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Wild Winter 2000 The Genus Jasminum In Florida Roger L. Hammer Miami-Dade Park & Recreation Department Natural Areas Management 22200 Southwest 137 Avenue Miami, FL 33170 “Jasmine” (or “jessamine”) is a popular name for a number of unre- lated plants. Confederate jasmine (Trachylospermum jasminoides) and pin- wheel jasmine (Tabernaemontana divaricata) both belong to the Oleander Family (Apocynaceae). Day jasmine Jasminum Fluminense (Cestrum diurnum) and night jasmine (C. nocturnum) are members of the Nightshade Family (Solanaceae). Or- ange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) is in jasmine (Jasminum dichotomum) Brazil- den authored a paper in the proceed- the Citrus Family (Rutaceae). And ian jasmine (J. fluminense), Japanese jas- ings of the Florida State Horticultural Madagascar jasmine (Stephanotis flori- mine (J. mesnyi) star jasmine (J. Society entitled “Jasmine species in bunda) is in the Milkweed Family multiflorum) angelwing jasmine (J. cultivation in Florida and their correct (Asclepiadaceae). True jasmines be- nitidum) poet’s jasmine (J. officinale), names.” In this paper, Read mentions long to the genus Jasminum, a tropical and Arabian jasmine (J. sambac). Fairchild’s early concerns regarding and subtropical genus comprised of Following Hurricane Andrew in the weedy potential of Gold Coast jas- about 300 species of vines and shrubs 1992, Gold Coast jasmine and Brazil- mine but concluded that “although the from Eurasia, Africa, Australia, ian jasmine became exceptionally ag- species does produce an abundance of Oceania, and tropical America. They gressive in the storm-damaged forests fruit it is not a serious weed. Only a are members of an economically im- of Miami-Dade County. Both had been few wild plants may be found in va- portant group of plants, the Olive established long before the storm but cant lots and along the roadside in Family (Oleaceae) and are related to soil disturbance and abundant light south Florida.” the olive (Olea sp.), ash (Fraxinus sp.), levels created by fallen trees allowed and lilac (Syringa sp.). Many jasmines localized populations to explode. Both are of horticultural interest, mainly for species were introduced by Dr. David That Was Then, This Is Now their fragrant flowers, and some spe- Fairchild, the founder of Fairchild As Dr. Fairchild predicted, Gold cies are cultivated commercially for the Tropical Garden in Miami. Fairchild Coast jasmine has become a trouble- production of perfume and as a flavor- even apologized for introducing the some weed in Florida and can now be ing for tea. In many countries the flow- Gold Coast jasmine after observing the found in virtually every hardwood for- ers are also used in garlands and worn abundant fruits produced in Florida, est in urbanized Miami-Dade County. in the hair. fearing that he may have introduced a Wunderlin (1998) lists it for Highlands Currently there are at least ten spe- plant that would become a serious en- County and the southern peninsula, cies of Jasminum cultivated in Florida. vironmental pest. and the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Coun- Of these, seven species have escaped In 1962, Robert Read, a botanist as- cil (EPPC) includes it in Category I of cultivation, which include Gold Coast sociated with Fairchild Tropical Gar- Florida’s most invasive species. Cat- WILDLAND WEEDS 13 egory I is reserved for those plant spe- Fairchild’s Folly the type locality (where it was first col- cies that are disrupting Florida native Another species that Dr. Fairchild lected and described) is near Rio de habitats and includes such notorious introduced into Florida, and again one Janeiro in Brazil. It is believed to have pests as Brazilian pepper (Schinus that he later apologized for, is Brazil- been introduced into Brazil by the Por- terebinthifolius), cajeput (Melaleuca ian jasmine. This plant has an inter- tuguese. A frequently used common quinquenervia), and Australian pine esting history of introductions. In name for this species is Azores jasmine (Casuarina equisetifolia). Aside from 1916, cuttings labeled Jasminum due to its introduction under the erro- native habitats, Gold Coast jasmine is azoricum were shipped from La neous name J. azoricum. also exceptionally weedy in disturbed Mortola Gardens in Italy to the USDA The native range of Brazilian jas- sites, such as along fencerows as well Plant Introduction Station in Miami. mine is listed as “Brazil” by Read as in cultivated landscapes. None of these cuttings survived so it (1962), as “tropical America” by Gold Coast jasmine is a woody is unknown whether or not they were Wunderlin (1998) and as “Africa” by climber, which can reach 25 feet or actually J. azoricum, a native of the Ca- Menninger (1970). In checking various more into the tree canopy. Its simple, nary Islands. Seeds that Dr. Fairchild floras in the research library at ovate, glossy leaves are opposite and introduced in 1931 came from Fairchild Tropical Garden, it seems that the petioles are noticeably angled in a Oranjestad, St. Eustatius in the Lee- it is clearly an African native. In the somewhat elbow shape. This is a use- ward Islands, and these too were la- Flora of Tropical East Africa (Bruce and ful characteristic that resource manag- beled J. azoricum by USDA, probably Lewis 1960), its range is given as ers can use to identify sterile plants because of its similarity to the earlier “Mauritius, Seychelles, Arabia, Eritrea, because a native shrub of hardwood introduction. The following year, Somaliland [Somalia and the Ogaden forests in southern Florida, snowberry USDA received more seeds of “J. region of Ethiopia], Abyssinia [Ethio- (Chioccoca alba) somewhat resembles azoricum” from Nassau, Bahamas pia], Rhodesia [Zimbabwe], Gold Coast jasmine but lacks the (Read, 1962). Nyassaland [Malawi], Portuguese East angled petiole. Gold Coast jasmine Jasminum azoricum is a misapplied Africa [Mozambique], Angola, Nige- produces intensely fragrant white name for the species introduced into ria, and South Africa (West Indies and flowers that are pink when in bud. Florida. The correct name is Jasminum South America, introduced).” Other The flowers are followed by a great fluminense. Another confusing aspect African floras gave similar ranges, abundance of pea-sized black or dark of this plant is its common name and none of which mention it being native purple fruits that are eaten by birds its reported native range. It is usually anywhere in the western hemisphere. and mammals. referred to as Brazilian jasmine because Brazilian jasmine has the honor of New Name! Growing Commitment! AgroDistribution LLC. dba Prosource One ProSource One formerly Terra Professional Products has a new name with a growing commitment to our customers. ProSource One is the exclusive source for all of your aquatic vegetation management needs. We offer the right products, reliable advice and dependable services to help make your aquatic program successful. Talk to your ProSource One aquatics vegetation management specialist. Aquatic Specialists Western Florida Polly Ellinor 1-888-813-0562 Eastern Florida Paul Mason 1-800-207-1408 14 WINTER 2000 being the most frequently encountered Garlon 4 as a basal stem treatment on and most troublesome jasmine in young plants and as a cut stump treat- Florida although, curiously, Wunderlin ment on mature, old growth, woody (1998) includes it as “rare” for High- Wildland stems. Seedlings can be hand-pulled lands, St. Lucie, Miami-Dade, and but resource managers should make Monroe counties. It is widespread in a regular site visits to control re-infesta- variety of habitats, most particularly tions. hardwood forests, and is a pest in cul- WEEDS tivated grounds as well. It is an ever- Literature cited blooming vine with very fragrant Bruce, E. A. and J. Lewis. 1960. Flora white flowers produced in open clus- of Tropical East Africa: Loganiaceae. Charter Advertisers ters. The leaves are compound, bear- Hubbard, C. E. And E. Milne-Redhead, SePRO ing three leaflets that are slightly pu- Editors. Crown Agents for Oversea bescent. Black or dark purple fruits are Governments and Administrations, Griffin borne in profusion. Read (1962) London, England, pp. 19-23. pointed out its aggressive tendencies DowAgrosciences when he wrote, “when left alone it will Menninger, E. A. 1970. Flowering grow over the top of any tree or shrub Vines of the World. Heathside Press, Inc., Riverdale as rapidly as any vine.” It is listed in New York, pp. 246-253. Category I of Florida EPPC’s list of Invasive Plant Control most invasive species. Seeds are bird- Read, R. W. 1962. Jasminum species dispersed but dense clusters of seed- in cultivation in Florida and their correct Brewer International lings can be found sprouting from rac- names; Florida State Horticultural So- Timberland Enterprises, Inc. coon droppings as well. ciety Proceedings, Vol. 76, pp. 430-437. Arabian jasmine, from tropical Asia, American Cyanamid also deserves watching because it is Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide to the already listed in Category II by Florida Vascular Plants of Florida. University Helena EPPC. Control of jasmines in natural Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL, p. 488. areas has been successful using 10% Enterprises, Inc. Renewing the Environment Vegetation management programs and control products for Aquatics, Forestry and Roadway/Utility Rights of Way. SOLUTIONS - SERVICE - SATISFACTION FLORIDA OFFICE CORPORATE OFFICE 3705-10 S.W. 42nd Ave. P.O. Box 557 Gainesville, FL 32608 Monticello, AR 71655 (352) 375-2601 (O) (870) 367-8561 (352) 375-3123 (FAX) WILDLAND WEEDS 15.
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