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Doctorat Agroparistech T H È S E L'institut Des Sciences Et Industries Du Vivant Et De L'environnement (Agroparistech) NNT°: 2019 AGPT 0002 Doctorat AgroParisTech T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par L’Institut des Sciences et Industries du Vivant et de l’Environnement (AgroParisTech) Spécialité : Sciences du Bois et des Fibres présentée et soutenue publiquement par Citra Yanto Ciki PURBA le 12 Avril 2019 Characterization and valorization of secondary quality hardwood as structural material Directeur de thèse : Mériem FOURNIER Co-directeur de thèse : Julien RUELLE Jury M. Rémy MARCHAL, Professeur, LaBoMaP, ENSAM Président M. Frédéric DUBOIS , Professeur, GEMH, Université de Limoges Rapporteur Mme Sandrine BARDET, Maître de conférences, LMGC, Université de Montpellier Rapporteur Mme Jana DLOUHA, Chargé de recherche, SILVA, INRA Examinateur Mme Mériem FOURNIER, Professeur, SILVA, AgroParisTech Directeur de thèse M. Julien RUELLE , Ingénieur de recherche, SILVA, INRA Co-directeur de thèse M. Louis DENAUD, Maître de conférences, LaBoMaP, ENSAM Invité AgroParisTech UMR Silva, INRA 54280 CHAMPENOUX Characterization and valorization of secondary quality hardwood as structural material Caractérisation et valorisation des feuillus de qualité secondaire comme matériau structurel Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Julien RUELLE for allowing me to conduct this research under his supervision. I am particularly grateful to him for his trust, his advice and the freedom he has given me to do this work. As a thesis director, he supported me in all the stages of this work. Thanks to all those who have participated in this thesis work, to those who have been able to advise me and accompany me in the various works: Mériem Fournier, Jana Dlouha, Thiéry Constant, Pierre Gelhaye, Emmanuel Cornu, Louis Denaud, Joffrey Viguier, Jean-Claude Butaud, Robert Collet, Cyril Deharbe, Pierre-Jean Meausoone and Marc Oudjene. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my wife, Regina Simanjuntak, and my daughter, Theoneanie Purba, for their support throughout the whole process. This PhD manuscript is the fruit of a collaboration between different research teams: The first and second years were devoted to characterizing the wood surface and testing the bonding quality of glued laminated beech and oak wood. The tests were mainly carried out at the Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB), ENSTIB, Épinal, France. Due to the development and results of the preliminary test, the doctoral thesis committee and I decided to reorganize the research and this required a new log material. This wood material was provided by the National Forestry Office (ONF) under a contract of purchase of firewood, which is a proof of the quality of the roundwood used in this research. The preparation of samples and the characterization of structural, physical and mechanical properties were carried out at UMR Silva, formerly known as LERFOB (Laboratoire d'Etude des Ressources FOrêt-Bois), INRA Grand-Est, France. Half of the logs were transported to the LaBoMaP (Laboratoire Bourguignon des Matériaux et Procédés), ENSAM, Cluny, France where they were rotary peeled. The characterization of the veneer, the fabrication of the LVL and all mechanical tests were also performed in this laboratory. This PhD manuscript was under the financial support of: 1. Indonesia Endowment Fund for education The main financial supporter 2. EFEUR5, ANR-15-CE08-0027 Travel expenses between laboratories and conferences 3. GDR3544 Science du Bois Travel expenses between laboratories and WCTE conference 2018 4. Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE (Advanced Research on the Biology of TRee and Forest Ecosystems) WCTE conference 2018 Table of contents General introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1. Overall context of the study ....................................................................... 1 1.2. Hardwood vs softwood: Paradox of French forest resources and timber production ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Wood quality .............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Factors affecting the wood quality ............................................................ 4 1.5. The wood characteristic affecting the mechanical and physical properties ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Wood density .................................................................................................. 4 Growth ring ................................................................................................... 5 Microfibril Angle (MFA) ................................................................................ 5 1.6. Wood defects and abnormalities: Relationship with wood characteristic, mechanical properties and physical properties ........................................................... 6 Grain angle .................................................................................................... 6 Knot ............................................................................................................... 7 Juvenile wood ................................................................................................ 7 Reaction wood ................................................................................................ 8 1.7. Secondary quality hardwood and its potential for structural application 9 1.8. Objectives of the PhD ................................................................................11 Radial variation of wood properties of hardwood recovered from thinning 15 2.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................15 2.2. Materials and methods .............................................................................16 Wood material...............................................................................................16 Measurement of radial growth component using X-ray ..............................17 Measurement of MFA ...................................................................................18 Non-destructive evaluation of wood stiffness ..............................................18 Shrinkages ....................................................................................................18 Data analysis ................................................................................................19 2.3. Results & Discussion ................................................................................20 Variation of structural and physical properties related to wood radial position inside the trunk ..........................................................................................24 iii Variation of mechanical properties related to wood radial position inside the trunk ........................................................................................................................25 Effect of wood radial position on the relation between wood density and dynamic MOE ..........................................................................................................26 2.4. Conclusions ...............................................................................................27 Characterization of mechanical and physical properties of secondary quality hardwood issued from thinning in relation with structural parameters ..........31 3.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................31 3.2. Material and Method ................................................................................32 Tree selection and specimen preparation ....................................................32 Measurement of mechanical properties using static and dynamic methods on small specimen. ...................................................................................................33 Measurement of physical properties ............................................................19 Measurement of grain angle ........................................................................33 Data analysis ................................................................................................33 3.3. Results and discussion ..............................................................................34 Structural and mechanical properties .........................................................34 Characteristics affecting the mechanical properties ...................................35 Characteristics affecting the physical properties ........................................38 3.4. Conclusions ...............................................................................................39 The Influence of Veneer Thickness and Knot Proportion on the Mechanical Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Made from Secondary Quality Hardwood ............................................................................................................43 4.1. Introduction ..............................................................................................43 4.2. Materials and methods .............................................................................44 Wood material...............................................................................................44 Veneer preparation .......................................................................................44
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