Can woodfuel (charcoal and firewood) be modernized in Africa? Mary Njenga* , Tuyeni Mwampamba and Ruth Mendum

Email: [email protected]* [email protected] & [email protected]

Youth Forum-Global Landscape Forum: ICRAF 27.8.18 Varied opinions on charcoal Benefits Lets us make it sustainable, lets us do away with it, mixed feelings • 1/3 of global Negative population and 90% impacts of population in SSA rely on charcoal and • wnvironment: firewood Rural land degradation, • Affordable, accessible deforestation for dependent poor and middle and high • Health: income users Smoke in the kitchen kills • Charcoal is worth >4 million per US$14 Billion in Africa year (mostly women and • Charcoal in Kenya children) US$1.6 B, (tea 0.8 B) Tanzania US$650 M, Uganda US$ 38 M. Fragmented responsibilities Unsustainability resulting Value chain into political battles

Energy Local Forestry Agricul. Land, tree Sector Authority, Sector Sector tenure Police Wood harvest by farmers

Production & processing Carbonization by farmers / Drylands Gazetted charcoal burners forest Majority of Collection by producers middlemen use traditional Transport Wholesale Under kilns with by dealers research low yields, ed cause air Retail by city traders pollutionConfiscate d charcoal End-use Consumption by urban at a check households point Source: Miyuki Iiyama Charcoal bans or charcoal booms Lorries carrying Booming charcoal business at Busia charcoal from border Uganda to Kenya

Footprint on Uganda’s Who landscapes Political suffers battles

Who suffers Does making charcoal sustainable make sense? Yes, a bold decision • Majority of urban households depend on charcoal

• Second fastest urbanizing continent

• Population living in urban areas is projected to grow from 36% in 2010 to 50% in 2030

1-0 of consumers in SSA switch to charcoal per year (GIZ, 2014) Business-as-usual Cleaner/green charcoal systems Selective one- off cutting of live hard wood species, leading to degradation & biodiversity loss Farmer managed natural Domestication of Tree nursery in refugee (assisted) regeneration) preferred Acacia trees settlement in Uganda. Earth Kiln – (Photo by KEFRI) ICRAF efficiency ±10% Sustainable harvest of wood low capital, skills on farm ex. agroforestry, required, done on reducing pressures on site Efficientforests kilns– efficiency ±30% but capital intensive, need Alternative skills, biomass fuel from organic waste- briquettes Improved stoves, Inefficient stoves, waste wood reduce demand for & cause smoke in kitchen charcoal

Iiyama et al., 2014) Examples of adaptive solutions to modernize charcoal: Charcoal farming a. Sustainable production Ai. Community based forest/woodland management Conserve native species, mark those need to be protected, Improved earth kilns Year 1 Year 2 lowTFCG, inputs 2017 2015/1 2016/ 6 17 Supported by Swiss Production (tonnes) 324 1391 Agency for Development Community revenues 21,830 85,917 and Cooperation (fees) US$ Farmer managed natural Producer incomes US$ 22,746 86,787 regeneration (FMNR) by Number of producers 308 1053 ICRAF in various places Sustainable wood productionVillages can eliminate GHG8 emission13 and result into net sequestration aii. Agriculture with trees (agroforestry): Charcoal farming

Acacia Coppicing 6 years Half orange species Acacia rotation kiln KEFRI,+livestock+ Western Kenya. Oduor et al., 2012. Supportedbee by DFID Densit Yield depend on Producti Productio Tree y Wood kiln efficiency on cycle n system species Numbe(t/ha) and wood (yrs) r/ha Efficient kilns Acacia can reduce Boundary polyanth 2500 4.41 3-5 GHG by 80% a on the value Tanzania ICRAF;Grevillea Kimaro et al., Supported by Woodlots 2500 2.64 3-5 chain (FAO, GIZ/BMZ, USAIDrobusta 2017) Plantations with right species, right place; higher inputs, b. Alternative sources of biomass energy: briquettes

Banana Charcoal Charring banana char+mollases briquettes Greenwaste Heat, Kampala Uganda. 25t per month. Okello et al., 2018

Sawdust briquettes by Biofuel, Kenya Molding briquettes by hand 10t/day of sawdust briquettes. Generated Ksh11 million(US$110,000) in 2017 C. Improved stoves Why has the adoption and impact of improved stoves been below expectations after efforts for over 70 years? Switch: Is a complex process.

Focus on distribution and stove alone miss the point

Understanding users needs and preferences is key Reduce consumption and GHG emissions by 63% (FAO 2013) d. Effective marketing and enabling policy framework Terminologies matter • Prestigious in global North • Dirty, primitive, poor man’s fuel in global south • Renewable has a ?

Issues • Formal value chain = high formal costs Policy • Similar treatment of coordination unlicensed and Policy • Land planning licensed alignment • Energy charcoal/briquettes • Global • Climate • Regional change • Informality cause loss • Country • Agriculture • • Food security E. Self-sufficiency in cooking fuel from prunings from trees by small-scale farmers 40% 52kg (home farmers in use) and Embu/Kwal 69kg (for e sale) from exclusively forest. 6Km source roundtrip, 1 firewood working from day/week, prunings. A Kenya Shift tree give 40-27kg firewood need 45-66

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with firewood and fuel use 40% fuel, reduce CO efficiency (transdisciplinary and by 45% and PM2.5 by design ethnography (studying 90%, yield biochar cooking culture linking results to 20% of fuel. Njenga industry producing stoves et al., 2016 . Women farmers as researchers in energy-food Biochar use in security-environment nexus How can we develop adaptive solutions for sustainableA. System and charcoal cross sectoral approach for effectivepolicy development

ICRAF, COSTECH and TAREA work in Coastal Tanzania supported by CTCN. B .Addressing Womenusers needs and preferences Women researchers Farmers friendly steel and not research select ring subjects in preferred unlockable, participatory kitchen wood portable 24 laboratory productio hour kilns, n system supported by FAO Scientists studying cooking culture

Transdisciplinary teams for co-learning: Social-natural science researchers, north-south, policy makers, development practitioners, community, funders Conclusion: There are innovations to modernize charcoal and firewood from a social-ecological