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Study of Water Quality of Swarnrekha River, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

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Study of Water Quality of Swarnrekha River, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 Study of water quality of Swarnrekha River, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Suresh Kumar 1, Sujata kumari 2 1. Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India 2. Ranchi University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract The name of river “Swarnrekha” is given after in the ancient period due to the occurrence of “gold streaks” in the river water or river sediments. The river originated from a “seepage cum underground well”, locally called “Ranichuan” at the Nagari village of the Ranchi district. It is the first river which originates from seepage well locally called “Chuan” basically a great seepage well having a catchment area. According to Hindu Mythology, it is said that this Ranichuan was carved by the lord Rama by his arrow while Sita, his wife, was feeling thirsty during the period of Ramayana. In this way, we say that the river is basically originated from the seepage water or ground water. It travels towards the south east of Ranchi to East Singhbhum to Sarikhela and finally confluence with Damodar River at cretina mouth of the river. Previously, it was very pure form of drinkable water and day by day its quality deteriorated due to the anthropogenic activities and ultimately whole stretches of the river turned into garbage field and most polluted water streams. So, now we can say the river turned from gold streak to garbage streak and not suitable for the human beings without treatment. Physical, Chemical and microbial properties of the river water from point of origin to the lower chutia is deterioted such as water is very clean at the site of origin and became gradually hazy and dirt as it crosses through the habitants or settlements. Similarly, pH value increases from point of origin to the last sampling point i.e. water is slightly acidic at the point of origin and slightly alkaline at the last point of our study. Other chemical parameters such as Turbidity, TDS, Chloride, Hardness, Alkalinity, calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Fluoride etc. increasing from point of origin to the last point of our study which showing the load of pollutant in river water due to heavy settlement and domestic sewer into the river. River parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is decreasing from point of origin to the last point of study. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) & Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is also increasing from point of origin to the last study point. Feacal Load is also increasing from point of origin to the last Study Point. Over all pollution load is increasing from point of origin of the river, Nagri village, to the last study point, Lower chutia, near Mahdev temple due to open sewer directly pouring into the water and other anthropogenic activities such as washing, bathing, cremation of dead bodies and their flushing into the river water. Keyword- Subarnarekha River, gold to garbage, anthropogenic activities, seepage well, ranichuan. Physical, chemical and microbial parameters, River parameters. Volume 8, Issue 10, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 465 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 1.0 Introduction: The Subarnarekha River originates near Nagari village (23° 18′ 02″N and 85° 11′ 04″E) in the Ranchi district and runs through some major cities and towns, i.e., Jamshedpur, Chaibasa, Ranchi, Bhadrak before joining to the Bay of Bengal near Kirtania port (21° 33′ 18″N and 87° 23′ 31″E) in Orissa. The catchment area of the Subarnarekha River basin extends over 19,296 km2 and accounts for 0.6% of the geographical area of India (Roy et al. 2013. The Subarnarekha River is a very important water source to satisfy the irrigation, industrial and municipal water demands of these three states. The total length of this river is 269 km in Jharkhand, 64 km in West Bengal and 62 km in Odisha. The Subarnarekha basin covers an area 19,300 km2 .This area is nearly the 0.6% of the total national river basin area and yields 0.4% of the country’s total surface water resources. The important tributaries of this river are includes Kanchi ,Karkari, Kharkai and Sankh rivers. The State-wise distribution of the Subarnarekha drainage is 68.4 % of Jharkhand, 16.1 %of Orissa and 15.5 % of west Bengal (Survey of India (1923–1979), Rao (1975). 2.0 Major tributaries of Swarnrekha River: S.No Name of the Bank Length( Catchment % of the Annual tributary km) area (km2) total basin yield(MCM) area 1 Raru Right 50 622 3.22 250 2 Kanchi Right 80 1036 5.37 750 3 Karkari Right 120 1575 8.17 950 4 Kharkhai Right 145 5825 30.19 3.300 5 Garra Right 55 483 2.50 200 6 Sankh Right 30 196 1.02 80 Volume 8, Issue 10, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 466 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 7 Other streams of Right - 4812 24.94 970 right bank 8 Jumar Left 35 182 0.94 70 9 Dulung Left 75 1173 6.08 500 10 Other streams of Left - 4760 17.64 870 left bank Total 19.296 100 7940 Source: Survey of India (1923-1979), Rao (1975) 3.0 Material and Methods: 3.1 Study area: Water quality study of few stretches of river from Subarnarekha River in the origin point at the nagari to pugru hatia, tupudana bridge, Ghaghara road, namkum bridge.Ranchi,Jharkhand towards the down streams. 3.1.1 Origin point of swarnrekha river,Nagri Village,Ranchi: The origin point of Subarnarekha River is situated 50 km away towards the south west of the Ranchi city .This origin point having very enlarge catchment area and source of seepage water through the sub surface soil which accumulates at a big water depression bodies which is basically seepage well and locally called Ranichuna. The streams of the river emerge out from this Ranichuna under the sub soil and later it creates Subarnarekha river steams. Now it flows towards south eastern directions and make water fall, Hundru which falls from 140 m height of hill cliffs .Within the catchment area and very close to the Ranichuna a good agricultural practices was being done in a traditional way with desired inputs such as fertilizers pesticides etc. so obviously these residues of pesticides and fertilizers is being mixed in seepage water through the agricultural runoff. So first water sample has been taken from this point to know the water quality aspects of river. 3.1.2 Pugru Hatia tupudana bridge,Ranchi: This is the second point of water sampling in Ranchi city near the petrol pump pugru hatia. Physically water of the Subarnarekha stream seems very dirty like sewer canal water. The main anthropogenic activities were bathing, washing of clothes, open defecation and domestic sewer in the peri area of river stream. So these are the major source of the pollution in the river. Volume 8, Issue 10, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 467 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 3.1.3 Ghaghara road,Namkum bridge, Ranchi: This is the third point of water sampling at Namkum, Ranchi which the pathways of the river stream. Physically the water of the stream are seems same as in pugru hatia tupudana point .Now the main anthropogenic activites are pouring of domestic sewer into the river , manual crimination of dead bodies and their flushing into the river ,bathing ,washing, and open defecation.so these are the major sources of water pollution at this stretches of Subarnarekha river. 3.1.4 Lower chutia near mahadev tample : This is the fourth and last point of the water sampling at lower chutia Ranchi. Physically water was seen same as above three water sampling points. The major sources of the water pollutions are crimination of the dead bodies and their flushing into river, pouring of domestic sewer into the river, agricultural runoff, bathing, washing, and open defecation. 3.2 Data collection: Water sample has been collected from above sites and analyzed in the analytical laboratory, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Parameters taken under the under the study are as following. Chemicals Parameters: pH, Turbidity, Color, TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron Arsenic, Fluoride. River Parameters: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Microbial Parameters: Feacal Coliforms. Volume 8, Issue 10, 2020 http://aegaeum.com/ Page No: 468 AEGAEUM JOURNAL ISSN NO: 0776-3808 3.2.1 Sampling & Preservation: Sampling and preservation has been done as per standards of American Public Health Association (APHA) guideline. Sampling for chemical Analysis has been done in PET bottle with suitable chemicals preservatives and sampling for river water parameters (DO, BOD, COD) has been done in BOD bottle. 3.2.2 Sample identity: It represents the identity of the water sampling point from where we have taken water sample for the study. Sample-01: It is the point of Origin of river swarnrekha, “Ranichaun” at Nagri Village, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Sample-02: It is the 2nd point of water sampling in its pathways of downstream at Pugru,Hatia Bridge, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Sample-03: It is the third point of water sampling in its downstream pathaways at Ghagra Road, Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Sample-04: It is the 4th or last of point of water sampling in its downstream pathways at Lower Chutia, near Mahadev Temple, Ranchi, Jharkhand. 4.0 Results and Discussion: Analysis of sample has been done as per American Public Health Association (APHA), Guideline of Central Pollution control board and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Govt. of India, which are as followings: 4.1 Chemical Parameters: • pH: It measures the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water and determines whether a water is acidic or basic .
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