He wrote two operas, a symphony, two concertos and much piano music, including the notorious Minuet in G (1887). He settled in California in 1913. His international reputation and his efforts for his country P in raising relief funds and in nationalist propaganda during World War I were major factors in influencing Paasikivi, Juho Kusti (originally Johan Gustaf President Woodrow *Wilson to propose the creation Hellsen) (1870–1956). Finnish politician. Brought of an independent Polish state as an Allied war up by an aunt, he won an LLD at Helsinki University, aim. Marshal *Piłsudski appointed Paderewski as becoming an inspector of finances, then a banker. Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1919) and he Finland declared its independence from Russia represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference and (1917) and Paasikivi served as Prime Minister 1918, signed the Treaty of Versailles (1919). In December resigning when his proposal for a constitutional he retired and returned to his music but in 1939, monarchy failed. He returned to banking and flirted after Poland had been overrun in World War II, with the semi-Fascist Lapua movement. He was he reappeared briefly in political life as chairman of Ambassador to Sweden 1936–39 and to the USSR the Polish national council in exile. 1939–41. World War II forced him to move from Páez, Juan Antonio (1790–1873). Venezuelan conservatism to realism. *Mannerheim appointed liberator. He fought against the Spanish with varying him Prime Minister 1944–46, and he won two success until he joined (1818) *Bolívar and shared terms as President 1946–56. With U. K. *Kekkonen, with him in the victory of Carabobo (1821) by which he negotiated peace with the USSR and Finland’s Colombia and Venezuela were liberated. When neutralist policy is known as ‘the Paasikivi line’. Bolívar went to Ecuador, Páez stayed in Venezuela Pabst, Georg Wilhelm (1885–1967). Austrian film and when Venezuela seceded from Colombia he and opera director, born in Raudnitz. Originally became first president (1831), dominating the an actor and stage director, his first film was The country, either in office himself or through nominees, Treasure (1923). He promoted the careers of Greta until he was defeated by a rival (1850) and forced into *Garbo, Leni *Riefenstahl, Asta Nielsen and Louise exile. In 1858 he returned to power but in 1863 was Brooks. His films includedPandora’s Box (1929), The again expelled, dying in New York. Threepenny Opera(1931), Don Quixote (1933), The Paganini, Niccolo (1782–1840). Italian violinist Comedians (1941) and The Last Ten Days (1955). He and composer, born in Genoa. He toured Europe also directed four operas. repeatedly and wrote many virtuoso pieces, notably Pachacuti (d.1471). Sapa Inca of Peru 1438–71. his 24 Caprices and the Concerto in D. His technique He brought the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu or ‘Land was regarded as phenomenal and he enlarged the of the Four Quarters’) to its height, extending from range of the violin by introducing left-hand pizzicatos northern Ecuador to central Chile, and built Machu and double harmonics. His tempestuous career and Picchu. odd appearance made him a popular idol. Pachmann, Vladimir de (1848–1933). German- Page, Sir Earle Christmas Grafton (1880– Russian pianist, born in Odessa. He studied in 1961). Australian politician, born in Grafton. Vienna and *Bruckner was a teacher. One of the most An accomplished surgeon, he was a Member of the popular and accomplished (though often eccentric) House of Representatives 1919–61, a co-founder concert performers of his generation, he was a notable of the Australian Country Party and its Leader interpreter of *Chopin. He died in Rome. 1921–39. Instrumental in forcing W. M. *Hughes from the prime ministership, he became Deputy Packer, Kerry Francis Bullmore (1937–2005). Prime Minister and Treasurer 1923–29 under S. M. Australian media proprietor. Son of Sir (Douglas) *Bruce. Deputy Prime Minister again (and Minister Frank (Newson) Packer (1906–1974), founder for Commerce) under J. A. *Lyons 1934–39, after of Australian Consolidated Press and The Women’s Lyons died suddenly he was Prime Minister April Weekly, his private company owned magazines, 1939, for 19 days. When R. G. *Menzies was a television network, casinos and gambling facilities, chosen as Lyons’ replacement, a deeply resentful and cattle ranches with a value of $AU7 billion. Page resigned from Cabinet. He became Minister- He created World Series Cricket in 1977. Resident in London 1941–43. As Minister for Health 1949–56, he introduced a national health scheme. Barry, P., The Rise and Rise of Kerry Packer. 1993. Suffering from lung cancer, he was comatose during the 1961 election and died without knowing that he Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (1860–1941). Polish pianist, had been defeated. Page was a PC (1929), GCMG composer and politician, born in Kuryłówka, then (1938) and CH (1942). in Russia, now in the Ukraine. He studied under *Leschetizky (1884–87) before specialising as a Wilks, S., ‘Now is the Psychological Moment’. Earle virtuoso pianist, and touring Europe and America Page and the Imagining of Australia. 2020. (and Australia 1904; 1927) with enormous success. 689 Dictionary of World Biography Page, Sir Frederick Handley (1885–1962). English hostility towards Catholics and Protestant moderates, aircraft designer. He founded Handley Page Limited serving in the British Parliament 1970–2010 and the in 1909 and during World War I designed and built European Parliament 1979–2004. He campaigned his twin-engined 0/400, one of the earliest heavy against the Northern Ireland peace agreement (1998) bombers. He established a civil air service between but ultimately served as first minister 2007–08. His England and the Continent in 1919 and continued wife Eileen Emily Paisley (née Cassells), Baroness to build aircraft, notably the Heracles airliner. During Paisley of St George’s (1934– ) made a life peer in World War II Handley Page Limited built transport 2006, later indicated irritation with the Democratic planes and bombers, notably the Halifax. He was Unionist Party and some sympathy for Martin President of the Royal Aeronautical Society 1945– *McGuinness and Sinn Féin. 47 and received the society’s Gold Medal in 1960. His company closed down in 1970. Pakenham. English writing and political family. Frank Aungier Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford Gibbs-Smith, C. H., Aviation: An Historical Survey (1905–2001), a Labour minister under *Attlee and from Its Origins to the End of World War II. 1970. *Wilson, wrote biographies of *Lincoln, *Nixon, *Kennedy, *De Valera, *Jesus and St *Francis, became Page, Larry (Lawrence Edward) (1973– ). American a Catholic convert, a publisher and committed entrepreneur, born in Michigan. Educated at proponent of penal reform. His wife, Elizabeth Stanford, he developed ‘PageRank’ technology which Pakenham (née Harman), Countess of Longford classifies material on websites and in 1998 founded (1906–2002) wrote biographies of *Wellington, the Google search engine with Sergey *Brin. *Byron and Queen *Victoria. Their daughter was Lady Antonia *Fraser and their son Thomas Francis Pagnol, Marcel (1895–1974). French author, Dermot Pakenham, 8th Earl of Longford (1933– ) playwright and film director. His plays include wrote The Year of Liberty (1969), The Boer War Catulle (1922), Topaze (1928) and the trilogy Marius, (1979), The Scramble for Africa (1991) and Meetings Fanny, César (1929–36). He directed or produced with Remarkable Trees (1996). several films, e.g. César (1936), Le Reyain (Harvest, 1937) and La Femme du boulanger (1938). Among his Palaeologus. Byzantine dynasty. The family was novels are Le Château de ma mère, Le Temps des Secrets. famous in the history of Constantinople from the He was the first film-maker elected to the Académie 11th century, but its first Emperor was Michael VIII française (1946). (c.1224–1282, reigned 1258–82). His successors ruled the empire until Constantine XI (1403–1453, Paine, Thomas (1737–1809). Anglo-American reigned 1443–53) died while vainly trying to defend political theorist and activist, born in Norfolk. Constantinople against the Turks. Having tried several occupations including that of excise officer, he went, on the advice of Benjamin Nicol, D. M., The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261– *Franklin to America, where he published Common 1453. 1972; Norwich, J. J., Byzantium: The Decline Sense (1776), a pamphlet demanding complete and Fall. 1995. independence from Britain, and The Crisis (1776– Palafox (y Melci), José, Duke of Saragossa (1776– 83), a series of pamphlets advocating the same end. 1847). Spanish patriot. In the early stages of the Meanwhile he had fought in the colonial armies Peninsular War he was a leader of those Spaniards and had been administratively concerned with the who, with British aid, resisted the invasion of framing of the constitution. In 1791 he returned Napoléon’s armies. He became famous for his heroic to England, but publication of his greatest work, The Rights of Man (1791–92), a reply to Edmund defence of Saragossa but after its final capitulation *Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, forced (February 1809) he was imprisoned by the French him to go to France to avoid prosecution. There he until 1813. He was created Duke in 1834. was elected to the Convention but, after opposing the Palamas, Kostas (1859–1943). Greek writer. His execution of *Louis XVI, was for a time in prison, epics, e.g. The King’s Flute (1910), concerned with where he began The Age of Reason (1794–96), a work the Byzantine period, reawakened Greek pride and defending deism (i.e. a belief in God that is divorced sorrow in the events of their great history: liberty from Christianity or any other ‘enslaving’ religion). and justice were his constant themes. In addition He returned to America in 1802, where he came into to poetry, lyric and philosophical as well as epic, conflict with the Federalists.