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LES TRICHOLOMES Présentation Jacques Boulloud Société mycologique de Seyssinet TRICHOLOMOPSIS Espèces LIGNICOLES souvent en touffes Tricholomopsis rutilans Chapeau jusqu'à 10 (15) cm, couvert de fines écailles pourpre violet ou pourpre rougeâtre sur fond jaune. Lames jaunes à arête concolore. Pied dans les tons du chapeau ou plus pâle. Chair jaunâtre. Sur souches de conifères Chapeau couvert de fines écailles pourpre violet sur fond jaune. Lames jaunes. Chair jaunâtre. Sur souches de conifères Tricholomopsis rutilans var variegata Revêtement du chapeau plus écailleux, arête des lames plus rouillées Tricholomopsis decora (T. décoré) Chapeau jaune, avec au centre de petites écailles brunes. Lames, pied et chair jaunes. Sur souches ou troncs morts de conifères Tricholomopsis flammula (T. petite flamme) Chapeau brun mauve jaune fibrilleux. Lames et pied jaunes. Sous débris ligneux de feuillus ou conifères TRICHOLOMA Espèces TERRESTRES LES TRICHOLOMES Sporée blanche. Champignons terrestres généralement charnus, présentant des lames échancrées. Chapeau mamelonné, conique ou convexe, rarement déprimé. Le pied peut présenter, chez certaines espèces grises ou brunes, une zone annulaire ou une armille. Lames échancrées Quelques particularités Coloration base du stipe : Base avec des taches vertes ou bleues chez Tr. columbetta, Tr. Orirubens, Base pouvant présenter un rougissement : Tr.saponaceum, Tr. Josserandii, Tr.sejunctum var.coniferarum, Tr.virgatum forme roseipes et surtout Tr.basirubens Saveur Douce, fongique cas fréquent chez Tricholomes notamment les espèces comestibles Farineuse : Tr.stans et Tr.scalpturatum Acre (piquante): Tr.album et affines, Tr.aestuans, Tr.virgatum Amère : Tr.ustaloides, Tr.fracticum, Tr.sciodes Apre : Tr.acerbum (pomme sauvage) Odeurs : assez nombreuses (grand intérêt dans les espèces pâles) Farine fraîche : Tr.scalpturatum, Tr.orirubens, Tr.tumidum, Tr.hordum… Farine forte (concombre,…) : Tr. ustaloides, Tr.populinum, Tr.luridum, Tr.pessundatum, Tr.focale, Tr.fulvum, Tr.aurantium, Tr.tridentinum, Tr.orirubens, Tr.subglobisporum… gaz d’éclairage : Tr.sulfureum (pure), Tr.bufonium, Tr.inamoenum savon : Tr.saponaceum céleri : Tr.apium poivre : Tr.atrosquamosum seringat : Tr.lascivum farine rance ou punaise : Tr.josserandii fruits mûrs parfois écœurants : Tr.album ou affines et Tr. matsutake marée, d’huitre : portentosum vireuse ou nauséeuse : Tr.sulfurescens, Tr.basirubens aromatique, balsamique : Tr.caligatum MACROCHIMIE Sulformol pour Tr pseudoalbum (vert) Formol pour Tr orirubens et Tr basirubens (avive le rossissement) Oxyde Thallium (TL4) pour Tr pseudoalbum et album var thalliophilum (vert) Oxyde Thallium (TL4) pour Tr pardinum et affines, saponaceum et lascivum (violet à rosée) Ecologie Espèces thermophiles : Tr.caligatum, Tr.focale var.causseta et var.pseudocaligatum, Tr.coryphaeum, Tr.squarrulosum, Tr.viridifucatum, Tr.sulfurescens… Espèces hygrophiles : Tr.viridilutescens, Tr.cingulatum… Espèces calcicoles : Tr.fracticum, Tr.tridentinum, Tr.pardinum, Tr.orirubens Tr.basirubens, Tr.luridum, Tr.pseudoalbum, Tr.sulfurescens, Tr.tumidum Tr.umbonatum, Tr.coryphaeum…. Espèces silicicoles : Tr.columbetta, Tr.pessundatum, Tr.josserandii, Tr.lascivum Tr.subglosiporum, Tr.viridilutescens, Tr.colossus, Tr.imbricatum, Tr.nauseosum Espèces associées à une essence d’arbre. Sous pins: Tr.fracticum, Tr.joachimii, Tr.pessundatum, Tr.terreum, Tr.colossus, Tr.striatum, Tr.apium, Tr.imbricatum, Tr.auratum , Tr.nauseosum (aussi abies) … Sous conifères (abies et picea): Tr.inamoenum, Tr.luridum, Tr.aestuans, Tr.subglobisporum, Tr.bufonium, Tr.psammopus (larix), Tr.cedrorum (cedrus), Tr.pseudonictitans, Tr.virgatum, Tr.robustum, Tr.pardinum (fagus) Tr.portentosum , Tr.josserandii Sous Salix: Tr.cingulatum, Tr.triste Sous Betula : Tr.fulvum et Tr.stiparophyllum Sous Populus : Tr.populinum, Tr.frondosae, Tr. Inocyboides Sous feuillus: Tr. sulfureum, Tr.acerbum (chênes), Tr.columbetta, Tr.album, Tr.lascivum, Tr.orirubens, Tr.sulfurescens, Tr.squarrulosum, Tr.sciodes et Tr.ustale (fagus), Chronologie de pousse fongique des Tricholomes Au printemps Calocybe gambosa parfois pousse tardives de Tr.terreum En été Tr.fucatum, Tr. Pseudonictitans , Tr.matsutake, Tr.filamentosus… En automne la plupart des espèces Arrière-saison, début d’hiver Tr.terreum, Tr.cedretorum, Tr.portentosum, Tr.auratum … Classement suivant le CD de Jean Luc Fasciotto Espèces de couleur blanche ou pâle Espèces de couleur jaune ou verdâtre Espèces de couleur grise à noirâtre Espèces de couleur brune à roussâtre Espèces de couleur blanche ou pâle Odeur forte ou remarquable Saveur douce, âcre ou nauséeuse Tricholoma filamentosum Chapeau charnu, filamenteux, gris pâle. Lames blanchâtres à reflets verdâtres. Odeur et saveur farineuses. Réaction au TL4 sur la chair violet. Sous hêtres, châtaigniers ou sapins. Tricholome lascivum (T. écoeurant) Chapeau beige, ocracé vers le centre. Lames minces, espacées. Pied blanchâtre, odeur de seringat. Sous feuillus Tricholome inamoenum (T. désagréable) Chapeau mat, blanc, maculé de café au lait. Pied blanchâtre. Chair à odeur forte de jacinthe ou de gaz d’éclairage. Dans les pessières de montagne Tricholome album (T. blanc) Chapeau blanc. Lames peu serrées, blanchâtres. Odeur de jacinthe, assez désagréable. Pas de réaction au TL4 sur la cuticule. Sous feuillus. Tricholome pseudoalbum (T. faux blanc) Chapeau d’aspect glacé, blanc puis ocracé dans la vieillesse. Odeur désagréable de moisi, d’insecticide. Réaction vert avec TL4 sur la cuticule. Saveur âcre et amère. Sous feuillus Tricholome sulphurescens (T. jaunissant) Photo JL Fasciotto Chapeau blanc puis jaunissant. Marge enroulée. Chair blanchâtre, devenant jaune citrin à la coupe. Odeur de concombre écoeurante. Réaction rosâtre pâle au TL4 sur la chair. Sous feuillus Tricholome apium (T. à odeur de céleri) Chapeau mat, velouté, blanchâtre à marge enroulée. Chair blanche. Odeur forte de céleri. Sous conifères surtout sous pins Lyophyllum connatum (T. conné) Chapeau blanc pur. Lames blanches à crème. Pied concolore. Odeur de petits pois. SO4 Fe sur les lames violet. Pousse dans le long des routes et des chemins forestiers Espèces de couleur blanche ou pâle Odeur faible, farineuse Saveur douce ou farineuse Tricholoma filamentosum Chapeau charnu, filamenteux, gris pâle. Lames blanchâtres à reflets verdâtres. Odeur et saveur farineuses. Réaction au TL4 sur la chair violet. Sous hêtres, châtaigniers ou sapins. Tricholome colombetta (T. colombette) Chapeau satiné, soyeux, souvent sali de terre. Pied blanc ou taché de bleu vert à la base. Sous feuillus et conifères Tricholoma terreum var alba (T. terreux) Chapeau blanchâtre. Lames grisonnantes aux abords de la marge. Pied blanchâtre. Chair pâle. Peu fréquent sous les pins Tricholome scalpuratum (T. jaunissant) Chapeau squamuleux gris sur fond pâle. Marge jaunissante sur le tard. Pied généralement blanc. Odeur et saveur farineuse. Sous feuillus et conifères. Tricholome argyraceum (T. jaunissant) Chapeau pâle, grisonnant au disque. Cuticule soyeuse, argentée. Lames tachées de jaunâtre. Odeur et saveur farineuse. Sous feuillus et conifères. Calocybe gambosa (T. Saint Georges) Chapeau blanc ou ocracé. Lames serrées et étroites. Chair ferme, blanche, à odeur forte farineuse. Printanier dans les ronds de sorcières Tricholomella contrista (T. étranglé) Chapeau blanc crème soyeux. Lames serrées blanches. Chair ferme, blanche, à odeur de farine ou de concombre. Pousse dans les endroits fumés, automnal, Espèces de couleur blanche ou pâle Odeur faible, farineuse saveur amère ou âpre Tricholoma acerbum (T. acerbe) J Boulloud Chapeau, crème jaunâtre. Marge enroulée. Lames serrées vite tachées de rouille. Chair à odeur faible et saveur âpre ou amarescente. Sous feuillus Espèces de couleur jaune ou verdâtre Odeur forte non farineuse Tricholome sulphurescens (T. jaunissant) Chapeau blanc puis jaunissant. Marge enroulée. Chair blanchâtre, devenant jaune citrin à la coupe. Odeur de concombre écœurante. Sous feuillus Tricholoma sulfureum (T. soufré) Chapeau jaune soufré un peu cuivré vers le centre, lisse, mat. Lames jaunes espacées. Odeur de gaz d’éclairage. Sous feuillus et conifères Tricholoma bufonium (T. des crapauds) J Boulloud Chapeau brun pourpre foncé, mat, jaunâtre envahi de vineux. Lames espacées, jaunes. Odeur de gaz d’éclairage. Sous conifères de montagne Espèces de couleur jaune ou verdâtre Odeur faible ou farineuse Lames blanches ou pâles Chapeau fibrilleux et pied glabre Tricholoma sejunctum (T. disjoint) Chapeau fibrilleux jaune verdâtre pied glabre. Lames blanches. Saveur farineuse ou amarescente. Sous feuillus Tricholoma sejunctum var conferarum Chapeau jaune verdâtre, noirâtre vers le centre. Cuticule finement fibrilleuse. Pied glabre pâle. Sous conifères ou feuillus Tricholoma arvernense (T. d’Auvergne) Chapeau jaune orangé, brun fauve vers le centre. Chair blanche à odeur farineuse. Saveur farineuse mais aussi amarescente. Sous conifères Espèces de couleur jaune ou verdâtre Odeur faible ou farineuse Lames blanches ou pâles Chapeau et pied ± squamuleux Tricholoma joachimii (T. de Joachim) Chapeau jaune verdâtre. Lames blanches. Pied crème à ochracé couvert de squamules, Chair blanche à odeur un peu farineuse. Sous les pins Tricholoma coryphoeum Chapeau orange cuivré, submamelonné avec des squamules. Lames blanches avec l’arête jaune, pied élancé, sous feuillus thermophiles Tricholoma subglobisporum Chapeau conique puis étalé, olivâtre. Cuticule visqueuse finement fibrilleuse. Lames blanches. Pied squamuleux. Sous les
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