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Universite De Reims Champagne-Ardenne (France) UNIVERSITẺ DE LOME UNIVERSITẺ DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE- FACULTE DES SCIENCES ARDENNE UFR PHARMACIE ANNEE 2007 N° ……… THÈSE Présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITẺ DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE ET DE L’UNIVERSITẺ DE LOMẺ MENTION : SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES SPẺCIALITẺ : BIOLOGIE VẺGẺTALE Par Eyana KPEMISSI AMANA LES ANACARDIACEAE DU TOGO : ẺTUDES BOTANIQUES, ẺCOLOGIQUES ET PROPRI ẺTẺS ANTIFONGIQUES Soutenue publiquement le 10 Septembre.2007 Devant le jury composé de : M. GBEASSOR Messanvi, Professeur Faculté des Sciences, Lomé Président M. BOUCHET Philippe, Professeur UFR Pharmacie, Reims, Directeur Membre M. AKPAGANA Koffi, Professeur Faculté des Sciences, Lomé, Directeur Membre M. AKOEGNINOU Akpovi, Maître de Conf Univ. d’Abomey-Calavi Membre REMERCIEMENTS Nos remerciements vont d’abord au Service de la Coopération et d’Action Culturelle de l’Ambassade de France à Lomé pour nous avoir donné les moyens financiers nécessaires pour effectuer quatre stages à la Faculté de Pharmacie de Reims Champagne-Ardenne ; ensuite au Centre pour l’Accueil et les Echanges Internationaux (EGIDE) à Paris pour son bon encadrement durant nos séjours successifs à Reims ; nos remerciements enfin au Ministère des Enseignements Primaire et Secondaire ainsi qu’à celui de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche du Togo. Les études de terrain et une partie des travaux de laboratoire au Togo ont été par la subvention 101517 octroyée par le Centre de Recherches pour le Développement International (CRDI) au Professeur Koffi AKPAGANA, Co-directeur de Thèse. Nous tenons à remercier spécialement - Docteur Selom Komi KLASSOU, Ministre des Enseignements Primaire et Secondaire, Maître Asssistant à l’Université de Lomé, qui nous a toujours soutenu dans notre pari d’entreprendre des études doctorales - Professeur Charles Kondi AGBA, Ex-Ministre de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, qui a bien voulu nous accorder l’autorisation de nous inscrire à la thèse - Docteur Adji Othèh AYASSOR, Ministre des Finances, du Budget et des Privatisations pour ses encouragements - Professeur Akrimah KOGOE, Directeur général de la SALT, Claude Kudjow-Kum PEKEMSI, Directeur Général de la LONATO pour leurs soutiens à la réalisation de cette Thèse Qu’il nous soit permis de témoigner notre gratitude à : - Professeur Messanvi GBEASSOR, Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université de Lomé pour nous avoir incessamment stimulé à poursuivre notre thèse. Nous le remercions spécialement pour le grand honneur qu’il nous fait de présider le jury de cette soutenance malgré ses lourdes charges. - Professeur Philippe BOUCHET, Directeur de Thèse, qui a accepté nous accueillir dans son Laboratoire à Reims Champagne-Ardenne et a pris toutes les dispositions pour que nos stages se déroulent dans les meilleures conditions tant au niveau de l’UFR Pharmacie qu’à celui de l’Administration universitaire ; i - Professeur Koffi AKPAGANA, qui nous a fait confiance en nous acceptant dans son Laboratoire. Il n’a ménagé aucun effort pour nous faire accepter au Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et de Mycologie de l’UFR de Pharmacie de Reims et a suivi avec beaucoup d’attention l’évolution de notre thèse ; ses encouragements et suggestions ne nous ont jamais fait défaut ; - Professeur Frédéric DUPONT, de l’Université de Lille 2 qui a accepté d’examiner et produire un rapport sur notre thèse ; - Maître de Conférences Akpovi AKOEGNINOU, de l’Université d’Abomey-Calavi qui a donné son accord pour être l’un des rapporteurs de la présente thèse et qui, de surcroît, a accepté donner encore de son temps pour participer au jury de cette soutenance. - Professeur Françoise BOUCHET, de l’Université de Reims qui nous a été d’un grand soutien tant moral que matériel et est restée très sensible à l’évolution de nos stages à Reims ; nous tenons à remercier toute son équipe du Laboratoire de Paléo-Parasitologie pour l’attention particulière qu’elle nous a portée et pour sa collaboration. - Professeur Kossi Honoré KOUMAGLO de l’Université de Lomé, pour les facilités obtenues dans son laboratoire. - Professeur Komi TCHAKPELE, Président de l’Université de Kara, Professeur Célestin Toî ASSIH, respectivement ancien et nouveau responsables de la DASS - Professeur Daniel COURTOIS, Directeur de l’Ecole Doctorale de l’URCA pour toutes les diligences; - Tchao Jules ASSIH, Maître de Conférence, Directeur de la Formation Continue à l’Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, pour ses soutiens multiformes et décisifs. Notre gratitude va enfin à tout le personnel du Laboratoire de Biologie Végétale et de Mycologie notamment : Hélène BOBICHON et Pierre WAFFO-TEGUO, tous deux Maîtres de Conférences, Mireille COUSINAT, technicienne du laboratoire et aussi à Denise PISANI, technicienne au service d’Hématologie de la Faculté de Pharmacie de Reims. Nous ne saurions oublier : - Mmes Sabine BELLISSON, EGIDE Paris, Sylvie PERRIQUET, CROUS de Reims pour le cœur qu’elles ont mis dans tous les services qu’elles nous ont rendus durant nos séjours. ii - MARTINE DAUPHY, notre correspondante de Flers en Normandie qui, depuis 1969, n’a cessé de nous encourager dans tout ce que nous avons entrepris comme études. Que ses enfants Thomas et David, ses parents Jean DAUPHY et Colette FERON acceptent nos sentiments de reconnaissance pour la chaleur dont ils nous ont entouré durant notre séjour chez eux. - Françoise et William GOUGELET dont la maison à Mailly-Champagne est devenue un centre d’accueil des étudiants togolais stagiaires à l’UFR de Pharmacie de Reims. Merci à eux pour toute la chaleur de leur accueil. - Les Techniciens Hilaire Kokouvi DOTSE et Robert KAMAN de l’Université de Lomé pour leur appui et soutien inestimables tout au long de nos travaux de terrain et de laboratoire. - La sympathique Equipe du laboratoire de Botanique et Ecologie Végétale de l’Université de Lomé. - Le couple Tcha Katanga, dont le soutien quasiment filial est permanent. Nous manquons de mots à son endroit. Qu’il ait en mémoire le proverbe Kabyè « La Poule ne remercie jamais le dépotoir» iii DEDICACE Nous dédions ce travail à : La mémoire de Papa KPEMISSI ANTOINE Constantine BODJONA, notre Epouse Martine DAUPHY, notre Correspondante Nos enfants Mireille, Corneille et Patrick Au couple TCHA KATANGA-VIRGINIE Notre Maman NZONOU Badanasi-Ati Bernadette Toute la Famille KPEMISSI de Pya-Pittah-Naoudè Que tous trouvent ici le témoignage de notre reconnaissance et notre plus grand attachement. iv DEDICACE SPECIALE A celui qui a eu l’idée géniale de démocratiser l’Ecole Togolaise. Nous nous inclinons respectueusement devant la Hauteur de sa Vision de l’Avenir. v COMMUNICATIONS ET PUBLICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES Communication scientifique Propriétés antifongiques des extraits de trois espèces d’Anacardiaceae introduites au Togo. Journées scientifiques internationales de Lomé (Togo). XIIè Edition. Du 24 au 28 octobre 2006. Publications Kpemissi E. A., Batawila K., Kokou K., Koumaglo K., de Souza C., Bouchet Ph. et Akpagana K., 2003. Propriétés antimicrobiennes de trois plantes psammophiles du littoral togolais menacées de disparition. Acta Bot. Gallica, 150 (1) : 107-115 Kpemissi E. A., Batawila K., Bouchet Ph. et Akpagana K. Propriétés antifongiques des extraits de trois Anacardiaceae introduites au Togo. J. Rech. Sci. Univ. Lomé (Togo), serie A, XXX. (accepté). vi ACRONYMES ET ABREVIATIONS AF : Extrait de feuilles d’Anacardium occidentale (ou EF-Ao) AET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc d’Anacardium occidentale (ou ET-Ao) AR : Extrait de racine d’Anacardium occidentale (ou ER-Ao) HF : Extrait de feuilles Haematostaphis barteri (ou EF-Hb) HET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Haematostaphis barteri (ou ET-Hb) HR : Extrait de Racine de Haematostaphis barteri (ou ER-Hb) LaF : Extrait de feuilles Lannea acida (ou EF-La) LaET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Lannea acida (ou ET-La) LaR : Extrait de Racine de Lannea acida (ou ER-La) LkF : Extrait de feuilles de Lannea kerstingii (ou EF-Lk) LkET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Lannea kerstingii (ou ET-Lk) LkR : Extrait de Racine de Lannea kerstingii (ou ER-Lk) MF : Extrait de feuilles de Mangifera indica (ou EF-Mi) MET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Mangifera indica (ou ET-Mi) MR : Extrait de Racine de Mangifera indica (ou ER-Mi) OF : Extrait de feuilles d’Ozoroa insignis (ou EF-Oi) OET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc d’Ozoroa insignis (ou ET-Oi) OR : Extrait de Racine d’Ozoroa insignis (ou ER-Oi) PF : Extrait de feuilles de Pseudospondias mombin (ou EF-Pm) PET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Pseudospondias mombin (ou ET-Pm) SF : Extrait de feuilles de Sclerocarya birrea (ou EF-Sb) SET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Sclerocarya birrea (ou ET-Sb) SR : Extrait de Racine de Sclerocarya birrea (ou ER-Sb) SmF : Extrait de feuilles de Spondias mombin (ou EF-Sm) SmET : Extrait d’écorce de tronc de Spondias mombin (ou ET-Sm) SmR : Extrait de Racine de Spondias mombin (ou ER-Sm) CMI : Concentration Minimale Inhibitrice CMF : Concentration Minimale Fongicide CFS : Concentration Fongistatique UFC : Unité Formant colonies APG : Angiosperm Phylogeny Group vii SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................. I DEDICACE ........................................................................................................ IV COMMUNICATIONS ET PUBLICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ........................................... VI ACRONYMES ET ABREVIATIONS .......................................................................... VII SOMMAIRE ......................................................................................................
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