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The Threats from China The threats from China - A case study over how the Swedish media respond and is affected by threats and harassment from Chinese authorities Julia Grip Two-year Political Science MA programme in Global Politics and Societal Change Dept. of Global Political Studies Course: Political Science Master's thesis ST631L (30 credits) Spring Semester 2020 Supervisor: Ivan Gusic A warm thank you! To my supervisor Ivan Gusic, who has guided me through the process of writing this thesis, helped me to elaborate my ideas and been supportive when I needed advice. To my interview participants, who openly have shared their experiences with me and have given me their time, in order to help me write this thesis. To my family, friends, former colleagues and colleagues whom have encouraged me, gave me helpful comments, good tips and provided feedback whenever I needed. Abstract In 2018, there was clear evidence that Sweden was targeted of China’s attempts to influence their media. The Chinese embassy started criticising Swedish news reporting through insults or even threats. Since 2017 the Chinese ambassador has been summoned more than 40 times to the Swedish foreign department for his spiteful attacks on the media. This thesis examines how the Swedish media has responded and is affected by threats and harassment from Chinese authorities from 2018 to 2020. The thesis is based on interviews with 10 participants from the Swedish media, and documents. The thesis shows, that threats and harassment from Chinese authorities is a unique behaviour from a state towards the Swedish media. The response to the threats and harassment is seen through strategies of adding security, showing solidarity and support and showing resistance. The affect on the Swedish media can increase a self-censorship culture, regarding reporting about China. It has made the Swedish media worried in the working and daily life. In the long run, the threats and harassment can have a negative impact on the independent journalism and the Swedish democratic society. Keywords: China, threats, harassment, journalists, media, Sweden Word count: 21 969, excluding the appendix Table of contents 1. Introduction …...……………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Formulation of research question ……………………...………………………………………….3 1.2 Outline …...………………………………………………………………………………………..3 2. Background ………………………………………………………………………………………….4 2.1 China’s embassy and the Swedish media ………………...……………..………………………..4 2.1.1 The embassy’s website ……………………………………………………..………………...5 3. Literature Review ..………………………………………………………………………...…….….7 3.1 The media …………………………………………………………………………………………7 3.2 Studies on the Chinese embassy through the concepts of different power dimensions ………......8 3.3 Threats and harassment against the Swedish media ..………….…………………..……………..9 3.4 The Swedish media and other authoritarian states …...……...…………………………..………10 3.4.1 Russia’s embassy and the Swedish media ………...….………………………………...…...11 3.4.2 Israel’s embassy and the Swedish media ………...……….…………………………………12 3.5 The Swedish media and criticism from non-state actors ..……….……………………………...13 4. Theoretical framework …………………………………………………………………………….15 4.1 Theorising how the media respond when threatened from foreign states …...………….……....15 4.1.1 Strategy of adding security …….………………………………...………………………….15 4.1.2 Strategy of solidarity and support …………....…….…...…….………………………..........16 4.1.3 Strategy of personal and collective resistance ………...………..…………………….......…16 4.2. Theorising how the media is affected by threats and harassment ………..………...…………..16 4.2.1 Impact om the individual journalist ……...…………………………………………………16 4.2.1.1 Self-censorship ……...…………………………………………………………………..16 4.2.1.2 Changed behaviour in working and daily life ...……………………………………...…17 4.2.1.3 Impact on the independent journalism and the civil society ...………………………….17 4.3 Operationalisation …………………………….………………..…………….…………….…17 5. Research design and methodological approach ………………………………………………….20 5.1 Qualitative case study …..........………….…...………………………………………………….20 5.2 Reliability and Validity ….……………...……….……………………………………………....21 5.3 Delimitation ....……….…………...…………………………………………………………..….22 5.4 Documents ……………...………………………………………………………………………..23 5.5 Interviews …....….……...……………………………………...………………………………...23 5.5.1 Semi-structed interviews ...…….......………………………………………………………...23 5.5.2 Ethical discussion …...……....……………………………………………………………….24 5.5.3 Selection of interview participants .......……………………………………………………...25 5.5.4 Presentation of interview participants ...……………………………………………………..26 6. Analysis …...………………………………………………………………………………………...27 6.1 Types of threats and harassment …………………......……..…...…………….….......................28 6.1.1 No threats or harassment at all ……………………………………………………………....28 6.1.2 Threats and harassment from others than Chinese authorities ………………………………29 6.1.3 Threats and harassment due to actions by Chinese authorities …………………………..….30 6.1.4 Threats and harassment from Chinese authorities …………...…………………...…………31 6.1.5 Threats and harassment from the Chinese embassy’s website and through news media ...…32 6.2 How has the Swedish media responded to the threats and harassment ..…....………………......34 6.2.1 Strategy of adding security …….……………………………………………………………34 6.2.2 Strategy of solidarity and support …..….….…………………………….…………...…...…37 6.2.3 Strategy of personal and collective resistance ………..…….………….………………........40 6.3 How has the Swedish media been affected by the threats and harassment ..…………………....42 6.3.1 Impact on the individual journalist ………………………………………………...………..42 6.3.1.1 Self-censorship …………………………………………………………………………..42 6.3.1.2 Changed behaviour in working life ………………………………………………….......44 6.3.1.3 Changed behaviour in daily life .…….…………………………………………..……....46 6.3.2 Impact on the independent journalism and the civil society ………………………………...47 6.3.2.1 Impact on the independent journalism …….………..………….…….……………...…...47 6.3.2.2 Impact on the civil society .................……………………….…………...........................50 7. Conclusion ……………..………………………………………………………………...……….....54 7.1 Suggestions for further research ...….………………………………………………………........57 8. Bibliography …….………………………………………………………………………………….58 9. Appendix ...……………………………………………………………………………………….…67 9.1 Presentation of interview participants ....…...……………...……………………….…………….67 9.2 Interview guide (In Swedish) ……....……………………..………………...…………................71 List of abbreviations CCP-The Chinese Communist Party GP- Göteborgs-Posten MSB- Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap (Agency for Social Protection and Emergency Preparedness) RSF Sweden- Reporters Without Borders Sweden RSF- Reporters Without Borders SR- Sveriges Radio (Swedish Radio) SVT- Sveriges Televis io n (Swedish National Televis io n) 1. Introduction First, as Human Rights Watch emphasises, no one should equate the Chinese government with the people of China. That would be blaming an entire people for the abuses of a government (Human Rights Watch, 2020). This thesis focuses on threats and harassment of Chinese authorities against the Swedish media sphere. Whenever China is expressed in the text it refers to Chinese authorities. Mainly it refers to representatives of the Chinese embassy in Sweden, which is the extension of the Chinese government. It is also used as an expression for the Chinese regime. China’s authoritarian government The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have long sought to influe nce media coverage about China outside the country (Cook, Freedom House, 2020). During the past ten years, China has advanced their methods of controlling information flows and media outlets abroad. A new generation of Chinese diplomats has started to address the foreign press. Amongst democracies that in various ways have been targets of Chinese pressure and attempts of controlling their media are The United States, New Zeeland and Taiwan. In 2018 it became clear that also Sweden where amongst those democratic countries. The Chinese embassy in Stockholm has since early 2018 released statements on their website in attempts to silence the Swedish media (Jerdén and Bohman, 2019; Ek Thorbjörnsson, 2020; Melissen, 2005: 88, 95-96). The attacks and notices published on the Chinese embassy’s website coincide with a period in which there was a significant rise in Swedish reporting on China’s human rights abuses. One case being that of Hong Kong-based publisher and Swedish national, Gui Minhai which is still ongoing. Other Swedish reporting has been about the protests in Hong Kong that started 2019 and the indoctrination camps in the China Province Xinjiang, where new evidence arose in 2019 (Cook, Freedom House, 2020; Makar and Hamidi-Nia in SVT Nyheter, 25/02/2020; Jerdén and Bohman, 2019). At the embassy’s website one find s statements with headlines such as Ambassador Gui Congyou Refutes Lies of Swedish Media About the Case of Gui Minhai (Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in Sweden, 14/11/2019). Similar statements are found regarding Xinjia ng, the Hong Kong situation and other sensitive topics relating to China. 1 China’s ambassador to Sweden, Gui Congyou, have had the same type of massage in public interviews in news media. For example, the ambassador explained to the public service channel SVT that the Swedish evening newspaper Expressen could forget about visas to China if they did not change their reporting (Oskanen, Frivärld, 2020). The threats and harassment from the Chinese embassy in Sweden towards the Swedish media escalated in late 2019. Then the Swedish
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