A R C H A E O L O G Y
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by James B. Heidel he city of Antinoupolis in Middle Egypt, constructed in the 130s AD, is Roman Emperor Hadrian’s largest building pro- ject. With in the perimeter of the ancient walls, its ruins cov- er an area of 113 hectares (270 acres), which is about 1.75 x 0.75 km (a mile by half a mile). This is sixty percent larger than the ruins of ancient Pompeii, which cover about sixty- Above, Three engrTav - ings from Description nine hectares (170 acres). As suming a similar population de l’Égypte of the ruins density to Pompeii, an approximate number of inhabitants of Antinoupolis, as they appeared at the begin - for Antinoupolis when fully settled with colonists would have ning of the 19th Cen - been about eighteen to twenty thousand people. Outside of tury. Opposite, Bust of the walls, the city’s associated cemeteries, quarries, roads the deified Antinous, Second Century AD, and other features stretch for many square kilometers more. today in the Hermitage. Yet of all the grand, famous and far-flung projects of Hadri- Inset, Bust of Roman Emperor Hadri an (ruled an, Rome’s greatest emperor/builder, Antinoupolis is argu- 117-138 AD). Internet photos ably the least studied, least excavated and most poorly
Kmt 28 29 Kmt Satellite view of Antinoupolis with major monuments labeled & the Osir-Antinous Temple at lower center. Author's graphic
Kmt 30 Author’s photo Internet phooto understood. It is also one of the most in - ter esting. Many of Hadrian’s projects around the empire display a deft syn - cretism — or combination — of differ - ent cultures, religious/cultic traditions, architectural forms and even building techniques. Antinoupolis is perhaps the epitomic example of this hybridization: Roman architects and engineers design- ed and con structed a new city on the Hel - lenistic mo del to serve the liturgical de- mands of one of ancient Egypt’s oldest gods, in the form of a new compound- deity: Osiris joined with Antinous or “Osir-Antinous.” Roman, Greek and Egyptian forms and concerns are here all rolled into one conception to befit a young Greek who be came an Egyptian god by decree of a Ro man emperor. For the story of the foundation of Antinoupo - lis and its precipitating events, see Kmt , 23: 4, 60-67, or at: < http://antinoupolis. net/antinoupolis thecity/ >. The abovementioned obscurity of the archaeological site of Antinoupo - Above, The Barberini Obelisk lis is slowly changing, due to the ongo - of Aswan red granite & 9.25 ing efforts of the University of Florence m. tall, has stood since 1822 archaeological mission. Although they on Pincio Hill in northeast Rome. It was purchased in have held the concession (or Egyptian- the 1630s by the Barberini government permission) to conduct ar - family from the landowners chaeology at the site since 1935, it has where it was found outside only been since the year 2000 — with the the Porta Maggiore; but the appointment of Prof. Rosario Pintaudi as site of its original erection is debated, with some scholars the mission’s field director — that the Ha - arguing for Antinoupolis it - drianic city has been studied in any sys - self & others preferring vari - tematic way. In fact, so little archaeolog- ous locations around Rome. ical information regarding the Roman Commissioned by Hadrian to city has been recovered previously from commemorate the deification of Antinous, the text describes the site that it has gained a reputation for the founding of Antinoupo - being largely destroyed, with one scholar, lis, the form of its temple of Mary T. Boatwright, summing up the Osir-Antinous, as well as the general attitude when she wrote “… the city’s annual athletic games, unparalleled wealth of documentary evi - & records victorious com - petitors are given wreaths of dence … helps offset the modern destruc- flowers as prizes. In the de - tion of the site.” tail at left, the text indicates Boatwright is certainly correct in part that the obelisk was that there is an unusual amount of textur- originally located at the site al evidence regarding the earliest phases where Antinous was buried; & the vignette at the top of the city, not only from travelers’ ac - shows Amen-Re presenting counts, scattered references in ancient thousands of years to Osir- writings and the Napoleonic publication Antinous, while the latter La Description de l’Égypte , but also from presents Amen-Re with a dozens of fragments of inscribed papy- wdj3t eye. rus found, not at Antinoupolis, but at
31 Kmt Left, The excavation location at Antinoupolis in March 2017. The area worked by the Egyptian Antiquities Organization 1991- 1994 is at lower right, the most recently excavated area at upper left. Below, A limestone door-jamb thickness with the name of Osiris at the center. Author’s photos for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence
nearby sites, chiefly Oxyrhynchus. cient texts, the city’s Temple of Osir-An - mix ed or hybridized, containing both co- From these documents we can tinous. Clement of Alexandria — in the lumns like the “ancients” (meaning phar- begin to learn about the architectural for - middle of a diatribe against the worship aonic style) and like the Greeks (meaning mulation of the city, since they mention of Serapis in that city — complains, “But classical style). specific buildings, including: a praetori- now we have a tomb … a temple and a There are a number of areas um (governor’s residence); an agora (or city of Antinous.” And this temple is also around the city where the distribution of perhaps two, a northern and southern mentioned in one of the most important architectural remains on the surface sug - one); an unusual and elaborate circular texts we have for learning about the foun- gest as yet-undetected major honorific gymnasium; a Caesareum; a bouleuter- dation of Antinoupolis: the text carved architecture of a scale similar to those ion (or city council building) and its ar- on the Barberini obelisk. This red- granite monuments shown in the Description chives; and the temple or temples asso ci- monument is 9.25 meters tall, erected plates. Among these areas the Italian mis - ated with the worship of various deities, since 1822 on Pincio Hill in Rome, al - sion has located, perhaps the most inter - chief among them the Temple of Osir- though its original find-spot is disputed. esting and significant, is the one which, Antinous. We also have knowledge of It commemorates the deification of Anti - as said, we are currently excavating. Our certain of the city’s monuments from the nous and the foundation of Antinoupo- work has shown this site, in the center of Description and other onsite investiga - lis, with descriptions of the legal advant- the city on the Nile, to be a temple pre- tion including our own. These monuments ages of the citizens of that city; the activ - cinct dedicated to the worship of Osir- include an 80 x 80 meter bath building; a ities of the funeral games of Antinous, Antinous himself; and, although there 400 x 100 meter hippodrome; a 115 x 75 the Megala Antinoeia; and a description must have been many shrines dedicated meter peristyle and gate complex, serv - of some of the features of the temple of to Osir-Antinous around the metropolis, ing as the eastern entrance to the city; a the titular deity of the city, Osir-Antin- the precinct’s central location and size six-story triumphal (or commemorative) ous, which must have been the most im - suggests that it is perhaps the Temple of arch, with a wider span than the Arch of portant and central architectural complex Osir-Antinous men tioned on the Barber- Constantine in Rome, accompanied by in a city filled with massive, honorific ini Obelisk. two open-air pavilions composed of forty architecture. The obelisk states that the Excavations in this location were two-story granite columns each; a 75 x city’s Osir-Antinous temple is, “built of opened in 1991 by the Egyptian Ministry 150 meter theater complex with a six- good white stone with sphinxes surround- for Antiquities/Supreme Council for An - story tall entrance gate; two triumphal ing it as well as statues of the gods, and tiquities (then the Egyptian Antiquities four-columned crossroads; and about 2.5 many columns like those made by the an - Organization) and were carried out in mul - kilometers of colonnaded main streets, cients and by the Greeks likewise….” In tiple campaigns until 1994. A pavement, where pedestrians could walk under ar - addition to recording that the temple is fallen columns and a deep ashlar-and-con- cades and out of the Egyptian sun. made of limestone and filled with sphinx - crete retaining wall were located. The ex- However, the monument we are es and statues, the interesting thing in the cavators concluded, based on the wall and currently excavating has not been previ - description — from an architectural the style of the columns, that the monu - ously noted by onsite investigation and point of view — is the implication that ment was a “Ptolemaic harbor,” which, may well be one mentioned in the an - the style of the temple’s architecture is if correct, would be the first Ptolemaic Kmt 32 monument found at Antinoupolis. University of Chicago’s Epigraphic Sur - When I joined the Italian expe - vey for translation and interpretation of dition in 2009, I was struck by these re - all the inscriptions associated with this mains; and it seemed to me that the con- monument. struction techniques were Roman, not The block displays the name of Ptolemaic or pharaonic, and that the struc- Osiris flanked by rnpt staffs (knotched ture revealed must be the corner of a mon- palm frond spines representing millions umental court built as part of Hadrian’s of years) carved on the jamb thickness. original design for the city. The very The text on the inside of the jamb (based deep ashlar-and-masonry wall at the ex - on the door swing) reads that the shrines cavation’s southwest edge was shown by and offerings of the god are protected, our subsequent geophysical survey in and mentions the border of the god’s pre- January of 2012 to be the ancient Nile cinct. These details, which are typical of edge fortified with a quay or tribune. The temple texts, together with the god’s name current Nile edge is over 100 meters to on the thickness of the door jamb indicate the southwest. that the block is from a doorway of an At that time our request for per - Osiris shrine or temple, perhaps a door mission to work in the old excavation in the precinct’s temenos (perimeter wall). area was denied by the Egyptian Antiq - The name Osiris ( wsr ) is cut off at the uities Ministry, since it had been exca - bottom of the block; and based on other vated 20 years before by them; but I did features preserved on it, such as the tops receive permission from Prof. Pintaudi in of the rnpt staffs, it is clear that the block Pharaonic-style architectural elements 2013 to study an inscribed block of lime - comes from near the top of the door jamb. surface finds in 2017 include: Top, A stone left at the door of the dig house by This suggests that perhaps the god’s name banded torus-moulding; Above, A gran - the Egyptian excavators in the early ’90s. continued on the next block or blocks un- odiorite pintle-socket; &, Below, A sepal- Its shape indicates that it formed part of derneath. Might the dedicatory god’s full column base. a door jamb, and its very fragmentary name be Osir-Antinous? It took sev eral Author’s photos for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence texts indicate that the door it held led more years of work to know for sure. into a shrine or temple dedicated to Osi- This initial analysis was excit - ris. I am greatly indebted to Dr. J. Brett ing enough that the mission repeatedly McClain, the assistant director of the applied for permission to work in the old
Above, Foundation wall made of reused classical-style elements. Author’s photo for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence
33 Kmt Left, top & bottom, Classical-style limestone fragments excavated from re-use in a later foun - dation in the Osir-Antinous temple-precinct. Below, Reconstruction drawing comparing columns found so far. Author’s photos & graphic for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence
excavation area, as a collaboration with beneath the perimeter colonnade of the of a Fourth to Fifth Century Coptic the SCA, but without success. Analysis peristyle court. (The pavement had been church, of which many at Antinoupolis of the area surrounding the old excava - robbed out.) They also revealed what we are already known), completely made of tion had revealed many architectural believe to be the foundation of a mud- architectural fragments of a dismantled fragments, confirming the presence of a brick precinct perimeter-wall ( temenos ). classical-style building. Using clas sical large pharaonic-style honorific structure In February of 2015, additional systems of proportion for the capital indicative of the Ptolemaic/Roman per- sondages confirmed the extension of the fragments recovered allows a compari - iod, particularly in the area northeast of temenos foundation until very near the son of reconstructed columns. These frag - the old excavation, between it and the cardo . The main streets of Antinoupolis ments did not seem at first to come from cardomaximus , the main north-south are known to have been completely colon - the same complex as the phar aonic-style street at the center of the city. It appear- naded, and the turning of the precinct fragments we had heretofore recovered; ed that the structure in the old excava - wall near the cardo is in a location al - but, as mentioned above, the Barberini tion might continue into this area outside lowing space for this. This par ticular Obelisk informs us that the Osir- Antinous the old zone, and we began to focus our test-pit also contain ed an odd feature. temple has component elements of dif - efforts there where, in October of 2014, Hard against the inside of the precinct- ferent styles. Nearby, as part of the ex - sondages (test pits) revealed the contin u- wall foundation, we uncovered the foun - tensive cleaning of the area, another ation of the setting bed for the pavement dation of a post-Roman structure (likely hieroglyph-inscribed limestone block Kmt 34 S I D E B A R Who Was Antinous? adrian spent eleven of his twenty-one sonal/romantic interests. years as Roman emperor (117-138 AD) On the fateful trip to Egypt, Hadrian outside of Italy, traveling the provinces and Antinous’s relationship was in full flower, of his far-flung empire, to manage the details judging from various texts recording their Hof their administration in person. On these hunting and other activities together. By the voyages he was accompanied by hundreds of middle of October, the imperial court, travel - courtiers, officials and staff, all needing to be ing on barges up the Nile, had reached Mid - fed, hous ed and entertained by local au thori - dle Egypt and were likely moored at Hermop- ties. It was during a stop in Claudiopo lis — olis Magna – the great city of worship of the capital of the province of Bithynia (now Tur- phar aonic deity Thoth (joined with Hermes in key) on the south shore of the Black Sea — the Graeco-Roman period), when Antinous in 123 AD that a young man named Antinous drown ed in the Nile on the feast day of Osiris, probably joined this peripat etic court. We know October 24. There is no hint of discord in the almost nothing about him, except his familial couple’s relationship in the scant information connections must have been sufficient to se - which has survived; and yet it is hard to square cure Antinous a position in the imperial en - that an athletic young man — who undoubt ed- tourage . Over the next sev en years, until his ly could swim — would drown on the very premature death in Egypt in 130 AD, Antin- festival day of Osiris, god of the dead, whose ous became the love of Hadrian’s life. dominion encompassed a special relationship When they met Antinous was young, with all creatures dying in the great Nile river. uncomfortably so for our modern mores. We Speculation began immediately among have no indication of the year of his birth, but the court and imperial chroniclers: was Anti - he may have been no more than thirteen when nous’s drowning an accident, murder, sui cide he joined the court, perhaps as a page or groom. or a ritual sacrifice? Hadrian’s only com ment, This was not an unusual age for such employ- “He fell in,” was no help in the matter, and ment. A sexual relationship with either gen - the questions continue to the present. der for a youth this old would not have been The depth of Hadrian’s love for An- unusual for elite Greeks and Romans. Also, tinous is clarified for us today by the intensi- although we know Antinous probably joined ty of his recorded grief. One ancient writer the court in 123 AD, we have no indication of complains that Hadrian was so upset that he when he actually met Hadrian for the first time could not restrain himself from “crying like a or when they developed a sexual relationship. woman” in front of diplomatic emissaries, However, it seems certain that they were ro - which must have made for an uncharacteristi - mantic and sexual partners by the end of An - cally un dignified scene in a reign remarkable tinous’s life in 130 AD, when he would have for its overall decorum. The foundation of been nine teen or twenty and Hadrian much Antinoupolis, perhaps the largest and most older at fifty-four. expensive project of his reign, further under - The construct of a sexual identity is scores the extent of the emperor’s grief. a recent concept, and Hadrian would not have By drowning in the Nile, Antinous defined himself as homosexual; but it is clear became joined with Osiris, according to phar- that his romantic attentions were directed main- aonic tradition. To become the god Osir-Anti - ly towards men. Hadrian’s only serious con - nous was no small achievement for a young tretemps with Trajan, his predecessor (and un- man of modest birth who, according to Graeco- cle), happened early in his career, when the Roman tradition, would, if he was admitted two openly fought over the affections of one at all, not be in the same part of the Under - or more young men in the court. However, world (the Elysian Fields) as the patricians and heroes. As the reigning pharaoh of Egypt, Hadrian was accused at another time of af - Osir-Antinous, life-size marble statue fairs with married patrician women — one of Hadrian was seen as a manifestation of Horus in the Vatican collection. Internet photo the most serious moral transgressions of the while alive, who would become joined with time — so we mustn’t think of him as exclu - journeys. This argues against estrange ment as Re, the solar deity, upon his death. According sively “gay” in the modern sense; “pansexual” well, since there was no political or function- to Egyp tian tradition, every evening at dusk is a better modern categorization. al requirement for Sabina to be present abroad. as the sun’s disk sank below the horizon, Re Hadrian was married to a woman She was certainly in Egypt with Hadrian and merged with Osiris for the trip through the named Vibia Sabina (Trajan’s niece on the Antinous in 130 AD, as various inscriptions Underworld; and at dawn each day they sepa - other side of the family from Hadrian), and indicate. And, as we now know from our cur - rated again, as the newborn sun began its jour - though the marriage was childless, that is not rent excavation, her name is preserved in hi - ney across the sky. Whatever intention may, to be taken as an automatic indication of love - eroglyphs and cartouches alongside Hadrian’s; or may not, lay behind the drowning of Anti - lessness. Divorce was common in Roman so - and she was a co-dedicator of the Osir-Anti - nous, the end result was that these two lovers ciety, even — or perhaps especially — among nous temple, which is not the be havior one found a way within a pre-existing pharaonic emperors; and yet they remained married un- would expect from an estranged wife. A re- theological construct to not only be reunited til Sabina’s death in 137 AD, a year before evaluation of their relationship is in order. each day with the setting sun (Hadrian as Re Hadrian’s own. It is also clear that, unlike More likely, given the current evi dence, is a and Antinous as Osiris), but to join into the many of her predecessors, Empress Sabina scenario where Hadrian and Sabina were a same deity each evening for all eternity. often accompanied Hadrian on his foreign - friendly couple, each pursuing their own per- JBH 35 Kmt Above, The Osir-Antinous temple-site be- ing excavated in 2017. At left is the founda - tion of the small temple, at right the well. Left, An inscribed fragmentary block from a gate or pylon. Author’s photos for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence
was found. The text on it would have our collaboration with the SCA had final- meter-wide temple of classical plan, but originally appeared above and between ly been granted, which would allow us to with pharaonic detailing, standing one two figures with an implement passed work in the old excavation area. During course high in the Roman court; an asso - between them (such as Amen presenting our three-week campaign in October of ciated six-meter-diameter sacred well a scimitar to the king); and the text con - 2015, we were able to clean that area and next to it, with an attached underground cerns the enforcement of order. How - partially recut the baulks (or sides of the passage; and more capitals and column ever, the parts of text and the implement excavation pit) from the 1990s to gain a shafts from the court. We also found a being passed are too fragmentary for a clean section. However, in February of block inscribed with hieroglyphs which secure interpretation. The fragment fea - 2016, the Egyp tian government did not includes three torus moldings coming to - tures a battered (sloped) carved surface give us permission to work. And in Oc - gether in a corner, indicating it formed which indicates that it is from a pharaon- tober of 2016, it likewise refused us per - the top corner of a pharaonic-style tem - ic-style pylon or gate, with a battered mission to work. ple just below the cornice at the roofline. façade. Such a scene and text as posited From the end of January through But, most importantly, we found a cor - would be likely to occur on such a pylon the beginning of March 2017 — two years nice block containing the names in car - façade. later — we were finally able to carry out touches of Hadrian and Sabina (his wife) In March of 2015, just after our a full six weeks of excavation in the old as well as the names of the gods Osir- excavation closed, we were informed that area. This work revealed half of an eight- Antinous and Hathor, which was pub - Kmt 36 lished in Egyptian Archaeology magazine, part of it was redug, the fill of which cavating the perimeter of the now free - accessible at:
Below, Hybrid or mixed-style ar - chitectural fragments: Below, Cor - ner of a segmental (curved) clas- sical pediment surmounted by a cobra frieze; &, Bottom, An Egyp- tian cavetto cornice with classical dentils. Author’s photos for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence
Above, A cornice-block from the Osir-Antinous temple, with cartouches of Em - peror Hadrian & his wife, Empress Sabina, alongside of which are the names of the deities Osir-Antinous & Hathor. Below, Drawing of the same block. Author’s photo & graphic for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence
37 Kmt Axonometric drawing by Sheila Gibson of the Ptolemaic Serapeum in Alexandria, showing a free-standing temple & other structures asymmetrically disposed around a large peristyle court, similar to the arrangement of the Osir-Antinous temple precinct at Antinoupolis. From J. McKenzie , The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt c. 300 BC to AD 700
Kmt 38 free-standing classical-style building and a smaller structure or structures of a hy - bridized architectural style in the Antin- oupolis complex. These elements compare well with the Alexandrian Serapeum. The only major difference, however, is that archi - tectural elements known from the Alex- andrian temple were executed in a more straightforward classical style, while the Antinoupolitan temple was detailed with a more complicated syncretism of tradi - tions, a difference which may reflect the different origins/requirements of these Italian Mission archaeologists Fathy Awad (left) & Hamada Kellawy at work, with the two different-but-related gods. full perimeter of the Osir-Antinous small temple revealed & well at right. It is exciting to think that we may Author’s photo for the Archaeological Mission of the University of Florence have Hadrian’s take on one of the ancient Mediterranean’s most famous tem ples. What do all these elements add tions. The smaller buildings were remov- However, many more years of exca va - up to demonstrate? It is early, yet, for any ed and a larger free standing temple to tion are required to be able to reconstruct sort of conclusion, even early for a co - Serapis was centered on the new main the form and detailing of the Osir-Anti - herent hypothesis. Many more seasons axis of the peristyle near the north end. nous temple at Antinoupolis. Otherwise, of excavation are required for the monu - There were multiple underground pas - these intriguing indications of the inven - ment to begin to assume definitive form sages connecting the various structures tive syncretic forms of one of Ha drian’s in a reconstruction on paper. However, and multiple en trances to the pre cinct most complex and interesting build ing pro- the examination of parallel material is a through its temenos in both ver sions. The jects will remain nothing more than hints useful exercise. Even in the time of Hadri- entire earlier Ptolemaic complex meas - of the designers’ intentions . an, when the Roman Empire’s architec - ured about 174 x 77 meters. tural expression was at its inventive, po- As said the parts of the Temple Notes lymorphic apogee, one still expects par- of Osir-Antinous at Antinoupolis so far 1. Mary T. Boatwright, Hadrian and the Cities allels for the plan and taxis (or disposi - excavated are remarkably similar to the of the Roman Empire (Princeton 2000), 190. 2. Judith McKenzie, The Architecture of Alex- tion of elements) of a monument. Ptolemaic Serapeum at Alexandria. If, as andria and Egypt c. 300 BC to AD 700 (Yale Our best parallel for the mate - the sondages along its south flank indi - 2007). The axonometric reconstruction of the rial we have uncovered so far is the Ser - cate, the complex runs from the ancient Ptolemaic complex is by Sheila Gibson, fig. apeum of Alexandria, which was essen- Nile edge to the cardomaximus , the Osir- 324 in McKenzie’s book. tially a large peristyle court with a col - Antinous temple measures about 175 me- Acknowledgements I am grateful to our lection of free-standing buildings/monu - ters in the long direction; and, assuming field director, Prof. Rosario Pintaudi, and the ments contained therein. This temple’s it is symmetrically placed in the center Istituto Papirologico “G. Vitelli” of the Uni - most famous element is Pompey’s Pillar, of the city, the as-yet-unexcavated north versity of Florence, Italy, for permission to more properly referred to as a monument flank would produce about a 75- to 80- publish the information presented here. Spe - to Diocletian. However, as Judith McKen- meter-width, virtually the same as its cial thanks to all the members of the Italian mission, but especially to our two archaeolo - zie’s publication of the Serapeum has de- possible Alexandrian prototype. The ex - gists who are overseeing the excavations: monstrated, the complex which Hadrian cavations from the early ’90s through Fathy Awad, chief inspector of the Mellawi saw was an earlier, smaller version built 2017 show one corner of a large peristyle Inspectorate, and Hamada Kellawy, inspector by Ptolemy III Euergetes I than that which court forming the perimeter of the monu - in South Minya. We thank the Egyptian An - the expansive remains currently suggest. ment, with, at the moment, two structures tiquities Ministry for agreeing to a collabora - tive excavation in this location and for provid- Textural evidence indicates the — the small temple and the well — plac - ing us with the necessary permissions to carry Ptolemaic temple burned in 181 AD and ed in the court. The smaller, well-preserv- out the work. was rebuilt by or before 216. The arch- ed cornice-fragment seems to come from aeological evidence indicates the older the small temple we have excavated; and About the Author James B. Heidel is the ar - building contained three or four smaller the larger, poorly preserved cornice-frag - chitect for the Italian mission to Antinoupo - structures asymmetrically disposed in ment must have topped a much larger lis, as well as for the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago’s Epigrapic Survey, the court, while the peristyle in the re - temple nearby, likely in the same com - Chicago House. He is also president of the building was about a third larger and plex. From the other fragments recov - Antinoupolis Foundation. For more informa - constructed partly on the older founda - ered to date, it seems we also have a tion: