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Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Times Durham E-Theses Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Times BELGASEM, FATIMA,ESSADEK,ALI How to cite: BELGASEM, FATIMA,ESSADEK,ALI (2013) Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Times, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7384/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Times Submitted by Fatima Essadek A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of English Studies Durham University 2013 Abstract The thesis examines the representations of Ottoman sultans in texts produced during the Elizabethan period. The study covers Elizabethan travelogues, historical writing, and drama. The analysis shows that diverse factors related to authors, context and the nature of genres influenced the portrayal of the sultans and generated multiple and inconsistent representations of this Eastern figure. The thesis reads English texts alongside Eastern sources; these include letters sent from members of the Ottoman dynasty to Queen Elizabeth I and an Arabic historical work written by the Mamluk historian Shihab al-Din Ibn Iyas. The inclusion of such material in the study allows for the exploration of an Eastern point of view and provides an alternative narrative that contrasts with, and sheds light on, English perspectives. The thesis also explores the textual characteristics of the genres under discussion and considers critical and cultural issues such as authorial subjectivity, Otherness and cross-cultural encounters. ii Declaration No material in this thesis has been previously submitted for a degree at this or any other university. Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any format, including electronic and the Internet, without the author’s prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis should be acknowledged. iii Acknowledgment My Lord, the uninterrupted flow of Your graciousness have distracted me from thanking You. The flood of Your bounty has rendered me incapable of counting Your praises. The succession of Your kind acts has diverted me from mentioning You in laudation. The continuous rush of Your benefits has thwarted me from spreading the news of Your gentle favours. This is the station of her who confesses to the lavishness of Your favours, meets them with shortcomings, and witnesses to her own disregard and negligence. iv Notes on Spelling and Transliteration In the quotations from early modern English publications, the original spelling of j, i, s, v, and y, has been modernised. In the second chapter the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies is used in transliterating Arabic words. As a general rule I tried to keep the transcription simple and closer to the original Arabic pronunciation without causing unnecessary difficulties for the reader. For the same reason, the thesis does not reproduce the diacritics used with transliterated Arabic and Ottoman Turkish words in some publications, except if they occur within quotations. I use both terms Turk and Ottoman to refer to the inhabitants of the Empire since both were used interchangeably in English Renaissance texts. v List of Abbreviations B. L. British Library B. M. British Museum CSP Calendar of State Papers CSPV Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, and in Other Libraries of Northern Italy HMC Salisbury Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Salisbury EEBO Early English Books Online P. R. O. Public Records Office vi Table of Contents Abstract.........................................................................................................................ii Declaration and Statement of Copyright......................................................................iii Acknowledgement........................................................................................................iv Notes on Spelling and Transliteration ..........................................................................v List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................vi Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter I: Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Travel Narratives.........................................................................................................21 Chapter II: Sultan Selim’s Conquest of Egypt in Arabic and English Historiography: A Comparative Study......................................................................................62 Chapter III: The Sultans’ Letters and Anglo-Ottoman Relations 1579-1603.............93 Chapter IV: Representations of Ottoman Sultans in Elizabethan Drama..................127 Conclusion.................................................................................................................179 Appendix I: Engraving of Sultan Selim I in The Generall Historie of the Turkes....187 Appendix II: The Structure and Components of Ottoman Formal Letters................188 Appendix III: The Reproduction of the Sultan’s Signature in Purchas His Pilgrimes in Five Bookes...............................................................................................189 Appendix IV: The Components of Fethname Letters...............................................190 Bibliography..............................................................................................................191 vii Introduction In July 2010 the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan presented a letter sent from the Ottoman Sultan Murad III (1574-1595) to the English Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) as a gift to the British Prime Minister David Cameron.1 As it did five hundred years ago the document once again facilitated and consolidated the understanding between the two countries. The letter still bears witness to the amicable and long-established Anglo-Turkish relations which commenced in 1579. When it was originally sent the world was a different place—it was a world where the Ottoman Sultan was one of the greatest sovereigns on earth. The survival of this witness from the past shows that this Eastern ruler was not a distant figure in Elizabethan England but an individual who had a real textual presence. Indeed, the presence of the Ottoman sultans during the Elizabethan period was not confined to diplomatic correspondence. Their names were conjured up in English churches, often alongside the Pope, as chief foes of the true Christian faith. Their theatrical representations were familiar on the stage. Several histories were published about their lives and actions, and a number of travellers described them and the world around them. Their letters were translated and disseminated and their portraits were hung in English houses. This visual and textual presence is the subject of this thesis that aims to explore how these Eastern figures were conceived and represented during Elizabethan times. The thesis will start with this introduction that aims to locate the study in its historical and critical contexts. The introduction will begin by providing a brief historical background to contextualise the events which the primary material covers and will also offer a critical review underlying theoretical concepts pertaining to the texts under discussion. 1 World Bulletin, 27 July 2010, last accessed 15 Dec. 2012, <http://www.worldbulletin.net>. 1 Historical Context The Ottoman Empire started as one of the small principalities that were formed in Asia Minor after the fall of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077-1307). Osman Bey, or Osman Ghazi, the father of the Ottoman dynasty, established himself in northwestern Anatolia in 1299. In the following century his successors extended their rule at the expense of the other neighbouring principalities and the Byzantine Empire. In 1324 the Ottomans conquered Bursa in the northwest and established it as their capital; by 1338 the Byzantine presence in Anatolia was stamped out. The Ottomans then turned northwest towards Europe and captured lands in Macedonia, Thrace and the Balkans. The year 1389 witnessed the ultimate fall of the Serbian Empire after the Battle of Kosovo and in 1393 Ottoman rule was extended northward as far as the then Bulgarian capital Tarnovgrad. The Ottoman expansion in southeastern Europe was brought to a standstill during the Interregnum period (1402-1413) that was caused by the invasion of the Turco-Mongolian warlord Timur (1370–1405) into the Ottoman territories: the Battle of Ankara (1402) led to the defeat and imprisonment of Sultan Bayezid
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