSHB7 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 701 22°7'22.47"N, 87°6'53.76"E 5.005632 3.45 0.1727 0.10362 No Possible for AREKH 22°7'17.55"N, 87°6'57.78"E auction A 22°7'12.79"N, 87°6'48.76"E 22°7'15.71"N, 87°6'45.54"E 66 MSHB8 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 701 22°6'57.36"N, 87°7'11.07"E 4.995039 3.36 0.1678 0.1007 No Possible for AREKH 22°6'51.83"N, 87°7'13.26"E auction A 22°6'49.65"N, 87°7'3.91"E 22°6'55.16"N, 87°7'2.21"E 67 MSHB9 SUBARN SANKRAIL Simulia 278 702 22°6'32.00"N, 87°7'21.06"E 5.007426 3.24 0.1622 0.09734 No Possible for AREKH 22°6'27.35"N, 87°7'22.13"E auction A 22°6'26.32"N, 87°7'9.49"E 22°6'30.29"N, 87°7'8.77"E

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B. In-situ Minerals

Table 34: LIST OF PROPOSED MINING LEASES OF THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA, PERIOD FOR EACH MINOR MINERAL (IN-SITU)

COORDINATES

MINABLE GEOLOGICAL SL. RESERVE BLOCK ID RESERVE MINE STAUTS (HA) (CUBIC

NO. AREA AREA

JL NO.

MOUZA RAL LATITUDE LONGITUDE

(ACRES) (CUBIC METERS) PLOT NO METERS) NAME Vested

22°20'1.23"N 86°52'46.07"E

& 22°20'5.28"N 86°52'35.33"E 1. PJ1/ JAMBONI 42 340081 204049 Murrum Bit excavated and 258 272 22°19'55.39"N 86°52'31.02"E

17.00 KAMLA water filled at a part, 22°19'42.47"N 86°52'42.99"E road nearby

22°31'4.71"N 86°47'38.85"E 22°31'8.63"N 86°47'44.46"E Vested

22°31'6.94"N 86°47'45.87"E &

10

1

2. PJ2/ JAMBONI 21 80972 48583 Murrum 22°31'5.83"N 86°47'45.32"E School and playing

ORO 4.05 22°30'59.52"N 86°47'47.03"E ground in vicinity, 22°31'0.81"N 86°47'44.38"E partially excavated 22°30'57.88"N 86°47'40.85"E

22°28'23.50"N 86°53'50.92"E Vested 22°28'20.46"N 86°53'51.02"E &

22°28'20.24"N 86°53'52.67"E Playground exist 3. PJ3/ JAMBONI 4 25911 15547 Murrum

189

3.2 DEO 22°28'22.48"N 86°53'53.94"E

1.30 nearby, excavated 22°28'18.50"N 86°53'49.99"E partially towards 22°28'19.24"N 86°53'47.48"E western part of block

22° 7'22.08"N 86°53'53.22"E

22° 7'20.75"N 86°53'53.35"E Vested

4. PJ5/ GOPI I 15709 9425 Murrum 22° 7'19.91"N 86°53'50.34"E &

746 235 0.79 1.94 22° 7'19.15"N 86°53'47.18"E Road nearby

DHANSHOLE 22° 7'20.25"N 86°53'46.42"E

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COORDINATES

MINABLE GEOLOGICAL SL. RESERVE BLOCK ID RESERVE MINE STAUTS NO. (HA) (CUBIC

AREA AREA

JL NO.

MOUZA RAL LATITUDE LONGITUDE

(ACRES) (CUBIC METERS) PLOT NO METERS) NAME 22°34'41.66"N 86°48'11.17"E 22°34'42.12"N 86°48'16.15"E 22°34'43.20"N 86°48'15.56"E

22°34'44.36"N 86°48'16.38"E 22°34'44.30"N 86°48'16.94"E

22°34'44.97"N 86°48'17.37"E Vested 22°34'45.62"N 86°48'14.91"E & 5. PJ6/ BINPUR-II 198381 119028 Murrum 22°34'48.17"N 86°48'15.82"E

463 286

9.92 24.5 Road and crusher 22°34'51.93"N 86°48'17.58"E nearby 22°34'53.62"N 86°48'16.38"E

BHAGABANDH 22°34'53.30"N 86°48'20.09"E 22°34'55.78"N 86°48'21.77"E 22°35'1.23"N 86°48'17.83"E 22°35'0.26"N 86°48'13.98"E 22°34'54.84"N 86°48'11.72"E

22°34'47.01"N 86°48'6.07"E

22°34'45.83"N 86°48'8.46"E Vested 22°34'47.20"N 86°48'9.70"E 6. PJ7/ BINPUR-II 31660 18996 Murrum &

102 280

1.58 3.91 22°34'47.78"N 86°48'8.10"E Road nearby 22°34'51.73"N 86°48'9.68"E

PANKANALI 22°34'53.40"N 86°48'6.51"E

Vested

&

7. PJ8/ BINPUR-II 63 301215 180729 Murrum 22°34'21.62"N 86°47'40.18"E Dense tree cover,

270

37.2 15.06 plot could not be

DHUNDUPAL marked

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COORDINATES

MINABLE GEOLOGICAL SL. RESERVE BLOCK ID RESERVE MINE STAUTS NO. (HA) (CUBIC

AREA AREA

JL NO.

MOUZA RAL LATITUDE LONGITUDE

(ACRES) (CUBIC METERS) PLOT NO METERS) NAME

22°19'28.18"N 86°57'13.18"E Vested

22°19'30.52"N 86°57'10.42"E &

8. PJ10/ JHARGRAM 58 9636 5781 Murrum

840

0.48 1.19 22°19'29.71"N 86°57'9.30"E Area less than 1 Ha,

KANPUR 22°19'27.39"N 86°57'11.28"E road nearby,

22°15'49.75"N 87° 8'58.12"E

22°15'52.40"N 87° 8'51.15"E 22°15'53.37"N 87° 8'47.88"E Vested

9. PJ11/ SANKRAIL 76 71174 42704 Murrum 22°15'49.95"N 87° 8'48.41"E &

123 3.56 8.79 22°15'46.46"N 87° 8'49.71"E Road nearby

NAIKANSHOL 22°15'47.77"N 87° 8'52.41"E 22°15'46.49"N 87° 8'55.84"E

22° 7'9.59"N 87° 4'36.43"E 22° 7'9.06"N 87° 4'36.38"E -

-

A

10. PJ12/ NAYAGRAM 38 3077 1846 Murrum 22° 7'8.24"N 87° 4'38.97"E Area less than 1 Ha, 0.15 0.38 22° 7'7.90"N 87° 4'38.63"E road nearby,

BHALIGHAT 22° 7'9.46"N 87° 4'37.35"E

22° 6'22.41"N 87° 4'17.90"E -

22° 6'20.73"N 87° 4'16.21"E

56 11. PJ13/ NAYAGRAM 1 4858 2915 Murrum Area less than 1 Ha,

0.24 22° 6'20.50"N 87° 4'18.06"E road nearby,

MURAKATI 22° 6'21.44"N 87° 4'18.98"E

615. 616,617

22° 7'12.11"N 87° 3'30.49"E - 22° 7'13.08"N 87° 3'27.85"E

Partially excavated

A

12. PJ14/ NAYAGRAM 39 11255 6753 Murrum 22° 7'11.48"N 87° 3'27.64"E

395

0.56 1.39 upto 1.0m, Area less 22° 7'13.14"N 87° 3'25.64"E

KIYAJHANI than 1 Ha 22° 7'10.93"N 87° 3'25.62"E

22° 0'6.67"N 87° 9'5.90"E 22° 0'4.92"N 87° 9'9.90"E 22° 0'2.23"N 87° 9'15.64"E Vested

13. PJ15/ NAYAGRAM 8 128745 77247 Murrum 22° 0'8.29"N 87° 9'14.63"E &

207 6.44 15.9 22° 0'10.40"N 87° 9'13.33"E Road nearby 22° 0'14.83"N 87° 9'5.48"E

BARODHANSOLA 22° 0'9.55"N 87° 9'4.16"E

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COORDINATES

MINABLE GEOLOGICAL SL. RESERVE BLOCK ID RESERVE MINE STAUTS NO. (HA) (CUBIC

AREA AREA

JL NO.

MOUZA RAL LATITUDE LONGITUDE

(ACRES) (CUBIC METERS) PLOT NO METERS) NAME 21°53'42.81"N 87° 4'17.83"E

21°53'43.70"N 87° 4'18.14"E

21°53'42.80"N 87° 4'21.24"E - 14. PJ16/ NAYAGRAM 21457 12874 Murrum 328 21°53'42.58"N 87° 4'25.26"E Partially excavated

1.07 2.65

19,23 DHIRAL 21°53'44.07"N 87° 4'25.75"E 21°53'40.73"N 87° 4'22.46"E

21°52'30.19"N 87° 2'44.74"E 21°52'21.66"N 87° 2'50.97"E

21°52'26.88"N 87° 2'53.81"E 15. PJ17/ NAYAGRAM - - - 98785 59271 Murrum 21°52'29.48"N 87° 2'54.79"E -

4.94 12.2 21°52'30.52"N 87° 2'53.08"E 21°52'32.76"N 87° 2'53.67"E

22° 8'51.93"N 86°58'51.77"E

22° 8'52.52"N 86°58'52.28"E 22° 8'51.30"N 86°58'51.21"E

22° 8'51.34"N 86°58'50.24"E - 16. PJ18/ NAYAGRAM 6 34413 20648 Murrum 22° 8'57.59"N 86°58'53.65"E Partially excavated

1.72 4.25 22° 8'58.65"N 86°58'51.30"E

75,76,77,78

KHASJUNGLE 22° 8'55.19"N 86°58'49.31"E 22° 8'51.26"N 86°58'51.25"E

22° 8'45.90"N 86°58'29.11"E -

22° 8'47.70"N 86°58'29.73"E

-

6 17. PJ19/ NAYAGRAM E 3482 2089 Murrum Area less than 1 Ha,

0.17 0.43 22° 8'47.14"N 86°58'30.92"E road nearby, 22° 8'46.14"N 86°58'30.66"E

KHASJUNGL

22° 8'41.21"N 86°57'48.61"E -

22° 8'41.71"N 86°57'45.55"E 18. PJ20/ NAYAGRAM 6 21619 12972 Murrum Partially excavated at

3/295

1.08 2.67 22° 8'44.76"N 86°57'49.02"E parts 22° 8'43.86"N 86°57'52.83"E

KHASJUNGLE

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COORDINATES

MINABLE GEOLOGICAL SL. RESERVE BLOCK ID RESERVE MINE STAUTS NO. (HA) (CUBIC

AREA AREA

JL NO.

MOUZA RAL LATITUDE LONGITUDE

(ACRES) (CUBIC METERS) PLOT NO METERS) NAME

22° 8'1.60"N 86°59'14.26"E 22° 8'1.98"N 86°59'13.06"E -

19. PJ21/ NAYAGRAM 17 6397 3838 Murrum 22° 8'1.33"N 86°59'15.80"E Partially excavated

0.32 0.79

691/693 22° 8'0.79"N 86°59'12.59"E and water filled 691/691/ & 22° 8'0.04"N 86°59'15.54"E

CHAMARDANDH

Vested 22°18'5.34"N 86°54'27.06"E &

22°17'59.70"N 86°54'25.86"E 20. PJ22/ GOPI II - - - 17004 10202 Murrum Partially excavated -

2.1

0.85 22°18'0.79"N 86°54'24.29"E 1m, trees present , 22°18'5.84"N 86°54'25.43"E near road

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9. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN THE DISTRICT

a) GENERAL OVERVIEW To prepare the DSR of Jhargram district of West Bengal, geological studies along with structural studies in the quest for knowing more and more pertaining to tectonic set up of this regime, suitability for river bed sand mining and time of deposition of different types of minerals are also important. The common hydrological regime plays a pivotal role for deposition of sand & other minor minerals and it is defined by the tropical monsoon climate with alternating dry & wet seasons. Jhargram, in this regard, gives a best fit result. The spatiality of rain is controlled by the orientation of the axis of monsoon trough. River bed sand mining or sand mining adjacent to a river or stream has a direct impact on the physical characteristics of the stream such as channel geometry, bed elevation, substratum composition & stability, in-stream roughness of the bed, pro velocity, discharge capacity, sediment transport capacity, turbidity, temperature etc. Alteration or modification of the said attributes may cause hazardous impact on ecological equilibrium of riverine regime. Lateritic soil or Murrum exists throughout the district. b) EXISTING MINING LEASES OF THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA, PERIOD FOR EACH MINOR MINERAL Table 35: LIST OF EXISTING MINING LEASES OF THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA, PERIOD FOR EACH MINOR MINERAL (SAND)

Mineral Sand Area Area Geological Name of Mouza JL No. Reserve Sl. No Block Block Name (In (in Plot No. Coordinates Reserve In River Name In No. Acre.) Hect) Tonnage Tonnage 22°24'56.316"N 87°14'38.383"E 1.639 608 2214 (P) & 22°24'53.723"N 87°14'46.042"E 1. MJHB-24 JHARGRAM Kangsabati Amdai 4.05 322184 193311 221(P) 22°24'48.011"N 87°14'44.736"E 22°24'48.3"N 87°14'35.593"E 22°06'08.92"N 87°07'16.44"E 4.998 268 22°06'10.50"N 87°07'20.93"E 2. MSHB- 10 SANKRAIL Subarnarekha Naihat 12.35 1831(P) 22°06'00.88"N 87°07'22.93"E 358555 215133 22°05'55.40"N 87°07'18.84"E 22°09'58.7"N 87°02'29.8"E 4.33 67 22°09'53.6"N 87°02'29.00"E 3. MSHB13 SANKRAIL Subarnarekha Chabukya 10.7 425 (P) 22°09'54.0"N 87°02'41.8"E 344071 206443 22°09'56.5"N 87°02'41.4"E 22°09'55.84"N 87°02'29.8"E 22°09'45.80"N 87°02'58.01"E 2.991 67 22°09'44.09"N 87°02'03.96"E 4. MSHB17 SANKRAIL Subarnarekha Chabukya 7.39 425 (P) 22°09'39.59"N 87°02'07.50"E 237856 142714 22°09'39.21"N 87°02'07.46"E 22°09'41.80"N 87°02'57.30"E

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22°33'56.328"N 87°2'18.412"E 4.998 806 1 (P) & 2 22°33'53.953"N 87°2'21.413"E 5. MBINB 1 BINPUR I Kangsabati Kankpara 12.35 (P) 22°33'48.206"N 87°2'15.334"E 321862 193117 22°33'49.722"N 87°2'8.404"E 22°33'48.518"N 87°2'6.81"E 4.998 806 1 (P) & 2 22°33'44.592"N 87°2'13.925"E 6. Kangsabati MBINB 2 BINPUR I Kankpara 12.35 (P) 22°33'44.41"N 87° 2'3.53"E 341174 204704 22°33'43.7"N 87°2'2.51"E 22°33'42.496"N 87°1'58.285"E 4.998 806 1 (P) & 2 22°33'38.742"N 87°2'7.623"E 7. Kangsabati MBINB 3 BINPUR I Kankpara 12.35 (P) 22°33'35.06"N 87°2'3.546"E 415202 249121 22°33'38.815"N 87°1'51.54"E 22°33'37.748"N 87°1'49.761"E 4.998 806 1 (P) & 2 22°33'33.684"N 87°2'2.026"E 8. Kangsabati MBINB 4 BINPUR I Kankpara 12.35 (P) 22°33'30.759"N 87°1'58.171"E 415202 249121 22°33'34.307"N 87°1'44.386"E 22°34'7.269"N 87°2'25.657"E 4.998 233 (P) 22°34'3.834"N 87°2'30.91"E 9. Kangsabati MBINB 5 BINPUR I Dainmari 12.35 805 & 233 (P) 22°33'56.427"N 87°2'24.681"E 408765 245259 22°34'0.378"N 87°2'19.735"E 22°34'13.67"N 87°2'27.466"E 3.998 233 (P) 22°34'10.467"N 87°2'35.637"E 10. Kangsabati MBINB 6 BINPUR I Dainmari 9.88 805 & 233 (P) 22°34'5.357"N 87°2'32.161"E 317678 190607 22°34'10.367"N 87°2'24.713"E 22°37'36.187"N 87°0'34.38"E 4.998 573 22°37'30.817"N 87°0'38.05"E 11. Kangsabati MBINB 7 BINPUR I Asanbani 12.35 2 (P) 22°37'26.533"N 87°0'30.875"E 418421 251053 22°37'34.226"N 87°0'27.038"E 22°37'33.864"N 87°0'24.925"E 4.998 573 22°37'25.5"N 87°0'29.096"E 12. Kangsabati MBINB 8 BINPUR I Asanbani 12.35 2 (P) 22°37'22.454"N 87°0'23.979"E 411984 247190 22°37'32.367"N 87°0'19.252"E 22°28'46.035"N 87°5'7.089"E 4.998 900 14 (P) & 22°28'42.858"N 87°5'11.309"E 13. MBINB10 BINPUR I Kangsabati Kanksabati 12.35 21 (P) 22°28'35.993"N 87°5'6.638"E 389453 233672 22°28'39.843"N 87°5'0.029"E 22°30'5.891"N 87°4'48.718"E 4.998 900 22°30'7.126"N 87°4'57.109"E 14. MBINB11 BINPUR I Kangsabati Kanksabati 12.35 8 (P) 22°30'0.13"N 87°4'58.049"E 415202 249121 22°29'59.024"N 87°4'49.659"E 22°30'5.789"N 87°4'46.644"E 4.998 900 22°29'58.767"N 87°4'47.556"E 15. Kangsabati MBINB12 BINPUR I Kanksabati 12.35 8 (P) 22°29'57.687"N 87°4'39.277"E 408765 245259 22°30'4.502"N 87°4'38.336"E 22°30'4.297"N 87°4'36.252"E 4.998 900 22°29'57.43"N 87°4'37.054"E 16. Kangsabati MBINB13 BINPUR I Kanksabati 12.35 8 (P) 22°29'56.117"N 87°4'28.747"E 405547 243328 22°30'2.907"N 87°4'27.917"E

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22°30'2.793"N 87°4'25.729"E 4.998 900 5 (P) & 8 22°29'55.839"N 87°4'26.615"E 17. Kangsabati MBINB14 BINPUR I Kanksabati 12.35 (P) 22°29'54.81"N 87°4'18.391"E 402328 241397 22°30'1.592"N 87°4'17.431"E 22°30'1.336"N 87°4'14.656"E 4.998 900 22°29'54.323"N 87°4'16.135"E 18. Kangsabati MBINB 15 BINPUR I Kanksabati 12.35 5 (P) 22°29'52.691"N 87°4'8.077"E 408765 245259 22°29'59.404"N 87°4'6.46"E 22°29'52.466"N 87°3'50.167"E 3.998 1 (P), 2 22°29'48.335"N 87°3'51.601"E 19. Kangsabati MBINB 16 BINPUR I Kanksabati 9.88 900 (P) & 3 (P) 22°29'45.885"N 87°3'46.46"E 341174 204704 22°29'45.072"N 87°3'34.931"E 22°37'23.645"N 87°0'35.062"E 4.998 574 22°37'13.491"N 87°0'39.881"E 20. MBINB 17 BINPUR I Kangsabati Bhuladanga 12.35 383 (P) 22°37'12.157"N 87°0'37.054"E 434514 260709 22°37'19.085"N 87°0'28.063"E 22°37'26.613"N 87°0'43.589"E 4.998 574 22°37'17.578"N 87°0'46.369"E 21. MBINB18 BINPUR I Kangsabati Bhuladanga 12.35 383 (P) 22°37'16.029"N 87°0'40.298"E 428077 256846 22°37'25.107"N 87°0'37.008"E 22°37'7.784"N 87°0'47.569"E 4.998 574 22°36'59.075"N 87°0'49.162"E 22. Kangsabati MBINB19 BINPUR I Bhuladanga 12.35 383 (P) 22°36'58.009"N 87°0'42.6"E 418421 251053 22°37'6.855"N 87°0'40.821"E 22°13'30.036"N 86°58'29.828"E 4.998 190 22°13'24.926"N 86°58'35.597"E 23. Subarnarekha MG B14 GOPI I Jagannathpur 12.35 139 (P) 22°13'18.11"N 86°58'31.938"E 405547 243328 22°13'23.375"N 86°58'26.225"E 22°13'14.909"N 86°58'32.493"E 4.998 190 22°13'9.746"N 86°58'38.205"E 24. MG B16 GOPI I Subarnarekha Jagannathpur 12.35 139 (P) 22°13'2.879"N 86°58'34.547"E 408765 245259 22°13'7.99"N 86°58'28.834"E 22°13'23.635"N 86°58'37.094"E 4.998 194 22°13'18.318"N 86°58'42.862"E 25. Subarnarekha MG B17 GOPI I Malincha 12.35 1561 (P) 22°13'11.554"N 86°58'39.259"E 408765 245259 22°13'16.768"N 86°58'33.435"E 22°12'45.553"N 86°54'36.79"E 4.998 208 22°12'41.087"N 86°54'37.791"E 26. MGB-110 GOPI I Subarnarekha Gopiballavpur 12.35 1417 (P) 22°12'37.649"N 86°54'29.337"E 321540 192924 22°12'41.752"N 86°54'26.701"E 22°12'39.203"N 86°54'38.291"E 4.998 208 22°12'28.773"N 86°54'38.021"E 27. Subarnarekha MGB-111 GOPI I Gopiballavpur 12.35 1417 (P) 22°12'28.435"N 86°54'33.835"E 408765 245259 22°12'35.971"N 86°54'30.142"E 22°12'49.997"N 86°46'15.327"E 4.998 31 22°12'45.279"N 86°46'18.715"E 28. Subarnarekha MGB-130 GOPI I Bhathandia 12.35 1002 (P) 22°12'40.413"N 86°46'9.928"E 408765 245259 22°12'45.131"N 86°46'6.479"E

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22°12'55.676"N 86°46'25.78"E 4.998 31 22°12'51.048"N 86°46'29.443"E 29. Subarnarekha MGB-132 GOPI I Bhathandia 12.35 1002 (P) 22°12'46.143"N 86°46'20.48"E 408765 245259 22°12'50.92"N 86°46'17.116"E 22°12'35.173"N 86°48'32.174"E 4.998 36 22°12'29.873"N 86°48'43.848"E 30. MGB-140 GOPI I Subarnarekha Janaghati 12.35 786 (P) 22°12'26.818"N 86°48'43.852"E 415202 249121 22°12'25.612"N 86°48'42.837"E 22°12'30.353"N 86°48'31.141"E 22°12'28.339"N 86°48'30.7"E 4.998 36 22°12'24.049"N 86°48'41.379"E 31. Subarnarekha MGB-141 GOPI I Janaghati 12.35 786 (P) 22°12'19.548"N 86°48'37.227"E 402328 241397 22°12'23.603"N 86°48'28.211"E 22°12'21.982"N 86°48'27.238"E 4.998 36 22°12'18.012"N 86°48'35.814"E 32. MGB-142 GOPI I Subarnarekha Janaghati 12.35 786 (P) 22°12'13.356"N 86°48'27.434"E 250731 150438 22°12'16.491"N 86°48'22.417"E 22°12'8.648"N 86°48'29.75"E 4.998 37 22°12'3.867"N 86°48'32.621"E 33. Subarnarekha MGB-144 GOPI I Chanpasar 12.35 343 (P) 22°12'1.392"N 86°48'20.888"E 424858 254915 22°12'9.397"N 86°48'22.615"E 22°12'9.478"N 86°48'20.276"E 4.998 37 22°12'1.003"N 86°48'18.257"E 34. Subarnarekha MGB-145 GOPI I Chanpasar 12.35 343 (P) 22°12'1.939"N 86°48'10.992"E 428077 256846 22°12'10.27"N 86°48'13.597"E 22°12'10.248"N 86°48'11.259"E 4.998 37 22°12'1.648"N 86°48'8.471"E 35. MGB-146 GOPI I Subarnarekha Chanpasar 12.35 343 (P) 22°12'3.24"N 86°48'1.15"E 428077 256846 22°12'11.092"N 86°48'4.576"E 22°12'12.845"N 86°48'2.938"E 4.998 37 22°12'0.163"N 86°47'57.384"E 36. Subarnarekha MGB-147 GOPI I Chanpasar 12.35 343 (P) 22°12'2.016"N 86°47'52.474"E 428077 256846 22°12'12.09"N 86°47'57.644"E 22°12'11.674"N 86°47'55.177"E 4.998 37 22°12'2.685"N 86°47'50.561"E 37. Subarnarekha MGB-148 GOPI I Chanpasar 12.35 343 (P) 22°12'5.257"N 86°47'43.294"E 334737 200842 22°12'11.459"N 86°47'47.803"E 22°12'18.895"N 86°47'48.976"E 22°12'17.724"N 86°47'48.571"E 307 (P) 22°12'15.683"N 86°47'40.626"E 38. MGB- Subarnarekha GOPI I 9.88 & 311 (P) 440951 264571 149 Narasinghapur 3.998 38 22°12'18.565"N 86°47'33.155"E 22°12'21.459"N 86°47'35.406"E 22°12'20.43"N 86°47'38.143"E

22°12'22.352"N 86°47'33.371"E 307 (P) 22°12'15.874"N 86°47'28.502"E 39. Subarnarekha MGB-152 GOPI I Narasinghapur 12.35 4.998 38 & 311 (P) 22°12'19.411"N 86°47'21.51"E 424858 254915 22°12'25.75"N 86°47'26.343"E

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22°12'27.237"N 86°47'8.706"E 22°12'19.722"N 86°47'3.473"E 40. Subarnarekha MGB-154 GOPI I Kanchanpur 12.35 4.998 39 150 (P) 22°12'22.941"N 86°46'57.646"E 428077 256846 22°12'30.65"N 86°47'2.995"E 22°12'39.86"N 86°47'9.453"E 22°12'36.159"N 86°47'14.892"E 41. Subarnarekha MGB-155 GOPI I Kanchanpur 12.35 4.998 39 150 (P) 22°12'28.906"N 86°47'9.815"E 418421 251053 22°12'32.393"N 86°47'4.1"E 22°12'44.268"N 86°46'59.085"E 22°12'41.74"N 86°47'6.644"E 42. Subarnarekha MGB-156 GOPI I Kanchanpur 12.35 4.998 39 150 (P) 22°12'34.225"N 86°47'1.434"E 415202 249121 22°12'37.38"N 86°46'55.815"E 22°12'35.653"N 86°46'54.636"E 22°12'32.476"N 86°47'0.186"E 43. MGB-157 GOPI I Subarnarekha Kanchanpur 12.35 4.998 39 150 (P) 22°12'24.703"N 86°46'54.815"E 424858 254915 22°12'27.557"N 86°46'49.22"E 22°13'24.817"N 86°58'19.723"E 4.998 189 22°13'19.932"N 86°58'11.083"E 44. MGB2 GOPI II Subarnarekha Agarbani 12.35 988 (P) 22°13'21.523"N 86°58'6.184"E 354049 212429 22°13'26.385"N 86°58'6.714"E 22°13’38.24” N 86°57’53.88” E 22°13’31.10” N 86°58’56.16” E 45. Subarnarekha MGB4 GOPI II Agarbani 12.35 4.998 189 988 (P) 22°13’28.84” N 86°57’48.68” E 411984 247190 22°13’36.21” N 86°57’46.34” E 22°13'33.809"N 86°57'43.268"E 22°13'26.695"N 86°57'45.66"E 46. MGB7 GOPI II Subarnarekha Agarbani 12.35 4.998 189 988 (P) 22°13'24.486"N 86°57'38.118"E 415202 249121 22°13'31.764"N 86°57'35.686"E 22°13'32.437"N 86°57'30.165"E 22°13'31.198"N 86°57'30.609"E 47. Subarnarekha 1057(P) 22°13'25.644"N 86°57'15.666"E MGB8 GOPI II Pitha Pur 12.35 4.998 188 437733 262640 22°13'28.922"N 86°57'12.532"E 22°13'32.435"N 86°57'19.934"E 22°13'10.555"N 86°57'23.304"E 22°13'5.853"N 86°57'28.201"E 48. Subarnarekha MGB18 GOPI II Malincha 12.35 4.998 194 1561 (P) 22°13'1.329"N 86°57'20.413"E 405547 243328 22°13'6.031"N 86°57'15.535"E 22°13'5.657"N 86°57'13.064"E 1561 22°13'0.883"N 86°57'17.96"E 49. Subarnarekha MGB19 GOPI II Malincha 12.35 4.998 194 (P) 22°12'56.36"N 86°57'10.142"E 415202 249121 22°13'1.079"N 86°57'5.227"E 22°13'11.289"N 86°57'7.06"E 1561 22°13'6.579"N 86°57'11.914"E 50. Subarnarekha MGB22 GOPI II Malincha 12.35 4.998 194 (P) 22°13'2.124"N 86°57'4.106"E 408765 245259 22°13'6.704"N 86°56'59.252"E

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22°12'56.511"N 86°55'54.316"E 1869 22°12'51.479"N 86°55'57.484"E 51. Subarnarekha MGB25 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 (P) 22°12'49.495"N 86°55'47.065"E 418421 251053 22°12'54.807"N 86°55'43.805"E 22°12'49.707"N 86°55'58.587"E 1869 22°12'44.442"N 86°56'1.806"E 52. Subarnarekha MGB26 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 (P) 22°12'42.648"N 86°55'51.308"E 424858 254915 22°12'47.741"N 86°55'48.127"E 22°12'42.894"N 86°56'2.952"E 1869 22°12'37.663"N 86°56'6.097"E 53. Subarnarekha MGB27 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 (P) 22°12'35.697"N 86°55'55.563"E 428077 256846 22°12'40.893"N 86°55'52.27"E 22°12'29.086"N 86°56'11.388"E 1869 22°12'23.305"N 86°56'14.717"E 54. Subarnarekha MGB29 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 (P) 22°12'22.131"N 86°56'4.293"E 431296 258777 22°12'27.224"N 86°56'1.001"E 22°12'22.237"N 86°56'15.78"E 1869 22°12'19.527"N 86°56'17.333"E 55. Subarnarekha MGB30 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 (P) 22°12'15.367"N 86°56'8.38"E 310275 186165 22°12'20.297"N 86°56'5.301"E 22°12'19.994"N 86°55'57.991"E 1869 22°12'14.962"N 86°56'1.098"E 56. Subarnarekha MGB32 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 (P) 22°12'14.26"N 86°55'49.87"E 418421 251053 22°12'19.241"N 86°55'46.68"E 22°12'59.14"N 86°55'36.94"E 22°12'53.434"N 86°55'35.39"E 57. Subarnarekha MGB36 GOPI II Kuliana 12.35 4.998 248 1869 (P) 22°12'55.624"N 86°55'25.629"E 411984 247190 22°13'1.356"N 86°55'27.345"E 22°12'50.052"N 86°55'26.217"E 12.35 4.998 248 1869 22°12'40.695"N 86°55'25.279"E 58. Subarnarekha MGB37 GOPI II Kuliana (P) 22°12'41.549"N 86°55'18.937"E 418421 251053 22°12'50.867"N 86°55'19.96"E 22°12'39.796"N 86°55'16.738"E 12.35 4.998 248 1869 22°12'30.501"N 86°55'15.727"E 59. Subarnarekha MGB39 GOPI II Kuliana (P) 22°12'31.423"N 86°55'9.465"E 415202 249121 22°12'40.782"N 86°55'10.384"E 22°13'21.417"N 86°52'28.025"E 12.35 4.998 104 2488 22°13'13.037"N 86°52'29.674"E 60. Subarnarekha MGB42 GOPI II Askola (P) 22°13'10.26"N 86°52'22.972"E 428077 256846 22°13'18.64"N 86°52'21.277"E

22°13'7.017"N 86°52'21.42"E 12.35 4.998 104 2488 22°12'59.3"N 86°52'23.146"E 61. Subarnarekha MGB44 GOPI II Askola (P) 22°12'56.764"N 86°52'15.468"E 411984 247190 22°13'3.63"N 86°52'14.158"E

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22°12'57.338"N 86°52'23.508"E 12.35 4.998 104 2488 22°12'51.35"N 86°52'24.844"E 62. Subarnarekha MGB45 GOPI II Askola (P) 22°12'47.136"N 86°52'17.085"E 415202 249121 22°12'54.828"N 86°52'15.442"E 22°13'0.352"N 86°52'41.8"E 12.35 4.998 105 348 (P) 22°12'52.066"N 86°52'43.526"E 63. Subarnarekha MGB46 GOPI II Bhatpara & 570 (P) 22°12'49.273"N 86°52'36.875"E 418421 251053 22°12'57.507"N 86°52'35.121"E 22°12'57.648"N 86°52'51.645"E 12.35 4.998 105 22°12'48.253"N 86°52'53.733"E 64. MGB47 GOPI II Subarnarekha Bhatpara 570 (P) 22°12'47.757"N 86°52'46.635"E 418421 251053 22°12'54.83"N 86°52'45.077"E 22°13'37.218"N 86°52'46.618"E 12.35 4.998 105 22°13'27.06"N 86°52'55.993"E 65. Subarnarekha MGB52 GOPI II Bhatpara 570 (P) 22°13'23.771"N 86°52'48.548"E 415202 249121 22°13'36.85"N 86°52'45.772"E 22°13'26.846"N 86°52'36.1"E 12.35 4.998 105 348 (P) 22°13'14.726"N 86°52'38.697"E 66. Subarnarekha MGB54 GOPI II Bhatpara & 570 (P) 22°13'12.862"N 86°52'34.114"E 415202 249121 22°13'25.091"N 86°52'31.547"E 22°13'51.604"N 86°52'58.208"E 12.35 4.998 155 336 (P) 22°13'43.337"N 86°53'5.287"E 67. Subarnarekha MGB55 GOPI II Bhutkahalia & 337 (P) 22°13'39.484"N 86°53'1.894"E 418421 251053 22°13'48.606"N 86°52'53.793"E 22°13'46.048"N 86°53'37.732"E 12.35 4.998 155 22°13'35.102"N 86°53'37.371"E 68. MGB57 GOPI II Subarnarekha Bhutkahalia 337 (P) 22°13'37.37"N 86°53'31.417"E 418421 251053 22°13'46.939"N 86°53'32.186"E 22°13'47.147"N 86°57'30.15"E 12.35 4.998 155 22°13'38.06"N 86°57'29.321"E 69. Subarnarekha MGB58 GOPI II Bhutkahalia 337 (P) 22°13'38.987"N 86°57'23.332"E 434514 260709 22°13'48.203"N 86°57'22.497"E 22°11'47.466"N 86°59'21.648"E 12.35 4.998 374 22°11'37.14"N 86°59'21.972"E 70. MGB101 GOPI II Subarnarekha Chapli 295 (P) 22°11'37.226"N 86°59'16.035"E 418421 251053 22°11'40.603"N 86°59'16.405"E 22°11'45.594"N 86°59'13.932"E 22°13'42.009"N 86°53'48.61"E 12.35 4.998 202 1001 (P) 22°13'37.673"N 86°53'51.552"E 71. Subarnarekha MGB107 GOPI II Rantua & 2002 (P) 22°13'30.052"N 86°53'42.63"E 405547 243328 22°13'33.664"N 86°53'39.799"E 22°11'12.929"N 86°59'25.872"E 12.35 4.998 372 22°11'8.928"N 86°59'30.446"E 72. MGB159 GOPI II Subarnarekha Dangaria 583 (P) 22°11'2.396"N 86°59'25.485"E 418421 251053 22°11'5.081"N 86°59'18.859"E 22°11'7.81"N 86°59'32.217"E 3.998 372 22°11'6.502"N 86°59'33.473"E 73. Subarnarekha MGB160 GOPI II Dangaria 9.88 583 (P) 22°10'55.315"N 86°59'37.133"E 350830 210498 22°11'1.373"N 86°59'27.375"E

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Table36: Data of settled & EC done Jhargram Brick Earth fields

(Source: Register of Mining Plan under West Bengal Minor Mineral Concession Rule, 2016)

Sl No. Name of the Block Name of the Brick Field Mouza Plot No.

1. Binpur - 1 Giri Bricks & CO – 1 Balisira (1009) 149,151,152, 153, 154 2. Binpur - 1 Giri Bricks & CO – 2 Balisira (1009) 1(p), 3(p), 148 3. Binpur - 1 Kalika Bricks Salchaturi (1012) 52, 91, 92, 93 4. Binpur - 1 Quality Bricks Tikarampur (1019) 138

5. Binpur - 1 Puja Bricks Tikarampur (1019) 8(p), 9(p), 10(p), 7/149(p)

6. Binpur - 1 Lion Bricks – 1 Tikarampur (1019) 20

7. Binpur - 1 Gupta Bricks Murajuri (1011) 36, 37, 38, 39. 45 8. Binpur - 1 Sivaji Bricks Rashmandal (1020) 20, 21, 38 9. Jhargram Lalbaba Bricks Amdoi (608) 197, 199, 200(p), 201, 202, 203 10. Jhargram Sankha Bricks Amdoi (608) 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 895, 896 11. Jhargram Laxmi Bricks Amdoi (608) 112, 124, 127, 218

12. Jhargram Babaji Bricks Amdoi (608) 214, 215, 216, 229 13. Jhargram Kanya Bricks Singpur (618) 45(p) 14. Gopi – 1 Radha Bricks Digli (209) 83, 84, 85,88, 89, 90 15. Sankrail Rupa Bricks Sripur (255) 404, 535, 536, 538, 542, 548, 549 16. Binpur – 1 Diamond Bricks Rashmandal (1020) 38 17. Binpur – 1 Ispat Bricks – 1 Salapara (764) 19, 20, 50, 51, 52 18. Binpur – 1 Ispat Bricks – 2 Belatikri (762) 819

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19. Gopi – 1 Durga Bricks Bandhgora (110) 11, 13, 19, 20, 22, 27,81, 13/319, 78/318 20. Gopi – 2 Puja Bricks Poradiha (170) 100, 103, 106, 107 21. Gopi – 2 PKB Bricks Salkia (177) 665, 668, 669, 747, 748, 22. Gopi – 2 Laxmi Bricks Kalaberia (314) 40, 41, 4\348 23. Sankrail Uma Bricks Sripur (255) 196, 197, 198, 199, 24. Jamboni Panda Bricks Belda (210) 534 25. Binpur – 1 Giri Bricks – 3 Murajuri (1011) 2, 4, 5, 6(p), 8, 9 26. Binpur – 1 Lion Bricks – 2 Salchaturi (1012) 10, 11, 62(p)

27. Jhargram Rita & Rina Bricks Manikpara (562) 248

28. Binpur – 1 Neel Bricks Rashmandal (1020) 37, 38

29. Gopi – 1 Sathi Bricks Sasra (052) 2677

30. Gopi – 1 Gopal Bricks Sasra (052) 1529, 1534

31. Gopi – 1 Raja Bricks Ramkrishnapur (115) 68, 75, 77, 78, 79,

32. Gopi – 2 Mata Bricks Nayagram (203) 140, 142

33. Gopi – 1 Hena Bricks Nayabasan (154) 2658, 2659

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Table37: Data of EC pending Jhargram Brick Earth fields (Source: Register of Mining Plan under West Bengal Minor Mineral Concession Rule, 2016)

Sl Brand Name Name of Name & Address of the Brick Land schedule of Brick Field Status No. Block Field owner Mouza & J.L. Plot No. No. 1. SPM Binpur - II Shantipada Mazumder; Silda, Bhararu; JL - 223 263 Jhargram 2. Royal Binpur - II Joymala Bhui; Harda, Jhargram Dangarpara; JL - 128 223 3. Radha Binpur - I Raju Patra, Jayanta Murmu, Tarun Damujana, JL - 811 15 Mandal & Others

4. Ghosh Binpur - I Santosh Ghosh; Jhargram Salchaturi, JL – 113 56, 74, 80 (IDN)/1012 5. Hero Binpur - I Manas Kundu, Mahadeb Tarafder & Tilaboni, JL -463 354 Others Chakgeriapur, JL - 60 461 6. King Binpur - I Anadi Laha & Ors Chakgeriapur, JL - 26,60 461 7. Ghosh Binpur - I Santosh Ghosh; Jhargram Barapalashi, JL – 714 903 8. Bandhan Binpur - I P. Dandapat Ankro, JL - 519 782,787

9. Joy maa Binpur - I Avijit Ghosh Patharghata, JL -553 45,46

10. Nobel Unit – I Binpur - I Ashoke Hatial Bandarboni, JL – 518,519,521,525 906

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11. Puja Gopi - I Debdutta Pal; Nayagan, Kordia, Nayagan, JL – 04 11, 13 Gopiballavpur

12. Laxmi Gopi - I Sanjib Mondal, Dakshinsole Bonsimla, JL - 43 542 13. Sona Gopi - I Rameshwar Patial, Ramkrishnapur, Ramkrishnapur, JL - 96, 98 P.O. Sumitrapur, Gopiballavpur 115

14. New Gopi - II Aditya Mandal, At - Dainmari, JL – 306 230, 233 Raju

15. Shiba Gopi - II Kamal Das, At – Gopiballavpur Beldihi, JL - 205 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 113\543

16. Nataraj Gopi - II Asit Baran Ghosh, At – , 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, Beliaberah 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57,

17. Matadi Gopi - II Uttam Kumar Singha, At – Rantua, Rantua, JL - 202 527, 529, 530, Beliaberah 531, 536

18. Bunu Jamboni Gunadhar Mallick, Vill – Jugibandh, Parihati, JL - 50 896, 897 Dubra

19. Durga Jamboni M/s Agarwal Bricks, Prop : Sanjay Tulsiboni, JL - 136 157/213 Kumar Agarwal, At -

20. Stone Nayagram SMT. Bani Chowdhuri, At – Kharika Bara Dhansola, JL - 92, 94 Mathani, Nayagram, Jhargram 207

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c) DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SAND AND OTHER MINOR MINERALS DURING LAST 3 YEARS

The data regarding against revenue is furnished below: Table 38: Details of generated revenue for sand sector during last 3 years

Name of the Minerals For the year 2016 - 17 For the year 2017 - 18 For the year 2018 - 19

Sand Rs. 16,92,84,153 Rs. 33,38,71,228 Rs. 28,25,06,895

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10. DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM MINERAL SECTOR DURING LAST THREE YEARS

DETAILS OF REVENUE GENERATED FROM MINERAL SECTOR DURING LAST 3 YEARS

Table 39: Details of revenue generated from mineral sector

YEAR ROYALTY/ CESS OTHER TOTAL DEED RENT COLLECTIONS REVENUE (M&M) 2017-18 13,86,99,585 1,87,96,730 1,17,87,838 16,92,84,153 2018-19 12,21,84,826 1,10,37,767 20,06,48,635 33,38,71,228 2019-20 17,03,36,353 1,77,45,906 9,44,24,636 28,25,06,895

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11. TRANSPORT (RAILWAYS, ROAD) Effective transportation system is significant because it enables communication, trade and other forms of exchange between individuals that in turn establishes civilizations. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization and from this point of view Jhargram district is well connected with other cities and towns of West Bengal and neighborhood states by road and rail aerial transportation system. In Jhargram six numbers of National Highways are present which runs from west to east. Apart from those state highways, district roads and village roads connect the villages with the towns and industrial centres as well. Distances of CD Blocks from district Jhargram Head Quarter are as follows:

Gidhni (Jamboni) : 20 km Lalgarh (Binpur - I) : 20 km

Belpahari (Binpur-II) : 35 km Belagaria : 86 km (Nayagram)

Chhatinasole : 56 km Rohini (Sankrail) : 46 km (Gopiballavpur - I)

Beliaberah : 46 km Jhargram CD Block : 1 km (from DM/SDO (Gopiballavpur - II) office)

 ROAD  Road density of Jhargram:

Road density mentions the ratio between total road lengths of a region to its total geographical area where road length is represented as per square kilometre of that particular area. High road density value indicates better the road network and vice versa. Whole Jhargram is covered with road networks and the maximum concentration and intersection can be found near Jhargram Municipality. While Nayagram shows least concentration of roads. The only main broad gauge railway line runs through the South Eastern Railway line which enters the from west of Jamboni block and exits it from the east of Jhargram block to connect to the Junction station of Kharagpur. It is noteworthy that, in 2011 the road density of West Bengal is 1.03 kilometre per square kilometer of area which is higher than the national average in spite of that the road conditions were not at all up to the mark in comparison to the state’s as highly developed in road network. In 2011 when Jhargram was one of the subdivisions of Paschim Medinipur accounts for 2.94 kilometer of road per square kilometre of its land which is a relatively high ratio compered to national and state level averages and road network has been changed in Jhargram, on 2003-04 onwards and specifically after 2011, which is clearly mention in District Statistical Handbook, Paschim Medinipur (2011).CD Block wise road density of Jhargram Subdivision during 2003-04 and 2011 is as follows:

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Table 40: CD Block wise road density of Jhargram Subdivision during 2003-04 and 2011

CD Block Road density/km2 (2003) Road density/km2 (2011) Jhargram 1.41 2.44 Binpur I 1.41 2.53 Binpur II 1.08 1.29 Jamboni 1.86 2.51 Nayagram 0.72 2.18 Sankrail 2.75 2.50 Gopiballavpur I 1.29 1.78 Gopiballavpur II 1.67 3.32

Currently, Jhargram is also very well connected by highways it lays on AH46 which is a part of the Asian Highway Network and also with other nearby cities like Medinipur. The details of the main roads are:

1. 40 km over Dherua - Medinipur Road 2. Kharagpur (46 km over NH-6) 3. Durgapur (156 km over SH-9) 4. Asansol (181 km over NH-60 and SH 9) 5. Bankura (114 km over SH-9 and 5) 6. Purulia (142 km over SH-5) 7. (150 km over AH46 and NH41) 8. Contai (144 km over SH-5) 9. Digha (165 km over NH-60) 10. Kolkata/Howrah (169 km over AH46) 11. Tatanagar (114 km over NH-33) 12. Baripada (99 km over AH46 and NH-5) Source: District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18

And other connecting minor roads are: 1. Other district &rural roads : 487.85 km 2. Kachacha road : 2371.2 km

 TRAIN Jhargram is linked not only to larger cities but also to smaller towns and villages within the district. Jhargram Railway Station is on the Kharagpur-Tatanagar section of Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line, an express train route. The Jhargram railway station comes under South Eastern Railway. Jhargram is well connected by train to nearest big city like Kolkata/Howrah (155 km), Kharagpur (39 km), Asansol, Tatanagar (96 km), Ranchi, Dhanbad, Rourkela, Jharsuguda, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Puri, Bhilai and also Delhi, Mumbai etc., (District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18).

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 AIR The nearby operative airport is Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport of Kolkata which is 155 km and 169 km by train and NH - 6 respectively. Sonari Airport of is located at a distance 96 km by train. Birsa Munda Airport of Ranchi is located at a distance of 233 km by NH - 33 and 258 km by train (District Industrial Profile, 2017 - 18).

Map. No. 17 TRANSPORT NETWORK MAP OF THE DISTRICT

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12. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of District Survey report (DSR) is "Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; and identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area". The District Survey report (DSR) will encompasses the presence of different types of in-situ minor minerals having commercial viability. This report gives the factual field information about riverbed sand mining riverbed mineral potential of pebbles and gravels made up of brown and greyish sandstones, host rock of mineralization, presence of associated minerals, reserve and grade (tentative) of minor minerals. As the entire field work is confined to G:4 stage (e.g., the whole report, excluding secondary data collection, is based on reconnaissance survey), determination of grade in-situ minerals is not possible. By eye estimation, quality of minor minerals has been determined here. The District Survey report (DSR) will contain mainly data published and endorsed by various departments and websites about Geology of the area, Mineral wealth details of rivers, details of Lease and Mining activity in the District along with Sand mining and revenue of minerals. This report also contains details of Forest, Rivers, Soil, Agriculture, Road, Transportation and climate etc. The main minor mineral of the district i.e., sand will be replenished annually and available for excavation in the next post- monsoon season. Additional areas may be further assessed on the basis of various ecological, environmental, social considerations. It can be further studied as potential area for mining and revenue generation.

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13. CONCLUDING REMARKS It is pertinent to say in the context of preparation of DSR of Jhargram district that it is a laudable attempt and it will give the “facilities galore” to West Bengal Government, from point of view of mineral deposits (both minor & major minerals). This district survey report indicates prima facie availability of requisite area from within the ML blocks to prove adequate reserves of minor minerals. For complete feasibility of the said project if following points are taken into consideration, a crystal clear picture about the reserve and grade of the deposits can be obtained. Therefore the ultimate clarifications are as follows:  Application of the concept of mineral (Minor & Major) paragenesis in regional and local context.  Increasing utilization of remotely sensed data such as multi sensor airborne survey, LAND SAT imageries etc.  Review, intensification and projection of exploration in already intensified blocks.  Necessity of extensive exploration and thoroughness of search for stone and gravel deposits and new vistas of river bed sand deposits in view of geological diversity.  Testing of unconventional targets based on minor and major mineral paragenesis and its localization applying BROWN FIELD / GREEN FIELD concepts. More aggressive surface sampling, geochemical survey, soil analysis and assays of other minerals followed by grid pattern and chemical assay of other minerals followed by grid pattern and chemical assay of bore hole samples at short depth of interval by technical experts to the field of minor and major minerals (although these come under G:2 and G:3 stages; but these are beyond our scope) .It is the prime time for the technocrats associated with mineral development to take up the challenge and present propagation of misconceptions in the alibi of environmental degradation. But successful management of stones and riverbed sand deposits involving exploitation, conservation and protection of the resources from the company will be pivotal to its economic growth and sustenance of the quality of the environment.

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14. REFERENCE CITED

1. (P) by Sri. Sarfuddin Sanatan Gharai/ http://environmentclearance.nic.in/) 2. [Mining plan for Mining of River Sand in Subarnarekha River at Mouza Chormundi-JLNo.207, Plot No 298 3. “Jhargram to be state's 22nd district on April 4". Millennium Post. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 4. ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF MINOR IRRIGATION (A.D.M.I) PROJECT IN WEST BENGAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ANNEXURE (Part II) E2767 v. 2 November 2010 5. Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". ScientificData. 5:180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2 052 4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988. 6. D. Lamb, P.D. Erskine, J.A. Parrotta, Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscapes, Science, 310, 2005, pp. 1628-1632. 7. Das, Debabrata. (2018). Cassytha filiformis in forests of Jhargram district of West Bengal. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 4. 001-007. 10.30574/gscbps.2018.4.1.0023. 8. GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN WATER SCARCE JHARGRAM SUBDIVISION , WEST MEDINIPUR DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL WITH REFERENCE TO APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TECHNIQUES D.Ghosh Dastidar* & Amlanjyoti Kar ** Bhu-Jal News - Quarterly Journal Volume No.24 , Number 1, Jan-March 2009 9. Gupta, B., Mishra, T.K. Analysis of tree diversity and factors affecting natural regeneration in fragmented dry deciduous forests of lateritic West Bengal. Trop Ecol 60, 405–414 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42965-019-00039-8 10. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/164627/5/05_chapter%201.pdf Topography 11. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/218269/10/10_chapter%202.pdf Physiography 12. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391 Volume 5 Issue 8, August 2016 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Mapping of the Forest Cover based on Multi-criteria Analysis: A Case Study on Jhargram Sector in Paschim Medinipur District, Goutam Kumar Das1 , Rabin Das2 Paper ID: ART2016894 13. ISSN: 2067-533X INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE Volume 9, Issue 2, April- June 2018: 319-336 www.ijcs.uaic.ro ASSESSING THE SOCIAL, ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT ON CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN HUMAN- MODIFIED LANDSCAPES: A CASE STUDY IN JHARGRAM DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA Uday Kumar SEN * 14. Kayet, Narayan & Chakrabarty, Abhisek & Pathak, Khanindra & Sahoo, Satiprasad & Mandal, Subhra & Fatema, Samrin & Tripathy, Sandip & Garai, Ujjwal & Das, Tarun. (2018). Spatiotemporal LULC change impacts on groundwater table in Jhargram, West Bengal, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management. 10.1007/s40899-018-0294-9.

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15. Lu D, Mausel P, Brondizio E, Moran E (2004) Change detection techniques. Int J Remote Sens 25(12):2365–2407 16. M.J. Heckenberger, A. Kuikuro, U.T. Kuikuro, J.C. Russell, M. Schmidt, C. Fausto, B. Franchetto, Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland?, Science, 301, 2003, pp. 1710-1714. 17. Malley, L.S.S. (1995): Bengal District Gazetteer.Mklnapore.Govt. of West Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 1- 22,99- 142. 18. Malley, L.S.S. (1995): Bengal District Gazetteer.Mklnapore.Govt. of West Bengal, Calcutta, pp. 1- 22,99- 142. 19. Manna SS, Mishra SP. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used by tribal in Lalgarh forest range, W.B., India. J Phytopharmacol 2018; 7(2):199-202. 20. Mondal S (2012) Remote Sensing and GIS Based Ground Water Potential Mapping of Kangshabati Irrigation Command Area, West Bengal. J Geogr Nat Disast 1:104. doi:10.4172/2167-0587.1000104 21. Mouza Baura, J.L. No.141, Plot No 243 under jurisdiction of Nayagrama police station (Mining plan for Mining of River Sand in SubarnaRekha River at Mouza Baura –J.L.No.141, Plot No 243(P) by Sri. Amal Singh/ http://www.environmentclearance.nic.in/) 22. OSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319- 7676. Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. - Feb.2017), PP 28-51 www.iosrjournals.org DOI: 10.9790/3008- 1201032851 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page Flora of Kansai Basin at Lalgarh of Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal with Special Reference to Eco-degradation in India Dr. Debabrata Das 23. Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11(5): 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess- 11-1633- 2007. ISSN 1027-5606. 24. Reynolds, John & Peres, Carlos. (2006). Overexploitation. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0007. 25. Shit, P.K., Nandi, A.S. & Bhunia, G.S. Soil erosion risk mapping using RUSLE model on jhargram sub- division at West Bengal in India. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 1, 28 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808- 015-0032-3 26. Shit, P.K., Nandi, A.S. & Bhunia, G.S. Soil erosion risk mapping using RUSLE model on jhargram sub- division at West Bengal in India. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 1, 28 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808- 015-0032-3 27. T.M. Whitmore, B.L. Turner, Cultivated Landscapes of Middle America on the Eve of Conquest, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. 28. V.M. Toledo, B. Ortiz-Espejel, L. Cortés, P. Moguel, M.D.J. Ordoñez, The multiple uses of tropical forests by indigenous peoples in Mexico: a case of adaptive management, Conservation Ecology, 7(3), 2003, Article no. 9.

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ANNEXURE: I EXSISTING SAND BLOCKS MAP OF JHARGRAM DISTRICT

I. EXSISTING SAND BLOCK MAP OF JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 1

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART – 2

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SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART – 3

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART – 4

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SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART – 5

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART – 6

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EXSISTING SAND BLOCK MAP OF JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL KANGSABATI RIVER PART - 1

KANGSABATI RIVER PART – 2

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KANGSABATI RIVER PART – 3

KANGSABATI RIVER PART – 4

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II. PROPOSED SAND BLOCK MAP OF JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 1

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 2

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SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 3

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 4

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SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 5

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 6

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SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 7

SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 8

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SUBARNAREKHA RIVER PART - 9

PROPOSED SAND BLOCK MAP OF JHARGRAM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL KANGSABATI RIVER PART - 1

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ANNEXURE III: FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS

Image 1: Kangsabati River Showing Sand Deposits at River Bank Deposits

Image 2: Zone of Sand Aggradation in the River Course of Kangsabati River

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Image 3: Subarnarekha River Showing Sand Deposits at River Bank Deposits

Image 4: Lateritic Sand Impregnated with flakes of Muscovite

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Image 5: Zone of Sand Replenishment Study in the River Course of Subarnarekha River

Image 6: Zone of Sand Replenishment Study in the River Course of Kangsabati River

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Image 7: Exposure of Murram at Nayagram

Image 8: Brick Earth Mining at Binpur-I

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