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KHADIR MOHIDEENCOLLEGE (Nationally Accredited with B by NAAC) ADIRAMPATTINAM – 614 701, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

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KHADIR MOHIDEENCOLLEGE (Nationally Accredited with B by NAAC) ADIRAMPATTINAM – 614 701, TAMIL NADU, INDIA AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FLORICULTURE IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT Thesis submitted to Bharathidasan University for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ECONOMICS By A. AHILANDESWARI Under the Guidance of Dr. Mrs. N. CHITHRA ,M.A, M.Phil., Ph.D., P.G. AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS KHADIR MOHIDEENCOLLEGE (Nationally accredited with B by NAAC) ADIRAMPATTINAM – 614 701, TAMIL NADU, INDIA SEPTEMBER - 2014 Certificate P.G. AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS KHADIRMOHIDEENCOLLEGE ADIRAMPATTINAM Dr. Mrs. N. CHITHRA, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Associate Professor& Research Advisor, CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FLORICULTURE IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT ” submitted by A.AHILANDESWARI (Reg.No. 48091/Ph.D2/Economics/Full Time/April 2012 ) is a bonafide record of research work done by her under my guidance in the Department of Economics, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or any other similar title. The thesis is the outcome of personal research work done by the candidate under my overall supervision. Date: (N. CHITHRA) Station: Declaration A. AHILANDESWARI Reg.No. 48091/Ph.D2/Economics/Full Time/April 2012 Research Scholar (Full Time), PG and Research Department of Economics, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis “AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FLORICULTURE IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT” submitted by me for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics to the Bharathidasan University under the guidance and supervision of Dr.N.CHITHRA, Associate Professor of Economics and Research Advisor, PG and Research Department of Economics, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam is the Record of work done by me. This work has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship of any university. Place : Date : (A. AHILANDESWARI) Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the outset, I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. N. CHITHRA , M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics and Research Advisor, PG and Research Department of Economics, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam, for her expert guidance and invaluable help throughout the study. Mere words would not suffice to explain her persistent encouragement, advice and help to complete this research work. It is a great pleasure and excellent experience to work under her guidance. My Sincere thanks are due to Dr.A. JALAL, M.Com., M.Phil., Ph.D., Principal, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam, for offering facilities to do the valuable course and for doing the research work. I am thankful to Dr. P.Ganapathy, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., HOD of Economics Associate Professor of Economics and Research Advisor, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam for his encouragement. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. A.Raja Mohamed, M.A., M.Phil.,Ph.D., Asso. Professor and Retd. HOD of Economics especially to Dr.A. Mohamed Abdul Khader, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., and Retd. HOD of Economics and Research Advisor, Khadir Mohideen College, Adirampattinam and Mr.S.Abdhahir M.A., M.Phil., Asst.Professor of Economics, PG and Research Department of Economics and to all the Faculty Members of PG and Research Department of Economics for their timely help and moral support. I express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved husband Mr.G.Rajeshkannan, my son R.Varshan & R.Dhuruvan for their valuable guidance to do this project successfully. My sincere thanks are due to my father-in-law S. Ganapathy , Mother- in-law G.Prema, Sister-in-law G.Rajarajeshwari , My Brother-in-law S.S.Poongundran , Political P.A and Publisher of Jaya Publication, My father T.Ananthan (Late) , Mother A. Malathy for their timely help and moral support. My Sincere thanks are due to Dr.V.Dhivaharan , Managing Trustee, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Womens College, Mannargudi. I am greatly indebted to Mr. S. Srinivasan, M.Sc.,M.Ed., M.Phil., MBA., Headmaster (SG), GHSS, Siramelkudi and his daughter Selvi.S.SUBARNAA, B.E., for their valuable help and timely suggestions. The last but not least this research work would not have been completed but because of Dr.R.GOPALASUNDAR, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., PGDCA., PDNT., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Economics, Adaikkalamatha College , Vallam for his valuable untiring compiling work. I convey my sincere thanks to all members of Hamidia Browsing Centre at Pattukkottai especially to Mr. M. Mohamed Ismail and R. Reka who typed the script neatly and executed the work promptly. A. AHILANDESWARI Contents CONTENTS Chapter Page Title No. No. I. Introduction 1 II. Concepts and Review of Related Literature 14 III. Profile of the Study area, Materials and Methods 55 IV. Floriculture – An Overview 107 V. Analysis and Discussion 152 VI. Findings, Policy implications and suggestions 262 Appendices i) Appendix – I - Bibliography ii) Appendix – II – Interview schedule iii) Papers published List of Tables LIST OF TABLES Table Page Title No. No. 3.1 Population in Thanjavur District 2001 Census 62 3.2 Literacy Rate in Thanjavur District 63 3.3 Occupational Classification of Population 2000-01 63 3.4 Soil Series and its extent in Thanjavur District 65 3.5 Characteristics of soil series in Thanjavur District 66 3.6 Major soil series and crops grown 68 3.7 Land capability of Thanjavur District 69 3.8 Soil pH in Thanjavur District 70 3.9 Productivity ratings of the soils in Thanjavur District 71 3.10 Season-wise normal rainfall in Thanjavur District 73 3.11 Land use pattern in Thanjavur District 74 Number and Area of operational Holdings in Thanjavur 3.12 75 District 2000 – 01 3.13 Source – Wise area Irrigated 80 Classification of blocks based on level of Exploitation of 3.14 81 ground water potential 3.15 Area of the crops in the District 84 Area, Production and productivity of mango and banana in 3.16 85 Thanjavur District in 2009 – 10 3.17 Livestock population census 86 Livestock population growth rates (2010-10) Thanjavur 3.18 87 District 3.19 Activity-wise employment status of Fisher folk 91 3.20 Marine fish production in Thanjavur District 92 3.21 Details on banking sector in Thanjavur District 95 3.22 Gross and net domestic product of Thanjavur District 98 5.1 Religion wise Distribution of the Respondents 153 5.2 Community wise Distribution of the Respondents 155 5.3 Sex wise Distribution of the Respondents 157 5.4 Age wise Distribution of the Respondents 159 5.5 Educational Level wise Distribution of the Respondents 161 5.6 Type of House of Respondents 164 5.7 Household Income of Respondents 167 5.8 Income of the Respondents Educational wise 170 5.9 Ploughing Cost Per Acre 173 5.10 Digging Cost Per Acre 177 5.11 Weeding Cost Per Acre 178 5.12 Fertilizer Cost Per Acre 181 5.13 Pesticide Cost Per Acre 184 5.14 Cost of Plucking Per Acre 187 5.15 Type of Market 190 5.16 Method of Sale 193 5.17 The Purchase of Seedlings 194 5.18 Type of Transport is Used 195 5.19 Annual Transport Cost to Market Per Farmer 197 5.20 Details of Annual Yield 199 5.21 Details of Selling Price of Flowers 201 5.22 Annual Income Per Acre 202 5.23 Net Income Per Acre 203 5.24 Expenditure Per Acre 204 5.25 Type of Land 205 5.26 Type of Soil 207 5.27 New Variety 208 5.28 Flower cultivated area (acre) by the Respondents 209 5.29 Distance Between Plants 210 5.30 Type of Irrigation is Used 211 Determinants of Income from Jasmine Flower 5.31 212 Cultivation Per Acre Determinants of Income from Rose Flower Cultivation Per 5.32 214 Acre 5.33 Employment per acre 216 5.34 Income per acre 217 5.35 Employment per acre in Ettari Area 218 5.36 Employments Per Acre in Koppu Area 219 5.37 Employments Per Acre in Posampatti Area 220 5.38 Employments Per Acre in Puliyur Area 221 5.39 Employment per acre in Pothavur Area 222 5.40 Income Per Acre in Ettari Area 223 5.41 Income Per Acre in Koppu Area 224 5.42 Income Per Acre in Posampatti Area 225 5.43 Income Per Acre in Puliyur Area 226 5.44 Income Pers Acre in Pothavur Area 227 5.45 Comparison on House Value 228 5.46 Comparison of Female Employed in Weeding Activities 229 5.47 Comparison of Male Employed in Weeding Activities 230 5.48 Comparison of Income From Land 231 5.49 Comparison of the Cost of Cultivation 232 5.50 Comparison of Yield 233 Overall Rank Order of the Constraints Experience by Rose 5.51 235 Flower Cultivators in the Descending Order of Importance Resource Constraints Experienced by Rose Flower 5.52 236 Cultivators Constraints in Marketing Experienced by Rose Flower 5.53 237 Cultivators Constraints in Plucking Experienced by Rose Flower 5.54 238 Cultivators Constraints in transport experienced by Rose Flower 5.55 239 Cultivators Constraints in Fertilizer and Pesticide Experienced by Rose 5.56 240 Flower Cultivators Overall Rank Order of the Constraints Experienced by Rose 5.57 241 Flower Cultivators in the Descending Order of Importance Constraints in Cultivation period experienced by Rose 5.58 242 Flower Cultivation Overall Rank Order of the Constraints Experienced by 5.59 Jasmine Flower Cultivators in the Descending Order of 244 Importance Resource Constraints Experienced by Jasmine Flower 5.60 246 Cultivators Constraints in Marketing Experienced by Jasmine Flower 5.61 247 Cultivators Constraints in Plucking Experienced by Jasmine Flower 5.62 248 Cultivators Constraints in Transport Experienced by Jasmine Flower 5.63 249 Cultivators Constraints in Fertilizer and Pesticide Experienced by 5.64 250 Jasmine Flower Cultivators Constraints in Cultivation Period Experienced by Jasmine 5.65 251 Flower Cultivators Constraints cultivation period experienced by Jasmine 5.66 252 Flower Cultivators Overall Rank Order of the Constraints Experienced by 5.67 Overall Flower Cultivators in Descending Order of 254 Importance Constraints in Plucking Experienced by Overall Flower 5.68 256 Cultivators Constraints in Transport Experienced by Overall Flower 5.69 257 Cultivators Constraints in Fertilizer and Pesticide Experienced by 5.70 258 Overall Flower Cultivators Constraints in Sales Period Experienced by Overall Flower 5.71 259 Cultivators Constraints in Cultivation Period Experienced by Overall 5.72 260 Flower Cultivators List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Title No.
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