DOCSLIB.ORG

The London School of Economics and Political Science Hegemony

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The London School of Economics and Political Science Hegemony View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LSE Theses Online The London School of Economics and Political Science Hegemony, Transformism and Anti-Politics: Community-Driven Development Programmes at the World Bank Emmanuelle Poncin A thesis submitted to the Department of Government of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, June 2012. 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,559 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Patrick Murphy and Madeleine Poncin. 2 Abstract This thesis scrutinises the emergence, expansion, operations and effects of community-driven development (CDD) programmes, referring to the most popular and ambitious form of local, participatory development promoted by the World Bank. On the one hand, this thesis draws on the writings of Antonio Gramsci to explore new ways of contextualising and understanding CDD programmes along the lines of hegemony and transformism, as promoting social stability and demobilising counter-hegemonic challenges under conditions of democratisation and decentralisation, in support of economic liberalisation. On the other hand, it scrutinises the performative operations of CDD discourse in producing, legitimising and reproducing interventions, along the lines of "anti-politics," inspired by the Foucauldian approaches of James Ferguson and Tania Li. It also examines the performances elicited by CDD discourse, which "hails" politicians as "progressive" leaders, and "interpellates" the population as an "empowered" and "civil" society. Focusing on "Kalahi," the "flagship" CDD programme of the World Bank in the Philippines, in the "showcase" Province of Bohol, this research also reveals that CDD interventions, ostensibly designed to promote popular participation in local governance, have in practice worked to shore up the position of entrenched local machine politicians, and to undermine local peasant and fishermen's organisations mobilised to demand implementation of agrarian reform and legislation restricting large-scale fishing. Kalahi, the thesis further shows, was from the outset also intertwined with the expansion of agro-business and tourism ventures in the province, and with counterinsurgency operations. In parallel, Kalahi discourse has promoted new discursive styles of leadership, which have enabled local politicians to enhance their political clout and to reinforce their popular support base, whilst practices and institutions have remained essentially unchanged. Overall, this thesis thus shows that CDD programmes have worked to shore up hegemony in rural localities throughout the Philippines, and elsewhere across the developing world. 3 Contents List of Figures and Tables.......................................................................................................7 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................8 List of Acronyms......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1 – Introduction ......................................................................................................11 A New Paradigm in Local Development .............................................................................11 CDD as Instrument of “Good Governance”: The Liberal Communitarian View................14 Empirical Record .................................................................................................................17 “Social Capital” and “Empowerment,” Revisited................................................................21 Anti-Politics Machine ..........................................................................................................27 Hegemony and Transformism..............................................................................................33 A Material-Discursive Analytical Framework of CDD Programmes..................................39 Methodology and Data Sources ...........................................................................................45 Research Design and Methodology .................................................................................45 Scope and Limitations......................................................................................................49 Sources.............................................................................................................................52 Thesis Overview...................................................................................................................54 Chapter 2 – The Emergence and Rise of CDD Programmes Worldwide.........................56 Free Market and Oligarchical Democracies in the 1980s ....................................................59 Bringing the State back in: “Good Governance” in the early 1990s....................................65 The Emergence of CDD Programmes: The Cases of Brazil and Mexico............................72 Mexico..............................................................................................................................72 Brazil................................................................................................................................78 Bringing Society Back in: “Civil Society” and “Empowerment” at the Bank ....................84 The Evolution and Expansion of CDD Programmes: Indonesia’s KDP and Beyond .........92 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................103 Chapter 3 – Kalahi in Philippine Oligarchical Democracy .............................................108 Oligarchical Democracy.....................................................................................................117 Crises and Transformist Responses ...................................................................................120 People Power II..................................................................................................................127 The Emergence of Kalahi and the 2004 Elections .............................................................131 The Kalahi Vision ..............................................................................................................136 Expansion...........................................................................................................................141 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................143 Chapter 4 – Bohol as Arena for Kalahi Intervention.......................................................148 4 Spanish Colonial Rule (1521-1898)...................................................................................153 American Colonial Era (1898-1946)..................................................................................156 Post-Independence Commercialisation of the Economy ...................................................161 Going Global......................................................................................................................166 Tourism ..........................................................................................................................168 Agriculture .....................................................................................................................171 Local Growth Coalition......................................................................................................174 Contestation, Containment and Counterinsurgency...........................................................178 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................184 Chapter 5 – The “Enabled” Environment.........................................................................188 Kalahi Operations in Bohol: An Overview........................................................................194 The Rise of “Progressive” Leaders in the 1990s................................................................203 The Aumentado Provincial Administration, 2001-2010....................................................206 Electoral Domination and Development............................................................................213 Performing Kalahi in Bohol’s Municipalities....................................................................216 Counterinsurgency-led Development.................................................................................224 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................230
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table 2.16 WOOD-BASED PLANTS: 1994
    2014 Philippine Forestry Statistics Forest Management Bureau 2014 Philippine Forestry Statistics FOREWORD The Philippine Forestry Statistics is an annual publication of the Forest Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. It provides basic information on forestry in the country. The data comprising this edition are presented in six (6) parts: Part I refers to forest cover, forest resources, and forest activities; Part II contains forest resources utilization; Part III presents the summary data on foreign trade; Part IV provides price information of logs, processed wood products as well as non-timber forest products; Part V indicates the revenues derived from the utilization of forest resources; and Part VI pertains to other statistics relevant to forestry. Most of the data presented in this publication were collected from administrative reports of the DENR Regional Offices. Others were secondary data gathered from various agencies such as the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). We wish to extend our sincere acknowledgement to the different government agencies and other stakeholders for their invaluable assistance in making this publication possible. RICARDO L. CALDERON, CESO III Director TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................... iii List of Statistical Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi Figures .………………...…………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................
    [Show full text]
  • 14-228-229-Vnr-Plywood Prod.Xlsx
    2014 Philippine Forestry Statistics Forest Management Bureau 2014 Philippine Forestry Statistics Forest Management Bureau 2014 Philippine Forestry Statistics Table 1.01 LAND CLASSIFICATION: 1994 - 2014 (In hectare) F o r e s t l a n d C l a s s i f i e d Year Total Area Certified Established National Military Total Unclassified Established Civil A & D Total Forest Parks & & Naval Fishpond Timberland Reservations Reserves GRBS/WA Reservations 2014 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2013 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2012 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2011 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2010 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2009 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2008 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2007 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2006 30,000,000 14,194,675 15,805,325 755,009 15,050,316 3,270,146 10,056,020 1,340,997 126,130 165,946 91,077 2005 30,000,000 14,207,582 15,792,418 753,427 15,038,991 3,222,360 10,090,899 1,342,579 126,130 165,946 91,077 2004
    [Show full text]
  • SPPR NO. 2013- ___WHEREAS, Section 391 (16) of Republic Act
    SPPR NO. 2013- _____ WHEREAS, Section 391 (16) of Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991, provides for the organization of community brigades, barangay tanods or community service units as may be necessary. The State recognizes the integral role of Barangay Tanod in governance and maintenance of peace and security at the barangay level; WHEREAS, Section 2 of E.O. 366, Series of 1996 issued by then President Fidel V. Ramos on September 5, 1996, provides for “…Organizing the Barangay Peace and Order Committee as the Implementing Arm of the City / Municipal Peace and Order Council at the Barangay Level”, as amended by E.O. No. 773, Series 739, Series of 2009, issued by then President Gloria M. Arroyo on January 5, 2009, entitled “Further Reorganization of the Peace and Order Council”; WHEREAS, Section 2 of E.O 546, Series of 2006 issued by then President Gloria M. Arroyo on July 14, 2006, entitled “Directing the Philippine National Police to Undertake Active Support to the Armed Forces of the Philippines in Internal Security Operations for the Suppression of Insurgency and Other Serious Threats to National Security, Amending Certain Provisions of Executive Order No. 110 Series of 1999 and For Other Purposes”, authorizes the PNP to deputize the Barangay Tanods as force multipliers in the implementation of the security plan in the area; WHEREAS, Section 3 of E.O. No. 546, Series of 2006 provides that the Department of Interior and Local Government shall exert efforts in securing and institutionalizing funding support from Local Government Units.
    [Show full text]
  • Hbeat60a.Pdf
    2 HEALTHbeat I July - August 2010 HEALTH exam eeny, meeny, miney, mo... _____ 1. President Noynoy Aquino’s platform on health is called... a) Primary Health Care b) Universal Health Care c) Well Family Health Care _____ 2. Dengue in its most severe form is called... a) dengue fever b) dengue hemorrhagic fever c) dengue shock syndrome _____ 3. Psoriasis is... a) an autoimmune disease b) a communicable disease c) a skin disease _____ 4. Disfigurement and disability from Filariasis is due to... a) mosquitoes b) snails c) worms _____ 5. A temporary family planning method based on the natural effect of exclusive breastfeeding is... a) Depo-Provera b) Lactational Amenorrhea c) Tubal Ligation _____ 6. The creamy yellow or golden substance that is present in the breasts before the mature milk is made is... a) Colostrum b) Oxytocin c) Prolactin _____ 7. The pop culture among the youth that rampantly express depressing words through music, visual arts and the Internet is called... a) EMO b) Jejemon c) Badingo _____ 8. The greatest risk factor for developing lung cancer is... a) Human Papilloma Virus b) Fats c) Smoking _____ 9. In an effort to further improve health services to the people and be at par with its private counterparts, Secretary Enrique T. Ona wants the DOH Central Office and two or three pilot DOH hospitals to get the international standard called... a) ICD 10 b) ISO Certification c) PS Mark _____ 10. PhilHealth’s minimum annual contribution is worth... a) Php 300 b) Php 600 c) Php 1,200 Answers on Page 49 July - August 2010 I HEALTHbeat 3 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH - National Center for Health Promotion 2F Bldg.
    [Show full text]
  • GAZETTE VOLUME XLII, NUMBER 4 October - December 2011 ISSN No
    The University of the Philippines GAZETTE VOLUME XLII, NUMBER 4 October - December 2011 ISSN No. 0115-7450 CONTENTS DECISIONS OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS 1274TH MEETING, 27 OCTOBER 2011 MATTERS ARISING FROM THE PREVIOUS MEETINGS OF THE BOARD Page On the Appeal to the Honorable Board of Regents of the Decision of the Offi ce of the President on the case of DEAN JUAN AMOR PALAFOX (ADT CASE NO. UPD-2004-009) 1 On the NOTICE OF APPEAL to the Honorable Board of Regents by Respondents-Appellants Dean ENRIQUE M. AVILA and Prof. ERNESTO P. PINEDA on the Decision of the Offi ce of the President on ADT Case No. UP Cebu 2011-001 for Gross Negligence, Grave Misconduct, and Gross Neglect of Duty 1 On the MOTION TO INHIBIT by Respondents-Appellants Dean ENRIQUE M. AVILA and Prof. ERNESTO P. PINEDA in ADT Case No. UP Cebu 2011-001 for Gross Negligence, Grave Misconduct, and Gross Neglect of Duty, Asking President Alfredo E. Pascual to Refrain from Sitting as Presiding Offi cer in Deliberations, Discussions and/or Voting before the Board of Regents in Relation to the Case 1 On the NOTICE OF APPEAL to the Honorable Board of Regents by Respondent-Appellant SHARIF ALSIDRY on the Decision of the Offi ce of the President on ADT Case No. UP Cebu 2011-001 for Gross Negligence, Grave Misconduct, and Gross Neglect of Duty 1 On the Report of the Reconstituted Administrative Disciplinary Tribunal on the case of MR. FLORENDO SAMBRANO, UP Los Baños 1 REPORTS FOR INFORMATION OF THE BOARD A.
    [Show full text]
  • The 16Th Congress
    CongressWatch Report No. 176 Report No. 176 17 June 2013 The 16th Congress In the Senate The 16th Congress will open on 22 July, the same day that President Benigno Aquino III delivers his fourth State-of-the-Nation Address (SONA). The Senate will likely have a complete roster for the first time since the 12th Congress. It may be recalled that during the 2001 elections, 13 senators were elected, with the last placer serving the unfinished term of Sen. Teofisto Guingona who was then appointed as vice president. The chamber had a full roll of 24 senators for only a year, due to the appointment of Sen. Blas Ople as Foreign Affairs Secretary on 23 July 2002, and due to the passing of Sen. Renato Cayetano on 25 June 2003. The 11th, 13th, 14th, and 15th Congresses did not have full membership, primarily because a senator did not complete the six-year term due to being elected to another post.1 In the 2013 midterm elections last May, all of the six senators seeking re-election made it to the top 12, while two were members of the House of Representatives in the 15th Congress. The twelve senators-elect are: SENATOR PARTY PREVIOUS POSITION 1. ANGARA, Juan Edgardo M. LDP Representative (Aurora, lone) 2. AQUINO, Paolo Benigno IV A. LP Former chairperson, National Youth Commission 3. BINAY-ANGELES, Nancy S. UNA 4. CAYETANO, Alan Peter S. NP Outgoing senator 5. EJERCITO, Joseph Victor G. UNA Representative (San Juan City, lone) 6. ESCUDERO, Francis Joseph G. Independent Outgoing senator 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 6.02 MB
    Initial Environmental Examination January 2019 PHI: Integrated Natural Resources and Environmental Management Project Rehabilitation of Ilaya to Datag Access Road in Inabanga, Bohol Prepared by Municipality of Inabanga, Province of Bohol for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 03 December 2018 Year) The date of the currency equivalents must be within 2 months from the date on the cover. Currency unit – peso (PhP) PhP 1.00 = $ 0.019052 $1.00 = PhP 52.4864 ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank BDC Barangay Development Council BUB Bottom-Up Budgeting CNC Certificate of Non-Coverage CSC Construction Supervision Consultant CSO Civil Society Organization DED Detail Engineering Design DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DSWD Department of Social Welfare and Development ECA Environmentally Critical Area ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate ECP Environmentally Critical Project EHSM Environmental Health and Safety Manager EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMB Environmental Management Bureau ESS Environmental Safeguards Specialist GAD Gender and Development IEE Initial Environmental Examination INREMP Integrated Natural Resources and Environment Management Project IP Indigenous People IROW Infrastructure Right of Way LGU Local Government Unit LPRAT Local Poverty Reduction Action Team MDC Municipal Development Council NAAQ National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines NCB National Competitive Bidding NECA Non-Environmental Critical
    [Show full text]
  • Between Rhetoric and Reality: the Progress of Reforms Under the Benigno S. Aquino Administration
    Acknowledgement I would like to extend my deepest gratitude, first, to the Institute of Developing Economies-JETRO, for having given me six months from September, 2011 to review, reflect and record my findings on the concern of the study. IDE-JETRO has been a most ideal site for this endeavor and I express my thanks for Executive Vice President Toyojiro Maruya and the Director of the International Exchange and Training Department, Mr. Hiroshi Sato. At IDE, I had many opportunities to exchange views as well as pleasantries with my counterpart, Takeshi Kawanaka. I thank Dr. Kawanaka for the constant support throughout the duration of my fellowship. My stay in IDE has also been facilitated by the continuous assistance of the “dynamic duo” of Takao Tsuneishi and Kenji Murasaki. The level of responsiveness of these two, from the days when we were corresponding before my arrival in Japan to the last days of my stay in IDE, is beyond compare. I have also had the opportunity to build friendships with IDE Researchers, from Nobuhiro Aizawa who I met in another part of the world two in 2009, to Izumi Chibana, one of three people that I could talk to in Filipino, the other two being Takeshi and IDE Researcher, Velle Atienza. Maraming salamat sa inyo! I have also enjoyed the company of a number of other IDE researchers within or beyond the confines of the Institute—Khoo Boo Teik, Kaoru Murakami, Hiroshi Kuwamori, and Sanae Suzuki. I have been privilege to meet researchers from other disciplines or area studies, Masashi Nakamura, Kozo Kunimune, Tatsufumi Yamagata, Yasushi Hazama, Housan Darwisha, Shozo Sakata, Tomohiro Machikita, Kenmei Tsubota, Ryoichi Hisasue, Hitoshi Suzuki, Shinichi Shigetomi, and Tsuruyo Funatsu.
    [Show full text]
  • A Popular Strongman Gains More Power by Joseph Purugganan September 2019
    Blickwechsel Gesellscha Umwelt Menschenrechte Armut Politik Entwicklung Demokratie Gerechtigkeit In the Aftermath of the 2019 Philippine Elections: A Popular Strongman Gains More Power By Joseph Purugganan September 2019 The Philippines concluded a high-stakes midterm elections in May 2019, that many consider a critical turning point in our nation’s history. While the Presidency was not on the line, and Rodrigo Duterte himself was not on the ballot, the polls were seen as a referendum on his presidency. Duterte has drawn flak for his deadly ‘War on In midterm elections, voters have historically fa- Drugs’ that has taken the lives of over 5,000 vored candidates backed by a popular incumbent suspects according to official police accounts, and rejected those supported by unpopular ones. but the death toll could be as high as 27,000 ac- In the 2013 midterms for instance, the adminis- cording to the Philippine Commission on Human tration supported by former President Benigno Rights. The administration has also been criti- Aquino III, won 9 out of 12 Senate seats. Like cized for its handling of the maritime conflict Duterte, Aquino had a high satisfaction rating with China in the West Philippine Sea. heading into the midterms. In contrast, a very unpopular Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, with neg- Going into the polls however, Duterte, despite ative net satisfaction ratings, weighed down the all the criticisms at home and abroad, has main- administration ticket. In the Senate race in 2007, tained consistently high popularity and trust the Genuine Opposition coalition was able to se- ratings. The latest survey conducted five months cure eight out of 12 Senate seats, while Arroyo’s ahead of the elections showed the President Team Unity only got two seats and the other two having a 76 percent trust score and an 81 percent slots went to independent candidates.
    [Show full text]
  • Fma-Digest-Vol4-No1.Pdf
    Publisher Steven K. Dowd Contributing Writers Bee Landrum Malcolm Knight Mike Macro Vincent Palumbo Ron England Allan Duncan Khalid Khan Contents From the Publishers Desk Carlito Bonjoc Jr. World Nickelstick Eskrima Club Senior Instructor Jose Valencia Tan Strength in Motion The South Australian Stickfighting Alliance Crow’s Martial Arts Academy Ola’a-Nalo Eskrima Oakland Eskrima Club DAMAG-INC Martial Arts a Tool to Educate People The British Council of Kali Eskrima Arnis Instructors Cultural Awareness - mandirigma.org Sunday School FMA Past Events FMA Future Events Filipino Martial Arts Digest is published and distributed by: FMAdigest 1297 Eider Circle Fallon, Nevada 89406 Visit us on the World Wide Web: www.fmadigest.com The FMAdigest is published quarterly. Each issue features practitioners of martial arts and other internal arts of the Philippines. Other features include historical, theoretical and technical articles; reflections, Filipino martial arts, healing arts and other related subjects. The ideas and opinions expressed in this digest are those of the authors or instructors being interviewed and are not necessarily the views of the publisher or editor. We solicit comments and/or suggestions. Articles are also welcome. The authors and publisher of this digest are not responsible for any injury, which may result from following the instructions contained in the digest. Before embarking on any of the physical activates described in the digest, the reader should consult his or her physician for advice regarding their individual suitability for performing such activity. From the Publishers Desk Kumusta This is the first issue of 2007. 2006 was a great year for issues, besides the regular 4 Issues; there were 11 Special Issues and 12 Special Editions, packed with information on and for the Filipino martial arts practitioners.
    [Show full text]
  • Bayan Muna – Security Forces – State Protection
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: PHL32251 Country: Philippines Date: 27 September 2007 Keywords: Philippines – Bayan Muna – Security forces – State protection This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide a brief overview of the political platform of the Bayan Muna party. 2. Please provide information on whether Bayan Muna members have been targeted by the authorities or other groups. Are there reports of campaigners being targeted? Or is the mistreatment restricted to leaders and electoral candidates? 3. Please provide information on whether the state has provided protection to Bayan Muna members. Have episodes of mistreatment been investigated and prosecuted? RESPONSE 1. Please provide a brief overview of the political platform of the Bayan Muna party. Bayan Muna (People First) is a legally registered left-wing1 progressive party-list group. The party currently has three representatives in Congress. According to the Bayan Muna website, the party “stand[s] on a platform of change and social transformation that addresses the basic problems that have plagued our country – foreign domination, feudal bondage and a graft- ridden government”. Bayan Muna is ideologically close to the Communist Party (CPP) and, along with other left-wing parties, is often accused by the military of being a front for the CPP’s underground organisations and the New People’s Army (NPA) (‘Commitment and 1 In the Philippines, the terms “the left” or “leftists” encompass a broad range of political meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Environment Protection Project for Panglao in Philippines
    REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF BOHOL SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION PROJECT FOR PANGLAO IN PHILIPPINES PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT NOVEMBER 2015 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. 1R NJS CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. JR 15-051 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF BOHOL SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION PROJECT FOR PANGLAO IN PHILIPPINES PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT NOVEMBER 2015 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. NJS CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. EXCHANGE RATE (As of September 2015) US Dollar (US$) 1.00 = Philippines Peso (PHP) 46.65 Philippines Peso (PHP) 1.00 = Japanese Yen (¥) 2.611 ｃｃLocation Map Sustainable Environment Protection Project for Panglao Project Completion Report Sustainable Environment Protection Project for Panglao Project Completion Report Table of Contents Location Map List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………………......iv List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………..v List of Abbreviations… . ……………………………………………………………………………..…vi 1. OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Project ................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Structure of the Project ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Project Area .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]