DOCSLIB.ORG

Chiral Anomaly Ky Kx

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chiral Anomaly Ky Kx Topological Materials Claudia Felser the revolution • Non-trivial Phenomena captured by Single-Particle Picture → predictive design of novel materials and functionalities • Novel Transport Phenomena determined by Global Properties • quantized transport from topological protection • giant responses … • Vision: • Quantum effects at room temperature, spintronics • Catalysis, energy conversion • … How does a materials scientist find topological materials? outline • Introduction • Topological insulators • Weyl semimetals – broken symmetry • Magnetic Weyl semimetals • New Fermions • Outlook – axion insultors and beyond outline • Introduction • Topological insulators • Weyl semimetals – broken symmetry • Magnetic Weyl semimetals • New Fermions • Outlook – axion insultors and beyond the predictions © Nature http://topologicalquantumchemistry.org/ the concept predictive materials Topological quantum chemistry design Bradlyn, et al., Nature 2017 1807.10271, 1807.08756 © Nature new concepts control/ for topological Lian, et al., PNAS 2018 synthesis functionality classes: magnetic correlated higher order … verification of emergent electronic phenomena structure Qi et al. Nat. Com. (2016) Liu et al. Nat. Mat. (2016) the materials •explorative search for new materials & predictive design •high quality single crystal growth •epitaxial growth of ultrathin films and heterostructures •2D materials and micro/nano structures Co2MnGa MgO the materials •explorative search for new materials & predictive design •high quality single crystal growth •epitaxial growth of ultrathin films and heterostructures •2D materials and micro/nano structures Co2MnGa MgO the measurements Giant Responses family of quantum Hall effects 1985 Klaus von Klitzing 1998 S Oh Science 340 (2013) 153 Horst Ludwig Störmer and Daniel Tsui 2016 2010 David Thouless, Duncan Haldane und Michael Kosterlitz Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov topology in the electronic structure topology in the electronic structure Magic electron numbers Hückel: Möbius: 4n+2 aromatic 4n aromatic 4n antiaromatic 4n+2 antiaromatic topology in the electronic structure outline • Introduction • Topological insulators • Weyl semimetals – broken symmetry • Magnetic Weyl semimetals • New Fermions • Outlook – axion insultors and beyond topological insulators – quantum spin Hall Heavy insulating elements? Strained a-Sn and Bi-bilayer First prediction in graphene by Kane 2 λSOC~ Z for valence shells Kane and Mele, PRL 95, 146802 (2005) topological insulators – quantum spin Hall - - - + Inert pair effect Kane and Mele, PRL 95, 146802 (2005) Bernevig, et al., Science 314, 1757 (2006) Bernevig, S.C. Zhang, PRL 96, 106802 (2006) König, et al. Science 318, 766 (2007) CO08CH 11-Yan-Felser ARI 31 December 2016 13:25 topological insulators – quantum spin Hall a TI - - . SOC y - l n + o e s Weyl points u l a n o s r g WSM r e o p . r s Band inversion DSM o w F e i Inert pair effect . v 7 e b 1 r / l Dirac point 9 a 2 u / n Kane and Mele, PRL 95, 146802 (2005) 3 n 0 Bernevig, et al., Science 314, 1757 (2006) a n C = 0 C = 1 o Bernevig, S.C. Zhang, PRL 96, 106802 (2006) m o z König, et al. Science 318, 766 (2007) r n f i a d e M d a f c d o o l y n t i w s o r e D v Hole . i Electron 8 n . 7 U 1 g 0 r 2 e . b s n y e t h u P Type-I WSM Type-II WSM G r e s t t e a n n Figure 1 M a . h s o n T he topological insulator (T I) and W eyl semimetal (W SM) or Dirac semimetal (DSM). T he topology of J e - d both a TI and a W SM/DSM originates from similar inverted band structure. (a) T he spin-orbit coupling n 7 o 9 0 (SOC) opens a full gap after the band inversion in a TI, giving rise to metallic surface states on the surface. C 6 . v B (b)In aWSM /DSM,the bulk bandsare gappedbythe SOCin the 3Dmomentumspaceexcept at some I e R W isolating linearly crossing points, namely W eyl points/Dirac points, as a 3D analog of graphene. Due to the . y u b n topology of the bulk bands, T SSs appear on the surface and form exotic Fermi arcs. In a DSM all bandsare n d e A doubly degenerated, whereas in a W SM the degeneracy islifted owing to the breaking of the inversion d i v symmetry or time-reversal symmetry or both. (c)The type-I W SM.The Fermi surface(FS) shrinks tozero o r p at the W eyl points when the Fermi energy issufficiently close to the W eyl points. (d)The type-II W SM. s s Due to the strong tilting of the W eyl cone, the W eyl point acts as the touching point between electron and e c c hole pockets in the FS. A which iscalled aFermi arc. T he Fermi arc isapparently different from the FSof aTI, an ordinary insulator, or a normal metal, which is commonly a closed loop. T herefore, the Fermi arc offers strong evidence for identifying a W SM by a surface-sensitive technique such as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). If T RS exists in a W SM, at least two pairs of W eyl points may exist, where T RS transforms one pair to the other by reversing the chirality. T he Fermi arc still appears, as we discussin thisreview. H owever, the AH E diminishesbecause the Berry phases contributed from two W eyl pairscancel each other. Instead, an intrinsic spin H all effect arises(34) that can be considered as the spin-dependent Berry phase and remains invariant under the T RS. www.annualreviews.org • Topological Materials 11.3 Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print topological insulators Starting with Bismuth Bi-Sb Legierungen Bi2Se3 und verwandte Strukturen Moore and Balents, PRB 75, 121306(R) (2007) Fu and Kane, PRB 76, 045302 (2007) Murakami, New J. Phys. 9, 356 (2007) Hsieh, et al., Science 323, 919 (2009) Xia, et al., Nature Phys. 5, 398 (2009); Zhang, et al., Nature Phys. 5, 438 (2009) CO08CH 11-Yan-Felser ARI 31 December 2016 13:25 topological insulators a TI . SOC y l n o e s Weyl points u l a n o s r g WSM r e o p . r s Band inversion DSM o w F e i . v 7 e b 1 r / l Dirac point 9 a 2 u / n 3 n 0 a n C = 0 C = 1 o m o z r n f i a d e M d a f c d o o l y n t i w s o r e D v Hole . i Electron 8 n . 7 U 1 g 0 r 2 e . b s n y e t h u P Type-I WSM Type-II WSM G r e s t t e a n n Figure 1 M a . h s o n T he topological insulator (T I) and W eyl semimetal (W SM) or Dirac semimetal (DSM). T he topology of J e - d both a TI and a W SM/DSM originates from similar inverted band structure. (a) T he spin-orbit coupling n 7 o 9 0 (SOC) opens a full gap after the band inversion in a TI, giving rise to metallic surface states on the surface. C 6 . v B (b)In aWSM /DSM,the bulk bandsare gappedbythe SOCin the 3Dmomentumspaceexcept at some I e R W isolating linearly crossing points, namely W eyl points/Dirac points, as a 3D analog of graphene. Due to the . y u b n topology of the bulk bands, T SSs appear on the surface and form exotic Fermi arcs. In a DSM all bandsare n d e A doubly degenerated, whereas in a W SM the degeneracy islifted owing to the breaking of the inversion d i v symmetry or time-reversal symmetry or both. (c)The type-I W SM.The Fermi surface(FS) shrinks tozero o r p at the W eyl points when the Fermi energy issufficiently close to the W eyl points. (d)The type-II W SM. s s Due to the strong tilting of the W eyl cone, the W eyl point acts as the touching point between electron and e c c hole pockets in the FS. A which iscalled aFermi arc. T he Fermi arc isapparently different from the FSof aTI, an ordinary insulator, or a normal metal, which is commonly a closed loop. T herefore, the Fermi arc offers strong evidence for identifying a W SM by a surface-sensitive technique such as angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). If T RS exists in a W SM, at least two pairs of W eyl points may exist, where T RS transforms one pair to the other by reversing the chirality. T he Fermi arc still appears, as we discussin thisreview. H owever, the AH E diminishesbecause the Berry phases contributed from two W eyl pairscancel each other. Instead, an intrinsic spin H all effect arises(34) that can be considered as the spin-dependent Berry phase and remains invariant under the T RS. www.annualreviews.org • Topological Materials 11.3 Changes may still occur before final publication online and in print chemistry Claudia Felser and Xiao-Liang Qi , Guest Editors, MRS Bull. 39 (2014) 843. Tl+1 Sn2+ Bi+3 inert pair effect predicting topological insulators Hg Te Bernevig et al., Science 314, 1757 (2006), König et al., Science 318 (2007) 766. 1, 2, 3, … ZnS Heusler XYZ C1b Zr Ni Sn 4 + 10 + 4 = 18 2s +6p electrons 2s +6p+10d electrons Ga As 33 ++ 55 == 88 Li Mg As 1 + 2 + 5 = 8 Graf, Felser, Parkin, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 47 (2011) 367 Graf, Felser, Parkin, Progress in Solid State Chemistry Chemistry 39 (2011) 1 predicting topological insulators ScNiSb CO08CH 11-Yan-Felser ARI 31 December 2016 13:25 LaPtBi a TI Chadov, et al., Nature Mat.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fotonica Ed Elettronica Quantistica
    Fotonica ed elettronica quantistica http://www.dsf.unica.it/~fotonica/teaching/fotonica.html Fotonica ed elettronica quantistica Quantum optics - Quantization of electromagnetic field - Statistics of light, photon counting and noise; - HBT and correlation; g1 e g2 coherence; antibunching; single photons - Squeezing - Quantum cryptography - Quantum computer, entanglement and teleportation Light-matter Interaction - Two-level atom - Laser physics - Spectroscopy - Electronics and photonics at the nanometer scale - Cold atoms - Photodetectors - Solar cells http://www.dsf.unica.it/~fotonica/teaching/fotonica.html Energy Temperature LHC at CERN, Higgs, SUSY, ??? TeV 15 q q particle accelerators 10 K q GeV proton rest mass - quarks 1012K MeV electron rest mass / gamma rays 109K keV Nuclear Fusion, x rays, Sun center 106K Atoms ionize - visible light eV Sun surface fundamental components components fundamental room temperature 103K meV Liquid He, superconductors, space 1K dilution refrigerators, quantum Hall µeV laser-cooled atoms 10-3K neV Bose-Einstein condensates 10-6K peV low T record 480 picokelvin 10-9K -12 complexity, organization organization complexity, 10 K Nobel Prizes in Physics 2010 - Andre Geims, Konstantin Novoselov 2009 - Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith 2007 - Albert Fert, Peter Gruenberg 2005 - Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch 2001 - Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman 1997 - Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips 1989 - Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul 1981 - Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur L. Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn 1966 - Alfred Kastler 1964 - Charles H. Townes, Nicolay G. Basov, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov 1944 - Isidor Isaac Rabi 1930 - Venkata Raman 1921 - Albert Einstein 1907 - Albert A.
    [Show full text]
  • Como Citar Este Artigo Número Completo Mais Informações Do
    Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação ISSN: 1518-2924 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina STANFORD, Jailiny Fernanda Silva; SILVA, Fábio Mascarenhas e Prêmio Nobel como fator de influência nas citações dos pesquisadores: uma análise dos laureados de Química e Física (2005 - 2015) Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, vol. 26, e73786, 2021, Janeiro-Abril Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2021.e73786 Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14768130002 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Redalyc Mais informações do artigo Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina e do Caribe, Espanha e Portugal Site da revista em redalyc.org Sem fins lucrativos acadêmica projeto, desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa acesso aberto Artigo Original Prêmio Nobel como fator de influência nas citações dos pesquisadores: uma análise dos laureados de Química e Física (2005 - 2015) Nobel Prize as an influencing factor in researchers' citations: an analysis of Chemistry and Physics laureates (2005 to 2015) Jailiny Fernanda Silva STANFORD Mestre em Ciência da Informação (PPGCI/UFPE) Bibliotecária-chefe Seminário Teológico Batista do Norte do Brasil (STBNB), Recife, Brasil [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-6561 Fábio Mascarenhas e SILVA Doutor em Ciência da Informação (USP), Professor Associado Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Recife, Brasil [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-5120 A lista completa com informações dos autores está no final do artigo RESUMO Objetivo: Analisa a influência nos índices de citação por parte dos pesquisadores que foram contemplados pelo prêmio Nobel nas áreas da Física e Química no período de 2005 a 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Biggest General Science Conference Concludes Successfully
    SCIENCEScience PagesPAGES Special Report - ESOF 2016 Europe’s biggest generalSpecial Report science conference concludes successfully ESOF 2016, Europe's biggest general science conference concludes successfully in Manchester,in Manchester,UK UK Theme: Science as Revolution Theme: Science as Revolution - Veena Patwardhan rom 23rd to 27th July, 2016, FManchester flaunted its City of Science status as the host city of the seventh edition of EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF 2016). A bi- ennial event held in a different European city every two years, this time it was Manchester's turn to host this globally reputed science conference. Around 4500 delegates – scien- tists, innovators, academics, young researchers, journalists, policy makers, industry representatives and others – converged on the world's first industrial city to dis- cover and have discussions about the latest advancements in scien- rd th Manchester Central, venue of ESOF 2016 tific and technological researchFrom 23 to 27 July, 2016, Manchester flaunted its City of Science status as the host city of the across Europe and beyond. The seventhmain theme edition this of EuroScienceyear Laureates Open Forumand distinguished (ESOF 2016). Ascientists biennial inevent the held packed in a different was 'Science as Revolution', indicatingEuropean that city the every focus two of years,Exchange this time Hall it wasof Manchester Manchester's Central, turn to hostthe venuethis globally of the reputed the conference would be on how sciencescience andconference. technology conference. could transform life on the planet, revolutionise econo- The proceedings began with a string quartet render- mies, and help in overcoming challenges faced by global ing a piece of specially composed music.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts and Figures 2013
    Facts and Figures 201 3 Contents The University 2 World ranking 4 Academic pedigree 6 Areas of impact 8 Research power 10 Spin-outs 12 Income 14 Students 16 Graduate careers 18 Alumni 20 Faculties and Schools 22 Staff 24 Estates investment 26 Visitor attractions 28 Widening participation 30 At a glance 32 1 The University of Manchester Our Strategic Vision 2020 states our mission: “By 2020, The University of Manchester will be one of the top 25 research universities in the world, where all students enjoy a rewarding educational and wider experience; known worldwide as a place where the highest academic values and educational innovation are cherished; where research prospers and makes a real difference; and where the fruits of scholarship resonate throughout society.” Our core goals 1 World-class research 2 Outstanding learning and student experience 3 Social responsibility 2 3 World ranking The quality of our teaching and the impact of our research are the cornerstones of our success. 5 The Shanghai Jiao Tong University UK Academic Ranking of World ranking Universities assesses the best teaching and research universities, and in 2012 we were ranked 40th in the world. 7 World European UK European Year Ranking Ranking Ranking ranking 2012 40 7 5 2010 44 9 5 2005 53 12 6 2004* 78* 24* 9* 40 Source: 2012 Shanghai Jiao Tong University World Academic Ranking of World Universities ranking *2004 ranking refers to the Victoria University of Manchester prior to the merger with UMIST. 4 5 Academic pedigree Nobel laureates 1900 JJ Thomson , Physics (1906) We attract the highest calibre researchers and Ernest Rutherford , Chemistry (1908) teachers, boasting 25 Nobel Prize winners among 1910 William Lawrence Bragg , Physics (1915) current and former staff and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Joaquin M. Luttinger 1923–1997
    Joaquin M. Luttinger 1923–1997 A Biographical Memoir by Walter Kohn ©2014 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. JOAQUIN MAZDAK LUTTINGER December 2, 1923–April 6, 1997 Elected to the NAS, 1976 The brilliant mathematical and theoretical physicist Joaquin M. Luttinger died at the age of 73 years in the city of his birth, New York, which he deeply loved throughout his life. He had been in good spirits a few days earlier when he said to Walter Kohn (WK), his longtime collaborator and friend, that he was dying a happy man thanks to the loving care during his last illness by his former wife, Abigail Thomas, and by his stepdaughter, Jennifer Waddell. Luttinger’s work was marked by his exceptional ability to illuminate physical properties and phenomena through Visual Archives. Emilio Segrè Photograph courtesy the use of appropriate and beautiful mathematics. His writings and lectures were widely appreciated for their clarity and fine literary quality. With Luttinger’s death, an By Walter Kohn influential voice that helped shape the scientific discourse of his time, especially in condensed-matter physics, was stilled, but many of his ideas live on. For example, his famous 1963 paper on condensed one-dimensional fermion systems, now known as Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids,1, 2 or simply Luttinger liquids, continues to have a strong influence on research on 1-D electronic dynamics. In the 1950s and ’60s, Luttinger also was one of the great figures who helped construct the present canon of classic many-body theory while at the same time laying founda- tions for present-day revisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:Cond-Mat/0106256 V1 13 Jun 2001
    Quantum Phenomena in Low-Dimensional Systems Michael R. Geller Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2451 (June 18, 2001) A brief summary of the physics of low-dimensional quantum systems is given. The material should be accessible to advanced physics undergraduate students. References to recent review articles and books are provided when possible. I. INTRODUCTION transverse eigenfunction and only the plane wave factor changes. This means that motion in those transverse di- A low-dimensional system is one where the motion rections is \frozen out," leaving only motion along the of microscopic degrees-of-freedom, such as electrons, wire. phonons, or photons, is restricted from exploring the full This article will provide a very brief introduction to three dimensions of our world. There has been tremen- the physics of low-dimensional quantum systems. The dous interest in low-dimensional quantum systems dur- material should be accessible to advanced physics under- ing the past twenty years, fueled by a constant stream graduate students. References to recent review articles of striking discoveries and also by the potential for, and and books are provided when possible. The fabrication of realization of, new state-of-the-art electronic device ar- low-dimensional structures is introduced in Section II. In chitectures. Section III some general features of quantum phenomena The paradigm and workhorse of low-dimensional sys- in low dimensions are discussed. The remainder of the tems is the nanometer-scale semiconductor structure, or article is devoted to particular low-dimensional quantum semiconductor \nanostructure," which consists of a com- systems, organized by their \dimension." positionally varying semiconductor alloy engineered at the atomic scale [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Chicago Physics One
    CHICAGO PHYSICS ONE 3:25 P.M. December 02, 1942 “All of us... knew that with the advent of the chain reaction, the world would never be the same again.” former UChicago physicist Samuel K. Allison Physics at the University of Chicago has a remarkable history. From Albert Michelson, appointed by our first president William Rainey Harper as the founding head of the physics department and subsequently the first American to win a Nobel Prize in the sciences, through the mid-20th century work led by Enrico Fermi, and onto the extraordinary work being done in the department today, the department has been a constant source of imagination, discovery, and scientific transformation. In both its research and its education at all levels, the Department of Physics instantiates the highest aspirations and values of the University of Chicago. Robert J. Zimmer President, University of Chicago Welcome to the inaugural issue of Chicago Physics! We are proud to present the first issue of Chicago Physics – an annual newsletter that we hope will keep you connected with the Department of Physics at the University of Chicago. This newsletter will introduce to you some of our students, postdocs and staff as well as new members of our faculty. We will share with you good news about successes and recognition and also convey the sad news about the passing of members of our community. You will learn about the ongoing research activities in the Department and about events that took place in the previous year. We hope that you will become involved in the upcoming events that will be announced.
    [Show full text]
  • 9. Reviving Russian Science and Academia
    TATIANA GOUNKO 9. REVIVING RUSSIAN SCIENCE AND ACADEMIA In October 2010, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science announced the laureates of the Nobel Prize in physics. Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov jointly received this award for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material called graphene, which, according to science experts, will have a wide range of practical applications in the future. The research duo has been working together for over a decade. Born in 1974, Dr. Novoselov is the youngest scientist to be awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize since 1973. He first worked as a Ph.D. student with Dr. Andre Geim in the Netherlands and subsequently joined him in the United Kingdom. Both scientists are currently conducting their research at the University of Manchester. Needless to say, the University of Manchester administration expressed its delight with the news by calling the prize “a truly tremendous achievement” and “a testimony to the quality of research that is being carried out in Physics and more broadly across the University” (University of Manchester, 2010, p. 1). Most of the press releases and on-line publications devoted to the prize-winning duo briefly mentioned that Drs. Geim and Novoselov were Russian-trained researchers. Dr. Geim, who had received his doctorate at the age of 29 and worked for a number of years as a researcher at the Institute for Microelectronics Technology in Chernogolovka (Russia), left the country in 1994 to continue his research career in the Netherlands and later in the United Kingdom. Dr. Novoselov graduated from the Moscow Physical-Technical University in 1997 and joined Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus
    ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 IARJSET ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 2018 The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus Dr.(Prof.) V.C.A NAIR* Educational Physicist, Research Guide for Physics at Shri J.J.T. University, Rajasthan-333001, India. *[email protected] Abstract: The Research Paper consists mainly of the birth dates of scientists and philosophers Before Christ (BC) and After Death (AD) starting from Thales of Miletus with a brief description of their work and contribution to the development of Physics. The author has taken up some 400 odd scientists and put them in a chronological order. Nobel laureates are considered separately in the same paper. Along with the names of researchers are included few of the scientific events of importance. The entire chain forms a cascade and a ready reference for the reader. The graph at the end shows the recession in the earlier centuries and its transition to renaissance after the 12th century to the present. Keywords: As the contents of the paper mainly consists of names of scientists, the key words are many and hence the same is not given I. INTRODUCTION As the material for the topic is not readily available, it is taken from various sources and the collection and compiling is a Herculean task running into some 20 pages. It is given in 3 parts, Part I, Part II and Part III. In Part I the years are given in Chronological order as per the year of birth of the scientist and accordingly the serial number.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of Modern Physics and Astrophysics
    Highlights of Modern Physics and Astrophysics How to find the “Top Ten” in Physics & Astrophysics? - List of Nobel Laureates in Physics - Other prizes? Templeton prize, … - Top Citation Rankings of Publication Search Engines - Science News … - ... Nobel Laureates in Physics Year Names Achievement 2020 Sir Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" Reinhard Genzel, Andrea Ghez "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" 2019 James Peebles "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" Michel Mayor, Didier Queloz "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" 2018 Arthur Ashkin "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to Gerard Mourou, Donna Strickland biological systems" "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" Nobel Laureates in Physics Year Names Achievement 2017 Rainer Weiss "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the Kip Thorne, Barry Barish observation of gravitational waves" 2016 David J. Thouless, "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions F. Duncan M. Haldane, and topological phases of matter" John M. Kosterlitz 2015 Takaaki Kajita, "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that Arthur B. MsDonald neutrinos have mass" 2014 Isamu Akasaki, "for the invention of
    [Show full text]
  • A DIALOGUE on the THEORY of HIGH Tc
    A DIALOGUE ON THE THEORY OF HIGH Tc Superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O,, as seen with reflected differential interference contrast microscopy. This view of the ab plane surface of a platelet of the ceramic material shows this high-temperature superconductor's strong planar structure. (Photomicrograph by Michael W. Davidson, W. Jack Rink and Joseph B. Schlenoff, Florida State University.) Figure 1 5 4 PHYSICS TODAY JUNE 1991 The give-and-take between two solid-state theorists offers insight into materials with high superconducting transition temperatures and illustrates the kind of thinking that goes into developing a new theory. Philip W. Anderson and Robert Schrieffer Although ideas that would explain the behavior of the formalism to do their calculations.' I believe they are high-temperature superconducting materials have been wrong. I'd like to hear your opinion, but first let me say a offered almost since their discovery, high-Tt. theory is still couple of things that bear on this question. In the first very much in flux. Two of the leading figures in condensed place, I think few people realize that we now know of at matter theory are Philip Anderson, the Joseph Henry least six different classes of electron superconductors, and Professor of Physics at Princeton University, and Robert two other BCS fluids as well. Out of these only one obeys Schrieffer, Chancellor's Professor at the University of the so-called conventional theory—that is, BCS with California, Santa Barbara. Anderson's ideas have fo- phonons that fit unmodified versions of Eliashberg's cused, in his own words, "on a non-Fermi-liquid normal equations.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence and Reductionism: an Awkward Baconian Alliance
    Emergence and Reductionism: an awkward Baconian alliance Piers Coleman1;3 1Center for Materials Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA and 2 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK. Abstract This article discusses the relationship between emergence and reductionism from the perspective of a condensed matter physicist. Reductionism and emergence play an intertwined role in the everyday life of the physicist, yet we rarely stop to contemplate their relationship: indeed, the two are often regarded as conflicting world-views of science. I argue that in practice, they compliment one-another, forming an awkward alliance in a fashion envisioned by the philosopher scientist, Francis Bacon. Looking at the historical record in classical and quantum physics, I discuss how emergence fits into a reductionist view of nature. Often, a deep understanding of reductionist physics depends on the understanding of its emergent consequences. Thus the concept of energy was unknown to Newton, Leibniz, Lagrange or Hamilton, because they did not understand heat. Similarly, the understanding of the weak force awaited an understanding of the Meissner effect in superconductivity. Emergence can thus be likened to an encrypted consequence of reductionism. Taking examples from current research, including topological insulators and strange metals, I show that the convection between emergence and reductionism continues to provide a powerful driver for frontier scientific research, linking the lab with the cosmos. Article to be published by Routledge (Oxford and New York) as part of a volume entitled arXiv:1702.06884v2 [physics.hist-ph] 7 Dec 2017 \Handbook of Philosophy of Emergence", editors Sophie Gibb, Robin Hendry and Tom Lancaster.
    [Show full text]