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Assessment of Water Quality of Subarnarekha River in Balasore Region, Odisha, India Current World Environment Vol. 9(2), 437-446 (2014) Assessment of Water Quality of Subarnarekha River In Balasore Region, Odisha, India A.A. KARIM*1 and R.B. PANDA2 1Department of Environment and Sustainability, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751013, Odisha, India. 2P.G Department of Environmental Science, F.M University, Balasore-756020, Odisha, India. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.9.2.27 (Received: Feburary 07, 2014; Accepted: May 21, 2014) ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to determine the water quality status of Subarnarekha River at Balasore region during pre-project period as Kirtania Port is proposed in this area. River water samples were analysed for physico-chemical parameters by following standard methods (APHA 1985) and the results showed their variations as follows: pH 7.3-7.8,Temperature 26.7-28.20C, Electrical Conductivity 392-514 µ mho ,Total suspended solids 118-148 mg/l, Total dissolved solids 241-285 mg/l, Alkalinity 27.3-42 mg/l, Total Hardness 64.63-114.06 mg/l, Calcium 24.6-32 mg/l, Magnesium 9.72-13.8 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen 4.6-5.3 mg/l, Biochemical oxygen demand 1.1-3.39 mg/l, Chemical oxygen demand 53-147 mg/l, Nitrates 0.4-1.06 mg/l, Phosphates 0.86-2.4 mg/l, Sulphates 113-143 mg/l, Chlorides 26.32-36.63 mg/l, Iron 0.224-0.464 mg/l, Chromium 0.008-0.016 mg/l. The analysed physico-chemical parameters were almost not exceeded the maximum permissible limit of Indian standards (IS: 10500). After physico-chemical analysis, water quality index (WQI) was established from twelve important various physiochemical parameters by following weighted arithmetic index method. The calculated water quality index indicates that the quality of water was good and hence fit for use. Key words: Subarnarekha River, Balasore, Physico-chemical parameters, Water quality index (WQI). INTRODUCTION pesticides and industrial effluents etc. many of our lakes, including Dal and Nagin of Kashmir have Freshwater resources are under severe severally polluted with foul odour , silt deposits and and increasing environmental stress. At a global get chocked due to excessive algal growths(Kaur, level, two thirds of the withdrawals are used for 2005). Ports are major hubs of economic activity and agriculture and one fourth for industry. By the end potential sources of pollution (National Research of the century, withdrawals for agriculture have and Development Centre (NRDC), 2005). Gupta et increased slightly whereas industrial withdrawals al. (2002) suggested that deterioration of surface have probably doubled (World watch Institute, 1999). water quality may occur during both the construction In India, the major 14 rivers i.e. Ganga, Yamuna, and operation phases of ports. Subarnarekha basin Godavari, Gomti, Kosi, Cauvery, Ravi, Sone, is the smallest of the 14 major river basins of India Chenab, Jhelum, Narmada, Mahi, Tapti and Krishna draining an area of 19,296 square kilometres and receive heavy flux of sewage, industrial effluents, covering hardly 0.6 percent of India’s land surface, domestic and agricultural wastes which consists of yet it is an important inter-State river flowing through substances varying from simple nutrient to highly one of the most important industrial belt and mineral- toxic hazardous chemicals. Most of the large rivers rich areas of India.. The river in its upper and middle of the world are nothing but open sewers fit only to reaches remains more or less as a stagnant pool, take urban wastes, half burnt bodies, poisonous often highly charged with pollutants, particularly 438 KARIM & PANDA, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 9(2), 437-446 (2014) during dry periods as has been observed in the reference to monitor the water quality status of the study based on the water quality data collected by Subarnarekha River during ongoing projects and the Bihar State Pollution Control Board (Priyadarshi, post-projects scenario. N, 1998, 2004). Subarnarekha is the lifeline of tribal communities and fishing communities, residing MATERIALS AND METHODS on the riverbanks and their life and livelihood is affected by the river’s pollution. The basin therefore Sampling Locations needs careful environmental management planning The sampling locations were selected to protect its continued existence. A few studies randomly by considering the population, location have been undertaken to investigate the pollution and source. Water samples were collected from the of the Subarnarekha River towards its eastern locations along the route of the Subarnarekha River and coastal sides (Mishra et al 1994, Senapati basin in Balasore district. The sampling locations and Sahu, 1996; Panda et al., 2006). The water were Rajghat, Jamkunda, Asti, Bhusandeshwar, quality of Subarnarekha River in Balasore region is Chaumukh and Chaumukh muhana which are also in threat because Government of Odisha has described below (Table-1). proposed Subarnarekha Port or Kirtania Port near the mouth of the Subarnarekha River at Chaumukh Physico-Chemical Analysis in Balasore district of the Odisha coast. The port Standard procedures as described by APHA has been awarded to Chennai-based Creative Port (1985) was followed for the Sample collections, Development Limited (CPDL) to build and operate stabilization and transportation to the laboratory as (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtania_port). If the well as storage. Water samples were analysed for port will come then anthropogenic activities will be eighteen parameters to determine the overall quality increased which directly influence the water qualities with respect to Temperature, pH, Total Dissolved of the river and the life of the people residing there Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), to a greater extent. Hence, in present study the Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium Biochemical water quality assessment of river Subarnarekha Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), in the coastal belt of Balasore during pre-projects Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride, Sulphate , period was done .This study can also be used as Total Alkalinity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Fig. 1: Map showing sampling locations (Source- Google Maps / Subarnarekha River) KARIM & PANDA, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 9(2), 437-446 (2014) 439 Fluoride, Iron, Chromium and Nitrate-Nitrogen . The Wi = 1/ Si water samples were analysed for various parameters Where, in the laboratory of P.G Department of Environmental Wi = Relative (unit) weight for nth parameter Science, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, Odisha Si= Standard permissible value for nth parameter during the period of March to July, 2013. In general, I = Proportionality constant. the standard methods recommended by APHA (1985) was adopted for determination of various That means, the Relative (unit) weight (WI) physico-chemical parameters. to various water Quality parameters are inversely proportional to the recommended standards for the Water Quality Index corresponding parameters. Calculating of water quality index is to turn complex water quality data into information Finally, the overall WQI was calculated by that is understandable and useable by the public. aggregating the quality rating with the unit weight Therefore, water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful linearly by using the following equation: and efficient method which can provide a simple indicator of water quality and it is based on some WQi = ΣQiWi/ ΣWi very important parameters. Where, Qi = Quality rating In current study, Water Quality Index (WQI) Wi = Relative weight was calculated by using the Weighted Arithmetic Index method as described by Cude, C. 2001. In In general, WQI is defined for a specific this model, different water quality components and intended use of water. In this study the WQI was are multiplied by a weighting factor and are then considered for human consumption or uses and the aggregated using simple arithmetic mean. maximum permissible WQI for the drinking water was taken as 100 score. For assessing the quality of water in this study, firstly, the quality rating scale (Qi) for each Chemical analysis of water gives a concept parameter was calculated by using the following about its physical and chemical composition by some equation; numerical values but for estimating exact quality of water, its better to depend on water quality index Qi = {[(Vactual – Videal) / (Vstandard – Videal)] * 100} which gives the idea of quality of drinking water. Where, The rating of WQI is shown below. Qi = Quality rating of ith parameter for a total of n water quality parameters WQI level Water Quality Rating Vactual = Actual value of the water quality parameter obtained from laboratory analysis 0-25 Excellent Videal = Ideal value of that water quality parameter 26-50 Good can be obtained from the standard Tables. 51-75 Poor Videal for pH = 7 and for other parameters it is 76-100 Very Poor equalling to zero, but for DO Videal = 14.6 mg/L > 100 Unfit for Drinking Purposes. Vstandard = Recommended WHO standard of the water quality parameter. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Then, after calculating the quality rating Water quality index of the present water scale (Qi), the Relative (unit) weight (Wi) was body was established from twelve important various calculated by a value inversely proportional to the physico-chemical parameters. WQI indicates the recommended standard (Si) for the corresponding quality of water in terms of index number which parameter using the following expression; represents overall quality of water for any intended use. The water quality index for each samples 440 KARIM & PANDA, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 9(2), 437-446 (2014) were calculated and are presented in table-4. The pH values of calculated water quality index were found Most natural waters are generally alkaline to be 40.14, 27.71, 25.16, 38.48, 40.27, 49.47 due to presence of sufficient quantities of carbonates. for the sampling sites S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 pH has no direct adverse effects on health, however respectively which indicate that the water quality a lower value below 4 will produce sour taste; and of river Subarnarekha in Balasore region is good.
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