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The Political Image of William Pitt, First Earl of Chatham, in the American Colonial Press, 1756-1778

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The Political Image of William Pitt, First Earl of Chatham, in the American Colonial Press, 1756-1778 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1974 The political image of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham, in the American colonial press, 1756-1778 Carol Lynn Homelsky Knight College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Carol Lynn Homelsky, "The political image of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham, in the American colonial press, 1756-1778" (1974). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623667. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-zm1q-vg14 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print.. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74-9051 KNIGHT, Caxol Lynn Homelsky, 1946- THE POLITICAL IMAGE OF WILLIAM PITT, FIRST EARL OF CHATHAM, IN THE AMERICAN COLONIAL PRESS, 1756-1778. The College of William and Mary in Virginia, Ph.D., 1974 History, modem University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1974 CAROL LYNN HOMELSKY KNIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE POLITICAL IMAGE OP WILLIAM PITT, FIRST EARL OF CHATHAM, IN THE AMERICAN COLONIAL PRESS, 1756 - 1778 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Carol Lynn Homelsky Knight 1973 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Carol Lynn Homelsky Kriight Approved, September 1973 John adJjiL (j U» t . Thaddeus W. Tate, Jr. Ludwell H. Johnson, III T h Q( Bruce T. McCully Margarpt L. Hamilton Department of Government ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................... iv LIST OP TABLES ............................................ v LIST OP FIGURES............................................ vi ABSTRACT ......................................................vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 Republican Ideology and the American Revolution Public Opinion and the Colonial Newspaper CHAPTER II. WILLIAM PITT'S EARLY CAREER: THE IMAGE OP A REAL WHIG.......................................... 28 CHAPTER III. WILLIAM PITT: THE IMAGE OF HIS CAREER IN THE COLONIAL PRESS, 1756 - 1766..................... 57 CHAPTER IV. LORD CHATHAM: THE IMAGE OP HIS CAREER IN THE COLONIAL PRESS, 1766 - 1778..................... 116 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION ................................... 162 APPENDIX I. REACTION IN AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS TO POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS ASCRIBED TO WILLIAM PITT, 1756 - 1778 202 APPENDIX II. INDEX TO AMERICAN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES DESCRIBING CHATHAM'S POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS, 1756 - 1778 ............................................ 203 APPENDIX III. REACTION IN AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS TO EVENTS IN CHATHAM’S CAREER, 1756 - 1778....................... 245 APPENDIX IV. INDEX TO AMERICAN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES DESCRIBING PUBLIC REACTION TO EVENTS IN CHATHAM’S CAREER, 1756 - 1778 ................................... 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................... 394 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express her appreciation to Dean John E. Selby, under whose supervision this dissertation was written, for his patient guidance and criticism throughout this investigation. The author is further indebted to Professor Thaddeus W. Tate, Jr., Professor Ludwell H. Johnson, III, Professor Bruce T. McCully, and Professor Margaret L. Hamilton for their careful reading and criticism of the manuscript. Additionally, the writer wishes to acknowledge the outstanding collections of colonial newspapers on microfilm at the Institute of Early American History and Culture and The Earl Gregg Swem Library. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1. Source of Articles on Pitt Appearing in Colonial Newspapers, 1756-1778 .......... 21 2. The Twenty American Newspapers with the Greatest Number of Articles on Pitt, 1756-1778................................... 27 3* Categories of Characteristics Ascribed to William Pitt in American Newspapers, 1756-1778................................... 165 4. Characteristics Ascribed to William Pitt in American Newspapers, 1756-1778 .......... 166 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OP FIGURES Figure Page 1. American Cities Publishing Newspapers Used in this S t u d y ............................. 25 2. Incidence of Newspaper Articles on Pitt, 1756 - 1778 ............................... 26 3. Expressions of Opinion About William Pitt in the American Press, 1756 - 1778 . 58 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This dissertation elucidates the political image of William Pitt, the first earl of Chatham, as presented in the American press between 1756 and 1778. It also sheds light on the picture of British politics and politicians that Americans were exposed to in the colonial newspapers. The generalizations regarding Pitt's image are derived from a detailed reading of all English language newspapers printed in the thirteen American colonies between 1756 and 1778, save fourteen with extremely short or erratic publishing schedules. The articles appearing in the colonial newspaper that described either Pitt's career or his political principles were classified according to the event or characteristic they dealt with and labeled regarding their evaluation of Pitt's position. These articles measured the rise and fall of Pitt's popularity in America through his career and isolated the particular characteristics by which he was judged. They are presented in two bibliographic appendixes to document fully the conclusions drawn from the research. Taken together these appendixes serve as an index to articles on Pitt in the colonial newspapers. The study concludes that newspaper articles on Pitt stereotyped him as a paragon of political virtue while at the same time depicting British politics as riddled with the corruptions of faction and influence. It indicates that the image of Pitt appearing in the colonial newspaper identified him with a set of political ideals acceptable to Americans but long since discarded by practical politicians in Britain. It suggests that colonists looking at articles on Pitt largely reprinted from British sources which described him as having these impractical political notions were misled about political realities in the mother country. Finally, since there was uniformity in the image of Pitt appearing in various colonies and among both patriot and tory papers, this study reveals the value of investigating political images and stereotypes
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