DOCSLIB.ORG

6. Fransiskus Xaverius166-174 08022019.Cdr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
6. Fransiskus Xaverius166-174 08022019.Cdr Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 24, (3): 166-174,December 2018 Scientific Article EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469 DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.24.3.166 Firewood and Carpentry Wood Contribution to The Communities of Mutis Timau Protected Forest, Timor Island Fransiskus Xaverius Dako1*, Ris Hadi Purwanto2, Lies Rahayu Wijayanti Faida3, Sumardi4 1Graduate Program of Forestry Science, Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281 2Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281 3Department of Forest Resource Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University,Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281 4Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281 Received October 4, 2018 /Accepted December 23, 2018 Abstract The existence of Mutis Timau Protected Forest (MTPF) has given a real contribution to the community by providing household energy needs and raw materials for building the houses. This preliminary study is aimed at knowing the contribution of M T PF in terms of firewood and carpentry wood consumption in the community. The study was conducted in 9 villages located in and around MTPF. This study used surveys and employed descriptive analysis with 353 families spread proportionally on every village as the sample. The results show that MTPF contributed to as much as 87.45% of the total firewood consumption of the community living in and around the protected forest, while the remaining 12.55% was supplied from the gardens. These percentages were calculated from the total firewood consumption of 1,912,512 kg year-1. Meanwhile, every 15-20 years, MTPF contributed to 96.98% of the total carpentry wood needs (1,177.3 m3) while the remaining 3.02% was supplied from privately owned gardens. This fact indicates that the dependence level of the community on the forest is high. Consequently, the pressure on the forest is also very high and may cause deforestation and degradation. To prevent deforestation and degradation, social participation in the sustainable management of MTPF is needed. The principles of social forestry must be implemented through social forestry programs such as community empowerment. Keywords: contribution, firewood, carpentry wood, Mutis Timau Protected Forest *Correspondence author, email: [email protected] Introduction (2007) state that energy plays an important role in people's Forest is home to various potential resources, such as life and constitutes an important parameter of the timber and non-timber forest products that can be utilized development and economic growth of all life sectors such as optimally and sustainably by human beings. Loaiza et al. industry, household, transportation, services, etc. In the (2015) cite that the community has a high level of household sector, energy plays an important role in lighting, dependence on forests and the environment. Furthermore, cooking, heating, and air conditioning as well as various Simon (2003) argues that the growth of population demands other household activities. the fulfillment of the community's needs, namely food, The energy generated from firewood is important to firewood, carpentry wood, and settlements. Communities maintain people's livelihood (Dresen et al. 2014). Firewood living around the forest depend heavily on forest products to is the most important forest product for rural communities in fulfill their daily needs. People collect woods from the forest developing regions and the scarcity of firewood can cause a for firewood or carpentry wood. The forest will suffer from serious problem (Cooke et al. 2008; Timko & Kozak 2016). degradation and deforestation if the dependence mentioned Arnold et al. (2006) state that, in many developing countries, above is maintained and thus affecting the surrounding firewood use is dominantly found in rural areas, while ecosystem. charcoal is more commonly used in urban areas. Brouwer The utilization of firewood and carpentry wood is vital and Falcao (2004) explain that the community in for rural communities as it is the main and most readily Mozambique (Maputo) is highly dependent on firewood to available option in obtaining household energy needs, such supply their energy needs. On the other hand, carpentry as the need to cook, maintain body warmth, and build houses. wood is needed by people throughout the world, both in FAO (2010) writes that as the oldest energy source, firewood urban and rural areas, in the construction of roofs, frames, is used by more than 2 billion people in developing countries doors, windows, pillars, and other house construction related for cooking and heating purposes. Nuryanti and Herdinie items. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 24, (3): 166-174,December 2018 Scientific Article EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469 DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.24.3.166 Oñate-calvín et al. (2018) argue that the use of forest plantation crops. Very few of those plants are capable of resources continuously increases as the distance to the providing firewood and carpentry wood. At present, the markets in urban areas grows longer. The exploitation of consumption of firewood and carpentry wood of the rural forest resources has exceeded the carrying capacity of the households, especially those around MTPF, is uncertainly forest itself and has caused environmental damages known. This preliminary study is meant to examine the (deforestation and degradation) resulting in negative impacts contribution of MTPF, with all of its potential resources, to such as global warming, flood, erosion, and landslide during the community in fulfilling firewood and carpentry wood the rainy season. Sulaiman et al. (2017) explain that firewood needs. consumption contributes greatly to forest degradation. Mutis Timau Protected Forest (MTPF) area is a forest Methods group located in Timor Island. It is situated in the Forest Location of the study The study was conducted in 9 (nine) Management Unit (FMU) of Timor Tengah Selatan District villages around the FMU of MTPF area in TTS District. The and is often dubbed as the lungs of Timor Island. MTPF is villages are Nunbena, Noebesi, Leloboko, Tunua, Ajaobaki, also the headwaters of two large watersheds, the Benain and Nuapin, Nenas, Kuanoel, and Fatumnasi (Figure 1). Noelmina watersheds. As a forest group that is stretching This research took place from September 2017–January from the lowland to the highland in Mutis Mountain, MTPF 2018. In general, MTPF, which is located in Timor Tengah houses rich flora and fauna biodiversity with high potential Selatan District, is the former Model FMU of Mutis Timau for further improvements of the ecology, economy, and social with an area of 15,807 ha comprising of various types of land life of the community. Njurumana (2016) states that the cover type, namely primary dryland forest (4,485.16 ha), dynamics of the era and the increasing social knowledge of secondary dryland (9,338.155 ha), shrub (1,491,965 ha), and the people have contributed to the universal positioning of dryland farming with shrub (491.735 ha) with a rainfall of the religious value of flora biodiversity. Flora biodiversity is 400 to 3,500 mm year-1. Furthermore, in terms of mountain a strategic resource with various potential usages for human topography, MTPF has various slope levels, namely beings. The MTPFs' supply of firewood is sourced moderately steep (7,326.286 ha), steep (4,201.746 ha), and periodically weekly, monthly, and yearly, while its supply of very steep (4,278.966 ha). There are various types of soil in carpentry wood is sourced every 15–20 years and will then be MTPF, namely district cambisol (3,619.186 ha), usic used to repair damaged houses or buildings or build new cambisol (1,587.696 ha), humic latosol (5,697.846 ha), ones. Due to population growth, MTPF gets more pressure rendzina (4,228.256 ha), and latosol (674.016 ha). The land because it has to fulfill the community's ever-growing needs in MTPF also has several level of landslide vulnerability, such as firewood, carpentry wood, settlements, and herding namely rather vulnerable (2,220.378 ha), moderately area. Therefore, the management of MTPF must focus on vulnerable (8,723.868 ha), vulnerable (2,220.408 ha), and social needs and forest preservation that emphasizes the most vulnerable (2,642.348 ha). importance of a collaborative initiative involving the community members around MTPF. Data collection and analysis The method employed in this Aside from the garden, the forest is the best option study was the survey method utilizing descriptive analysis available for the people living in and around MTPF to get aimed at creating a systematic, factual, and accurate firewood and carpentry wood. The community gardens overview of the factors, characteristics, and correlation of the around MTPF are filled with food crops, vegetables, and Figure 1 Place of the study. 167 Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 24, (3): 166-174,December 2018 Scientific Article EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469 DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.24.3.166 Table 1 Samples of respondents in each village phenomena existing in the field. The population of this study philosophy that the forest is inseparable from the life of all was the total number of existing households, and the humans and animals. When obtaining dry wood, they usually sampling technique utilized was the formula used by Sevilla take a bundle of firewood consisting 25–30 small sticks with et al. (1993) with an acceptable margin of error of 5%. The a perimeter less than 30 cm and irregular length (usually not sample of this study were 353 households selected longer than 2 meters). Upon arriving at home, the wood will proportionally from each village. The detailed data on the then be used for cooking. Dawan people usually cook using a sample distribution is shown in Table 1. stove made out of three stones placed on the ground at a This preliminary study used primary data and secondary regular distance to form an equilateral triangle.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Buying & Storing Firewood & Pellets
    Wood Energy Series Fact Sheet FS-937 Buying & Storing Firewood & Pellets 2012 Whether you buy or cut your own firewood, chances are Firewood that you still have plenty left to learn. Even people who have been heating with wood for decades often say “I Firewood dealers come in all shapes and sizes, and wish I knew that years ago!” after reading tips like the although they may appear to be established or ones contained here. questionable, that does not necessarily mean you will be dealt a good or bad hand. Every year, hundreds of thousands of Americans are sold substandard cord wood. This sheet will help you avoid Before You Buy getting a raw deal next time you buy firewood. Find a dealer with a good reputation. Check with friends, the Better Business Bureau, or an online rating site such And if you heat with pellets, there are new developments as www.checkbook.org. Ask for references. you should know that will impact the fuel you buy. Ask the dealer what the moisture content of the wood is Heating Fuel Cost Comparison and how long it has been since it’s been split, not since Prices vary, but you can get an idea of what it will cost it’s been felled. When the tree was cut is not nearly as you to use different fuels by looking at the table below. important as when it was split, since seasoning really The fuel cost per heating season was calculated for a begins after splitting. 2,000 square foot home in Maryland using this heating Ask what size truck the dealer delivers in and if it’s truly calculator: www.eia.gov/neic/experts/heatcalc.xls.
    [Show full text]
  • FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood
    DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood Sammy Sadaka Introduction Many options of secure, wood combustion Ph.D., P.E. stoves, freplaces, furnaces and boilers Associate Professor Wood heating was the predominant are available in the market. EPA certifed freplaces, furnaces and wood stoves with Extension Engineer means for heating in homes and businesses for several decades until the advent of no visible smoke and 90 percent less iron radiators, forced air furnaces and pollution are among alternatives. Addi- John W. Magugu, Ph.D. improved stoves. More recently, a census tionally, wood fuel users should adhere Professional Assistant by Energy Information Administration, to sustainable wood management and EIA, has placed fuelwood users in the environmental sustainability frameworks. USA at 2.5 million as of 2012. Burning wood has been more common Despite the widespread use of cen- among rural families compared to families tral heating systems, many Arkansans within urban jurisdictions. Burning wood still have freplaces in their homes, with has been further incentivized by more many others actively using wood heating extended utility (power) outages caused systems. A considerable number of by wind, ice and snowstorms. Furthermore, Arkansans tend to depend on wood fuel liquefed petroleum gas, their alternative as a primary source of heating due to fuel, has seen price increases over recent high-energy costs, the existence of high- years. effciency heating apparatuses and Numerous consumers continue to have extended power outages in rural areas. questions related to the use of frewood. An Apart from the usual open freplaces, important question is what type of wood more effcient wood stoves, freplace can be burned for frewood? How to store inserts and furnaces have emerged.
    [Show full text]
  • Harvesting Firewood from Your Woods
    Harvesting Firewood from Your Woods TOPICS: n Tree and Forest Biology (page 2) Basic concepts about how trees grow and the characteristics that make trees good or bad for firewood n Planning a Harvest (page 8) Which trees to cut for firewood and how to cut them safely n Processing Trees into Firewood ( p age 14) Techniques for splitting, drying and stacking wood Tree & Forest Biology Cutting trees for firewood requires careful management. The management decisions you make can either improve or harm the long-term health and productivity of your woodlands. Understanding how and where trees grow can aid your deci- sions about which trees to cut, and will lead to improvements in the overall health of your woodlands. Trees have several basic requirements for long-term survival: nutrients, space, water and sunlight. The competition for these resources will determine how well a tree grows and how long it will survive. Tree roots are responsible for the uptake of water and nutrients. The quality and quantity of these nutrients vary depending on the soil. Different trees are adapted to the dif- ferent soil types, from sand to clay. Clay and loam soils hold water and nutrients better than sandy soils. That means trees growing on sandy soils need to be able to grow in low nutrient and low moisture conditions. Each soil type can only support a limited number of trees, based on their size. Trees become stressed when there is too much competition for water and nutrients. To keep your forest healthy, some trees should be removed to make room for others to grow.
    [Show full text]
  • Log Holder This Sturdy Log Holder Makes Stacking Easier and Keeps Your Firewood Organized and Off the Ground
    STACK LOGS NEAT AND CLEAN TM Log Holder This sturdy log holder makes stacking easier and keeps your firewood organized and off the ground. Use 2x4 preservative-treated lumber with Simpson Strong-Tie® Rigid Tie® RTC2Z connectors to build this log holder any size you need in less than an hour. Check out our installation and building tip videos at diydoneright.com. TOOLS YOU NEED • Saw • Screw gun • ¼" hex head socket • Tape measure • Clamps 2x4 LUMBER • Framing square Length can vary as needed Connectors are easy to install and strong enough to support even the heaviest loads. RIGID TIE® RTC2Z CONNECTOR INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 1. CUT LUMBER TO SIZE. Since all of your cuts are straight cuts, Simpson Strong-Tie® connectors simplify building with wood. 2. INSTALL CONNECTOR ON VERTICAL POST. Mark height, clamp connector to post and attach with #9x1½" Strong-Drive® SD Connector screws. 3. CONNECT HORIZONTAL RAIL 2x4 LUMBER ON EACH SIDE. Width and height can Use a clamp to vary as needed help hold the wood in the ® seat of the con- Attach Rigid Tie RTC2Z nector during connectors with #9x1½" SD Connector screws installation. For more inspiration, visit diydoneright.com © 2017 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. DIY-CSLGHLDR17 MATERIALS AND CUTTING DIAGRAM TM Log Holder FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW 30" 47" 8" 50" 15" FOR THIS PROJECT YOU WILL NEED: LUMBER SIMPSON STRONG-TIE® CONNECTORS* FASTENERS (3) – pieces of 2x4 8 ft. lumber (4) – Rigid Tie® RTC2Z connectors (1) – BOX Simpson Strong-Tie® #9x1½" Strong-Drive® SD Connector screws CUT FROM 2x4 x 8' LUMBER (2) – 47" RAILS 47" 47" (1x) (3) – 30" CORNER POSTS 30" 30" 30" (1x) (2) – 8" ENDRAILS & (1) 30" CORNER POST 30" 8" 8" (1x) Use 2x4 8 ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Heating with Firewood
    Stewardship Notes Indiana Division of Forestry Heating With Firewood Heating costs seem to rise each year with the ever-increasing demand on our nations' energy sources. Many have found wood is an excellent asset in offsetting yearly heating costs. A warm, glowing fire can be a practical complement to any central heating system and can go a long way toward aiding the pocketbook. Unlike most energy sources, wood is a renewable fuel source. New trees are continually growing. For many people, wood has the advantage of being readily available, easily cut and relatively inexpensive. However, when fuels are burned, pollutants are created; wood is no exception. The EPA has found wood burned for home heating is a leading cause of air pollution in many western cities. Wood stoves sold after July 1, 1988 must meet certain air quality standards. Secondary burning chambers and catalytic combustors are two methods being used by manufacturers to reduce pollutants. Proper stove operation is important to maintain the low emission capabilities of new stoves. The Best Kinds of Firewood Certain species of wood produce more heat than others. The heat a log produces depends on the density, moisture content, resin and ash in the wood. The chart to the right shows the densities and heat values of various tree species common in Indiana. The heat value of hickory is set at 100. The chart lists those woods that burn longest at the top of the list, while those toward the bottom will ignite and burn more quickly. When low-density woods are mixed with high-density woods, the fire will start quickly and burn a long time.
    [Show full text]
  • E0021 Wood Pellets, an Introduction to Their Production And
    Wood Pellets An Introduction to their Production and Use David Jones Mississippi State University David Harper & Adam Taylor University of Tennessee What’s Inside… Page 2 Advantages of Wood Pellets Green, clean, and convenient Introduction Page 3 How Pellets Are Made Turning wood waste into Wood pellets are compressed wood particles that are used as premium fuel fuel. Pellets are already commonly used in some areas of the country, and in other areas they are growing in popularity as Page 4 How Pellets Are Used primary fuel costs increase and concerns about global climate From home heating to change build. industrial boilers This fact sheet is a short introduction to wood pellets and will Page 4 Markets for Pellets be helpful to those who are interested in using or producing Heating up! wood pellet fuel. The advantages of wood pellets are discussed, as well as how pellets are made and used. Wood Pellet Stoves Wood pellet stoves are very efficient and are capable of capturing almost 95 percent of the heat produced from burning the pellets. 1 Wood Pellets: An Introduction Advantages of Wood Pellets Because wood pellets are made from wood, they have the same advantages as wood: local, abundant, renewable, and low-cost. In addition, wood pellets are Both systems require little when wood is burned was very low in moisture (water) and maintenance because the captured from the atmosphere ash content, so they burn hot pellets burn so cleanly. when the wood was grown in and cleanly. Fuel pellets are the tree. This is an important Pellets have a number of limited to 1 percent (premium- advantage, especially in some “environment-friendly” grade) to 3 percent (standard) countries in Europe where attributes.
    [Show full text]
  • California Assessment of Wood Business Innovation Opportunities and Markets (CAWBIOM)
    California Assessment of Wood Business Innovation Opportunities and Markets (CAWBIOM) Phase I Report: Initial Screening of Potential Business Opportunities Completed for: The National Forest Foundation June 2015 CALIFORNIA ASSESSMENT OF WOOD BUSINESS INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES AND MARKETS (CAWBIOM) PHASE 1 REPORT: INITIAL SCREENING OF POTENTIAL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES PHASE 1 REPORT JUNE 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER 1 – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Interim Report – brief Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 California’s Forest Products Industry ............................................................................................... 1 1.2.2 Top Technologies .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.2.3 Next Steps ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Interim Report – Expanded Summary .............................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 California Forest Industry Infrastructure .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Densified Wood Fuels Rebecca Snell, Gareth Mayhead, and John R
    Woody Biomass Factsheet – WB2 Densified Wood Fuels Rebecca Snell, Gareth Mayhead, and John R. Shelly University of California Berkeley Wood has likely been valued by people as a fuel that can supply heat since the first lighting strike to a tree was observed! Wood is often the fuel of choice because it is readily available, burns easily, and is renewable. The rapid expansion of the energy needed to fuel the industrial revolution, however, emphasized the value of other fuels such as coal and crude oil that are more energy dense (higher energy value per unit volume). Densification is a process of compressing a given amount of material into a smaller volume in such a way that the material maintains its smaller volume. Densification improves the positive attributes of wood fuels while retaining the environmental benefits of a renewable fuel and improving its comparison to fossil fuels [1, 2]. These include: • Uniform size and shape promotes efficient transportation, storage, and automatic feeding systems • Consistent low moisture content • Greater energy density than non‐densified wood, reducing transportation costs • Provide a uniform, reliable source of a renewable natural resource as a fuel supply Densified wood fuels are manufactured to a particular size and shape for a given market. Typically, wood particles are compressed into pellet, log, or brick shapes. Figure 1 shows the relative amount of various fuel types needed to produce about 15,000 Btu of heat. Bricks Air dried firewood Pellets Firelog Wood chips Figure 1. Comparison of the volume of different fuel types needed to produce an equivalent amount of heat.
    [Show full text]
  • Of!Small Diameter Roundwood ! In!Residential Construction!
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
    [Show full text]
  • Firewood from Tree Prunings on Farm and Biochar-Producing Cooking Systems
    Firewood from tree prunings on farm and biochar-producing cooking systems Mary Njengaa,b, Miyuki Iiyamaa,c James Kinyuaa,b, Ruth Mendumd, aICRAF, b WMI, University of Nairobi, cJIRCAS, dPennsylvania State University Sustainable Rural Bioenergy Solution in Africa 19.1.18 Why firewood and improved cooking systems? Benefits • It is treasured by communities, 9 of 10 households in rural sub-Saharan Africa use firewood for cooking and heating 57kgs (IEA, 2006). • Scarcity affects food and nutrition security Health risks • Collecting firewood from forest is life threatening, tiresome, repetitive, a waste of women’s potential, hugely non monetary • Cooking with firewood on open fire produces over 100 times higher fine particulate matter (PM2.5) than charcoal (Njenga et al., 2017). Modernizing firewood cooking systems (a) Prunings from trees on farm (b) Biochar-producing cooking In Embu, Kenya it’s an exclusive systems 27 kJ/g source of firewood for 40% (Njenga et al., 2017). 32 kJ/g • Saves 40% fuel • Reduce CO, Vs 3 stone open 29 kJ/g fire PM2.5 by 40% • Yield 20% and 90% Vs 3 charcoal/biochar stone oepn fire Biochar-carbon sequestration Drying firewood Lessons, impacts and replicability Combining sourcing firewood from multipurpose trees on farms and use of efficient cooking systems will have more impact. For example, in Tanzania, on-farm wood supply ranged from 0.5-8 t/ha. Relative to three stone open fire, households using improved cook stove consumed 67% less firewood, saved 50% of fuelwood collection time and reduced gas emissions (PM10) by 60% (Sererya et. al., 2017). This approach is replicable in a wide range of landscape among small-scale farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Burning Issue: Woodfuel, Public Health, Land Degradation and Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa
    A burning issue: woodfuel, public health, land degradation and conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Wood energy fuelling the future Wood is a key source of energy that has been used for millennia for cooking, boiling water, lighting and heating. Today, about 2.5 billion people depend on biomass energy for cooking and heating, with 87% of this energy being provided by wood (IEA, 2006). In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), more than 90% of the population relies on woodfuel (i.e. firewood and charcoal) as a primary source of domestic energy. Over 80% of households in urban areas use charcoal, while firewood is mainly used in rural areas and by institutions such as schools and certain industries such as the drying of tea. So, clearly, wood energy should not be seen as a marginal, “poor man’s” energy source that is on its way out as countries develop. Woodfuel in Africa is a multi-billion, often crossborder, business worth more than US$ 11 billion and employing over seven million people; this is predicted to rise to US$12 billion and 12 million people in 2020 (FAO, 2014). In addition to population growth, urbsanisation also continues to push up demand: a one percent rise in urbanisation can increase charcoal consumption by 14% (World Bank, 2009). With limited real and practical alternatives available for the majority of the SSA population, woodfuel will thus remain a major commodity in developing countries for decades to come. However, current methods of woodfuel management and use throughout SSA bring major socio-economic and environmental challenges which need full and urgent attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochar Production for Forestry, Farms, and Communities
    Biochar Production for Forestry, Farms, and Communities 1 CREDITS Author: Kai Hoffman-Krull Published by: Northwest Natural Resource Group www.nnrg.org In partnership with: Forage Funding provided by: USDA Risk Management Agency www.rma.usda.gov Cover photo: dreamdv2 via Pixabay.com 2 Photo: Matt Freeman-Gleason CONTENTS CREDITS ........................................................................................................................................... 2 CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION: THE POTENTIAL OF BIOCHAR .............................................................................. 4 Farms ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Forests ......................................................................................................................................... 6 Summary of Biochar Production Methods ................................................................................. 7 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BIOCHAR PRODUCTION ........................................... 8 Pyrolysis ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Key Feedstock
    [Show full text]