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African Liberation and Unity in Nkrumah's Ghana

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African Liberation and Unity in Nkrumah's Ghana Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/36074 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Grilli, Matteo Title: African liberation and unity in Nkrumah's Ghana : a study of the role of "Pan- African Institutions" in the making of Ghana's foreign policy, 1957 - 1966 Issue Date: 2015-11-03 African Liberation and Unity in Nkrumah’s Ghana: A Study of the Role of "Pan-African Institutions" in the making of Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957 - 1966 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 3 november 2015 klokke 11.15 uur door Matteo Grilli geboren te Rome in 1985 Promotores: Prof. dr. Jan-Bart Gewald (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. Pierluigi Valsecchi (Università degli Studi di Pavia) Promotiecommissie: Dr. Michel Doortmont (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) Prof. dr. Mirjam de Bruijn (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. Robert Ross (Universiteit Leiden) Dr. Klaas van Walraven (Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden) Prof. dr. Tom McCaskie (SOAS, London) ii African Liberation and Unity in Nkrumah’s Ghana: A Study of the Role of "Pan-African Institutions" in the making of Ghana's Foreign Policy, 1957 - 1966 Thesis To grant The degree of Doctor by the University of Pavia, Under the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. mr. Fabio Rugge, According to the decision of the Doctoral Committee defended on Tuesday 3 November 2015 at 11.15 a.m. by Matteo Grilli Born in Rome in 1985 iii Supervisors: Prof. dr. Jan-Bart Gewald (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. Pierluigi Valsecchi (Università degli Studi di Pavia) Doctoral Committee: Dr. Michel Doortmont (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen) Prof. dr. Mirjam de Bruijn (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. Robert Ross (Universiteit Leiden) Dr. Klaas van Walraven (Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden) Prof. dr. Tom McCaskie (SOAS, London) iv Curriculum Vitae Matteo Grilli is a historian specialized in the history of modern Africa, dealing in particular with the history of decolonization and Pan-Africanism. Previously he also worked on the history of European migration in Africa. He obtained his BA in Medieval, Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Rome “Sapienza” in 2008 and he completed his MA in “Afro-Asian Studies” at the University of Pavia in 2010. The PhD project of which this dissertation is the result, began in November 2010. v SAMENVATTING Dit proefschrift draagt bij aan de studie van het Pan-Afrikaanse beleid zoals dat gevoerd werd door Kwame Nkrumah, de eerste president van het onafhankelijke Ghana. Het onderzoekt de rol van drie Ghanese instellingen die specifiek ontwikkeld werden om de bevrijding en eenheid van Afrika te bewerkstelligen en te ondersteunen. Deze instellingen waren, de Bureau of African Affairs (BAA), het African Affairs Centre (AAC), en de Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute te Winneba, Ghana. Deze instellingen hebben tussen 1957 en 1966 geprobeerd om Afrikaanse bevrijdingsbewegingen in Ghana als ook elders in Afrika te ondersteunen met woord en daad. Daarbij droegen zij bij aan de verspreiding van het Panafrikanisme en Nkrumahism door het hele continent. Voor lange tijd waren maar zeer weinig documenten over dit onderwerp beschikbaar, vooral omdat een groot deel van het archiefmateriaal over het buitenlands beleid van Ghana verloren ging na de staatsgreep van 1966. Een belangrijk doel van dit onderzoek was dan ook om nieuwe bronnen te verzamelen om deze lacune aan kennis te vullen, en het aandragen van waardevolle elementen ter bevordering van een beter begrip van de werking en het doel van de "Pan- Afrikaanse" instellingen van Ghana onder het bewind van Kwame Nkrumah. Dit proefschrift is het eindresultaat van elf maanden onderzoek (interviews en archiefonderzoek) in Ghana en Groot-Brittannië. Het terugvinden van belangrijke nieuwe bronnen, stelde de auteur in staat om Accra‟s eigen perspectief te reconstrueren en te doorgronden. Er wordt in dit proefschrift inzicht verschaft in de dagelijkse activiteiten van de drie “Pan-Afrikaanse” instellingen. En er wordt onderzocht en in kaart gebracht wat de impact van deze drie instellingen en hun activiteiten waren op de Afrikaanse bevrijdingsbewegingen en de Ghanese staat. Door de documentatie van de "Pan- Afrikaanse" instellingen van Ghana tussen 1957 en 1966 te lezen en te analyseren, is men nu in staat om te begrijpen hoever de invloed van het Ghana van Kwame Nkrumah reikte op het Afrikaanse continent. Deze studie schijnt nieuw licht op de geschiedenis van het buitenlandse beleid van Kwame Nkrumah tussen 1957, toen Ghana onafhankelijk werd, en de coup d'etat van 1966, dat een einde bracht aan het bewind van Nkrumah. vi ABSTRACT This dissertation contributes to the study of Nkrumah‟s Pan-African policy by examining the role played by three Ghanaian institutions specifically created to support African liberation and unity: the Bureau of African Affairs, the African Affairs Centre, and the Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute of Winneba. Between 1957 and 1966, these institutions have worked for supporting African liberation movements both in Ghana and on the battlefields. Moreover, they contributed to spread Pan-Africanism and Nkrumahism in the whole continent. For decades, very few documents concerning this subject have been available, as the great part of the archival sources on Ghana‟s foreign policy was destroyed or lost after the coup of 1966. The main aim of this research project was to collect new sources in order to fill this gap and provide valuable elements for a deeper understanding of the functioning and the purpose of the “Pan-African” institutions. This thesis is the final result of eleven months of oral and archival research in Ghana and Great Britain. After the recovery of important new sources, the author has been able to adopt Accra‟s own perspective on the question and to provide an insight into the daily activities of the three institutions examining the impact of their activity on African liberation movements and on the Ghanaian state. As for the first aspect, only by analyzing the documentation produced by the “Pan-African” institutions, it is possible to understand the real degree of influence that Nkrumah‟s Ghana exerted in Africa until the coup of 1966 and, therefore, to reconsider the history of Nkrumah‟s foreign policy in a new light. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Pierluigi Valsecchi and Prof. Jan-Bart Gewald, whose help and guidance were fundamental for the completion of this thesis. My gratitude also goes to Prof. Kofi Baku, Prof. Emmanuel Akyeampong, Prof. George Hagan, and Dr. Samuel Ntewusu, as without their knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful. I would also like to thank Kwaku Baprui Asante, David Bosutmwi-Sam, Ernest Anthony Richter, and Baffour Kwaben Senkyire for the patience and willingness they have shown during the interviews. I would also like to thank Mrs. Samia Nkrumah and the staff of the CPP. I owe gratitude also to Eric Lartey and all the staff of the George Padmore Research Library on African Affairs. I also thank Jeffrey Ahlman for his support and for having provided all the scholars with a catalogue of the Archive of the Bureau of African Affairs. Special thanks go to my friends and family since, without them, this work would not have seen the light of the day. I dedicate this work to my friend Matteo viii ABBREVIATIONS: AAC African Affairs Centre AAPC All-African People‟s Conference AAPSO Afro-Asian People‟s Solidarity Organization AAS African Affairs Secretariat AATUF All-African Trade Unions Federation ABAKO Alliance des Bakongo AEF Afrique Équatoriale Française AG Action Group AGPL Archive of the George Padmore Research Library on African Affairs ANC African National Congress ARPS Aborigines‟ Rights Protection Society BAA Bureau of African Affairs BCP Basutoland Congress Party BJSTT British Joint Services Training Team BNA British National Archives BPP Bechuanaland People‟s Party CAF Central African Federation COREMO Comité Revolucionario de Moçambique CPP Convention People‟s Party CRO Commonwealth Relations Office CSC Counter-Subversion Committee DCA Democratic Congress Alliance DOPC Defence and Oversea Policy Committee EAF East African Federation FNL Front de Libération Nationale FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola FO (UK) Foreign Office (UK) FRELIMO Frente de Libertação de Moçambique GDR German Democratic Republic ix IAFA International African Friends of Abyssinia IAS Independent African States IASB International African Service Bureau IASC Independent African States Conference IPGE Idea Popular de Guinea Equatorial IRD Information Research Department JIC Joint Intelligence Committee KANU Kenya African National Union KNDP Kamerun National Democratic Party MCP Malawi Congress Party MNC Mouvement National Congolais MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola MSA - Sawaba Mouvement Socialiste Africain - Sawaba NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People NAC Nyasaland African Congress NASSO National Association of Socialist Students Organization NCBWA National Congress of British West Africa NCHER National Council for Higher Education and Research NCNC National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons NDC Nakuru District Congress NDP National Democratic Party NLC National Liberation Council NNLC Ngwane National Liberatory Congress NPCP Nairobi People‟s Convention Party OAU Organization of African Unity OCAM Organisation
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