A Last Contribution to Scottish Author(s): John Beddoe Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 38 (Jan. - Jun., 1908), pp. 212-220 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843134 . Accessed: 28/06/2014 15:19

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A LAST CONTRIBUTION TO SCOTTISH ETHNOLOGY.

BY JOHN BEDDOE, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.

[WITH PLATE XVIII.]

I PROPOs a little considerationof the progress of Scottish Ethnology,before enteringon any criticismof Mr. Gray's valuable paper (Journ.Roy. Anthrpp.Inst., xxxvii,p. 375). Fifty-fiveyears ago, wlhenI broughtout my Contributionto Scottish Ethnology, there were others already engaged in layinigthe foundationsof the subject. Daniel Wilson had anticipated the theory of the successioni of Neolithic dolicocephali and bronze brachys,wliich Thurnam afterwardselaborated; and ArthurMitchell had studied thephysiognomies of NorthernScotland, and carefully marked out three leading types. My observationsshowed the preponderanceof lighteyes with dark hair on the western,and of light eyes with light hair on the eastern,and especially the south-eastern,side of the country,with an increaseof dark shades in tl-hetowns. Next in order(in 1870) came my collectionsfor the Stature and Bulk of Man in the BritishIsles, printedin the AnthropologicalMemoirs, vol. iii. Among the reportssent in to me were man-yof great value; and some of those fromlunatic asylums were by distinguishedmnen, such as Sibbald, Aitken, Howden, Grierson, Lindsay. Noteworthydeductions were the great stature in the Merse, Upper Galloway and Kyle, the inferiorityof lunatics to the general population,the physical degenerationin the great towns. These are more or less confirmedby Mr. Tocher'srecent observationis on the inisane. Next in order came the observationson the West Highlanders,respecting stature,colour and craniomietry,contained in myRaces of Britain, 1885. The chief points were the good stature,1727 mnm.,the preponderanceof light eyes and dark hair,the large size anidlow breadthindex (76 27) of the head. Next followedan importantadvance due to Sir Win. Turner,who, dealing with a large quantity of material, showed the hithertounknown frequencyof brachycephalyin modern skulls from such districtsas East Lothian and Fife, but not,apparently, in the west. On Mr. Tocher'sstatistics of the insane,published by the HendersonTrust, I have already commented. They agree with mine of fortyyears ago in indicating a higherstature in Argyle and in the Border Countrythan elsewhere. He also agrees with me in showinga low cephalic index forArgyle, while over the whole northof Scotland his indices are high forBritain, 78 or more. His mean stature forthe whole of his materialis lower even than mine (65-86 inches or 1673 mm.), mine being 66-62 inches or 1692 mm.; but this differenceprobably arises not so

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much froma real fall in average stature during the last generation,as froimithe fact that my directionsto miiyhelpers excluded idiots, persons not in good bodily health, and those under twenty-threeor over fiftyyears of ag,e,whereas his did not. I come now to the latest contributionto our subject,the pigmentationsurvey of Mr. John Gray and Mr. Tocher. The miiethodof collectingthe facts,viz., the coloursof the hair and eyes in all or most of the school children of Scotland, left, I think,little to be desired; though Mr. Gray rightlyregrets that standard colour-cardscould not be used, owingto the failureof the people employedto producesufficiently accurate onies. Many attemptshave been made in formeryears to producesuch cards,in factall -ofus, fromBroca downwards,who have been interestedin the subject,have tried -ourhands on such attempts; forexalmple, General Pitt Rivers nmadean endeavour, and tookgreat pains abouitit; but the result was a lamentablefailure. The tints were flat,and flat tints cannot representhair. I triedstripes witholut satisfyingT rnyself. The only man who has ever been moderately successful has been Topinard, who collected and arranged his material for all France witlh the assistance of irregularly striped and coloured diagrams, which, however, representedonly the nmediantints (our brown,the F'renichchctain clair,the German hellb-aunn);he also designed represelntationsof the median hues of eyes, dark grey, pale ashy brown,hazel-grey, light fawn and greell. With these one can producetolerably trustworthy indices of nigrescenceof both hair and eyes. It is as impossible,however, entirely to get rid of the personalequationi as it is to commandthe weather. Stunishineor shade,clear or dull sky,indoor or outdoor observation,must always affectour judgmelntof colour,which, one lneedsto r-emind oneself sometimes,is not an intrinsicquality of objects.' But internal evidence leads me to appreciate highly the workof these Scottish schoolmasters,from this point of view. Among the numeroussmall difficultieswith which one has to contenidin this kind of quest, is that of correctlycorrelating the hair-colouirof boysand ofgirls, the formergenerally short-croptand neglected,the latter long, outspread, combed, ,oftenwashed. Exposure to water,especially soapy water,sun and air, tends to -bleachthe tips and surface at least of the hair. Natural sexual differencesof this kind have not been verymuch studied; but my own observationspoint to greater pigmentationof eye, if not of hair also, amonlgfemales in Great Britain, and Havelock Ellis (Alan and Womanb,pp. 224-228) adduces a good deal of evidence to the same effectfrom other countries. The Scotch schoolmastersfind nio great .differenceon the whole, 22-81 per cent. of dark eyes in the girlsto 22-31 in the boys,and 26 57 of.dark hair to 26 27. There are several districts(e.g., Midlothian, Sutherland,Dunfermlilne) where the hair of the girls comes out much lighterthani that of the boys, and a few (e.g., Islay, etc., Nithsdale, Kirkealdy town) where I Topinard'sstandards are for use in brightsuLnlight. Their employment inScotlanrd woulld yieldtoo many blonds. p a

This content downloaded from 91.238.114.35 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 15:19:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 14 JOHN BEDDOE.-A -LastContribution to ScottishEthnology. their lhairis lighterancd their eyes are darker. Mr. Gray, a strona believer in sexual heredity,seemis to think that Queen Margaret may have brought the fair Saxon anlcestresEesof the Dunfermlinegirls fromEngland with her. I am more disposedto thinkthat the matronsof " grey Dunfermline" walshedtheir daughters' hair preparatoryto the inspection,especially when I note that the eye-index of the boys and girlsis identical. It is perhaps to be regrettedthat Mr. Gray dict not affixanything beyond mere ordinal numbers to his 110 or,more accurately, 1022 districts,as a mneansof identificatioin.In a large number of cases, in a majority indeed, theirboundaries do not correspondwith those of counties or otherwell- knownidivisions, and as laid down in the map are not strictlyaccurate. Tlhough I am probablyas well acquainitedwith Scottishtopography as mlostEngalishmenl, I cannot positivelyidentify some of these districts,especially the small ones- around Glasgow, anid in tlhetables which I have drawn oultfrom Mr. Tocher's figuresI have been obligedto trustto, and cite,the numeralsalonle in several cases- The inclusionof jet black amongthe categoriesof hair-colouris fullyjustified by the resultsof thiseensus. The personalequation mav inlterferehere as elsewhere, but less often than in the cases of " red" and " fair,"for examiiple, iu whichthe boundary is less distinct,and erroris easy. The average of jet black hair in Scotch childrenis set down at about 1-2 per cenit.in both sexes; but I findover 2 per cent. reckoned in fifteendistricts. In three of these this proportionis reaclledin boys only,though there is a considerablebut smiiallerexcess in the airls also. These arc Nos. 55 anid 56, East Fife; 95, East Ross; and 90, Lower Moray. In fiveit occursin girls only,these being 59, Stirlingshire,Menteith, etc. 93D,94, Beauly and Lochness; 103, Arran and Kintyre; 107, Uist; and 108, Lewis and Harris. 'The seven in whichboth sexes presentthis great excess of jet black are 70, 71, Athol and Breadalbane; 91, Strathspey; 99, Skye,W. Ross, Glenelg; 100, Mull, Morven, etc.; 97, Caithness East Coast; 70, Gowrie; and 18 (probably the town of Paisley). It will be seen that with the exception of the long- urbanizedPaisley, and of East Fife,an ancientseat of foreigncomlmerce, the whole fifteeniale either withiln,or astride of, the Highland frolntier.Except Paislcy,. there is niota single instanicesouth of the Forth,nor one betweenthe Spey andl the Firtliof Tay, Surely there is something" racial" here. Jet black hair does not readily- develop,it would seem,fromii urban selection; otherwisePaisley would not stanld alone as a town in our list. It belonigsapparently to the Gael, but not to tlhe& Scots of lDalriadaalone, but also to the eastern and northernGael,' who are at least partlyof Picrishdescent. It does not,however, seem to be conspicuous in- Mr. Gray's Galwegians,who were the only Picts still known as such in the middle ages, and wlhostill rank as dark haired both withhim and with me. I canniotunderstandc under what curious misconceptionMr. Gray can be lying,wheni he says (p. 384) that " black hair is not stated in a separate category

I i.e., the excessof black hair is comnmonto the speakersof all three dialects of Scottish AGaelic.

This content downloaded from 91.238.114.35 on Sat, 28 Jun 2014 15:19:10 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOHN BEDDOE.-A Last Contribtttionto ScottishEt7hnology. 2I' by European observers,"and (p. 385) that " there are no data" (as to black hair) "for comparisonwith othercountries." So farfrom this being the case, thereis scarcely a European observer of children'scolours who does not make black a separate category. Virchowin Germalny,Georg Mayr in Bavaria, Schimmerin Austria,M?ajer and Kopernickiin Poland, Kollmann in Switzerland,have all done so. So did Vanderkinderein Belgium,but as I have elsewhere1pointed out,his observers included many dark browns under black (noir) just as Virchow's included under blue eyes our blue-greysif not evenlsome light greys,so vitiatino comparisons. Livi and IRetzius and First all employeda black category,but as they workedon youingadults theirresults are not comparablewith Gray's. The inodernbiometrical school seems to be bent on upsetting our most cherishedprejudices. And Mr. Gray, on the strenath of an observationin the fashionablecounty of Dorset, says that "it is probable that there is not much differencebetween the percentagesof red hair in Scotland and in Englald"; whereas we were accustomiiedto suppose that,barring perhaps the Votiaks and one or two other such remote tribes, the Scots were the most rufous folk in existence. In fact--not to quote my own prettynumerous observations-the militarystatistics of young male adults give, for Scotlanid,4*7 per cent. of red hair; for Ireland,45 ; for Wales, 4*4; and for England, 35o per cent.2 There is little in Holland (181) and not much in Flanders (218); but in Westphalia anid otherparts of the old Saxon land I found as much as 3.8 per cent. The Germanl red,however, usually verges on pale yellow; and the great unpopularityof the colourin Gernmanyled to its being almostignored by Virchow'sschoolmaster-agents. I have constructeda map to illustrate the tables into which I have boiled down those of Messrs. Gray and Tocher. It is based on the Compound Index of Nigrescence,which is gottenby adding the index of the eyes to twice the index of the hair; this is done-with the object of attributinggreater weight to the more important characteristic. But I have also ilnsertedthe original Index of Nigrescence,which represents the hair only,and is gottenby subtractingthe red + the fair-from the dark + twice tne black. It is generally positive in England aid Scotlanid,and almost always in Ireland. The eye-index,also inserted, is gottenby subtractingthe light,including blue, blue-grey,and lightgrey, from the brown or dark,neglecting, as in the case of the hair,the median hues: in Scotch childrenthis is always a minus quantity,as is also the compoundindex. I thinkit will be acknowledgedthat the racial indicationsof Messrs.Gray and Tocher'sfigures are most simply and clearly developed by my map and tables. Probable influencesof climate,if they exist at all, are indistinct. The west and south-westof Scotland are warmer,nlo doubt, than the east and north-east,anid also wetterand perhapsless sunshiny,and theyfurnish the largestproportions of dark hair. But racial and historical causes will account for most of the phenomena,

1 In my Huxley lectureon " Colourand Race " (Jouwn.Anthrop. Inst., xxxv, 1905,p. 219). 2 Races ofBritain, pp. 190-193. In thenorth of England the percentageis higher,in the southlower than this.

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(among which is the fact that most of the fairestdistricts lie well towards the south) while urban selectionmay be appealed to foran explanationof the rest. The indicationsare that the earlierpre-Anglian population was generallydark in hair and lightin eye,though it spoke two if not three differentlanguages, anld thoughthere mnay have been differencesin prevailingtypes correspondingthereto to some extent. It would be of greatinterest if we could make out a surviviinotype for the Strathclyde Walenses, who were still distinguishablefrom Scots, Picts anld Angles,in the earlier middle ages. But the place-names in Strathelydeand 'ts neig,hbourhooddo not help us much, anid the Welsh were probably Anglicised before the general adoption of surnames.' The range of hills that separates Lanarkshirefrom Ayrshire would probably be the best huntino ground for traces of them,and perhapsLesmahagow and Douglasdale would repayinvestigation. I have ulade an endeavour to divide most part of Scotland into several ethnologicalprovinces, usin1g Mr. Gray's data, and averagingthe diversindices of the severaldistricts included in each province. This methodis not arithmetically accurate,of course,but it is sufficientlyso formy purpose.

of Provinces.P No. Indices of Compound districts. Hair. Eyes. index.

Anglian ...... 7 -10-7 -25 6 -47 N.E. Lowlands ...... 10 - 8.4 -24-5 -41-3 fife, etc...... 6 - 7 9 -21-6 -37 4 Norse (more or less) ... 6 - 6'7 -23-3 -36-7 Clydesdale ... .. 12 - 6 1 -24- -36 2 East Highland ... . . 4 - 14 -29-9 -32 7 Galloway...... 3 - 1.1 -23-1 -25-4 West Highland ... 6 + 2-5 -27-5 -22'5

'Towns ...... 20 - 138 -19 8 -2215

SCOTLAND ...... - 3-84 -22 "a' -30 2

The provincesare here arranged in the order of lightness of both eyes and hair; but it will be observedthat the order of index of hair,taken singly,almost exactly corresponds,whereas the index of eye-colour runs irregularly,and is largestin the Highlands. I have excluded fromimy provinceof Clydesdale,whose limits are those of Mr. J. A. H. Murray's dialect map, the populous districts aroundGlasgow, as havingbeeni foci of recenitimmigration and perhaps,too, areas of sonmeforms of selection. There is nothing clearly distinctive about the Clydesdale figures-just a triflemore darknessof hair and lightnessof eye than 1 The distinguishedsurrname of Pringle (Hopringle or Ap-pringle)is claimedas Welsh; but I knowof no otherpresumably Welsh patronymicin southernScotland.

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in the means for all Scotland. Two considerationsoccur to me, first,that the KymnricKelts in Scotland simplyoverlay the Gaels, and, thoughthey changed the language,may not have much affectedthe physicaltype; and seconid,that, judging fromthe place-namesand what of local historyremains, it is likely enough that at onie time and another considerablewaves of Anglian colonizationmay have- overflowedLanarkshire and Kyle and Cunningham; the last district,by the way,actually bears an English name. And such waves may have lightenedthe coloursin places, withoutmuch affectingthe cranial or facial types. Various lines of probability,aimiong which these statisticsof Mr. Gray's may be reckoned,combine to show that the native Keltic or Pictish populationof the north-easternLowlands was gradually and almost wholly swalmpedby Flernisl, Norse and Saxon settlers. Yet an ordirnarymap shows us comparativelyfew local names therethat are not Keltic, fewerindeed, as I think,than in Clydesdale wheresuch places as Dolphinton,and Symingtonand Eglintonbear witnessto the settlementsand theirleaders. Another district,interesting by reason of its verydark colours,is No. 95 of Gray, whichapparently inieludes parts of the Munros'and Rosses' countries,and the south-eastcoast of Sutherlandcounty. It may be considered in conjunction with 97 and 98, the two divisions of Caithness,which unfortunatelyhave not been arrangedto correspondwith the boundaryof the languages. Had they been so, perhaps we rnighthave detected ani ethnic differencebetween the eastern Norsemenand the westernGaels,' which,as it is, does not come out. Mr. Gray's 97 inieludesthe long seaboard stretch of the Gaelic parish of Latheron; and thouiglhthere are both Norse place-namesand Norse suLrnamesin that parish,all the Latheronmen whomI have seen (and they have not been very few) have had dark or black hair.2 Again, in east Ross and south-east Sutherland,such place. names as Tain and Dingwall, and Brora and Helmsdale, indicate a rulinig populationat least of Scandinavians; and thoughthe clans Munro and Ross were probably purely Keltic, and the formeris even derived by an untrustworthy traditionfrom Ireland, the names of the MacIvors and Gunns sound otherwise. These little districtsdeserve more minute study,which I hope Mr. Gray will be able and willingto give to tlhem. He must have in his possession,and capable of separateanalysis, the materialfor such districtsas the Norwegian Butt of Lewis, wlhere,as a native once told me, " therewas somethingalmost disreputableabout darkhair," for Harris, or forthe islands of Colonsay,Barra, Iona, Lismore,Jura, Seal, and Luing; orfor such elevated villages as Castletoniof Braemar,Wanlockhead, and Leadhills; for Coningsburgh in Shetland, or for that abode of giants Balmiaclellanin Upper Galloway.

I See returnfrom Forss in myStature and Bulk in whichit is well nmarked. 2 The Norsemenoften brought their tbralls with theml; anid these might be of Finnish,or Irish or other alien blood,and may probablyhave been ofteiibrachycephalic as is the case in South-westernNorway at thisday.

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TABLEINDICATING ORDER OF COLORATIONIN MR. GRAY'SDISTRICTS OF SCOTLAND,FROM HIS OWNDATA.

Index of Index of Compound Nigreseence, Nigrescence, index. hair. eyes.

64 Arbroath ...... + 2-6 -11-5 - 6-3 95 East iRoss and East + 5 6 -23-4 -12-1 Sutherland. 50 Kirkealdy ...... + 0 9 -14-3 -12-5 13 Glasgow ...... + 2 -18 3 -14-3 24 Greenock ...... ? 2 6 -20-5 -15 3 81 Peterhead ...... 0 -15-4 -15 4 63 Falkirk ...... + 1.8 -2o07 -17 31 Carrick ...... - 03 -18-7 -19-3 66 Dundee towln ... - 0 9 -17 8 -19-6 62 Denny ... + 0 85 -20 5 -19.7 92 Invernesstowin ... + 1-5 -22 8 -19 8

60 Stirlingtown ... - 1.8 -16-7 -20 2 98 Caithness,inner ... - 0 3 -19 9 -20 5 103 Arran and Kintyre ... + 1-6 -24 -20-8 104 Bute, etc. ... + 01 -21L5 -21-3

14 E. and S. Glasgow ... - 10 -194 -21-4 101 Lochaber ... + 341 -27 6 -21-4 100 Mull, Morven,etc. ... + 3-6 1 -29 5 -22-3 58 Strathearn ... + 19 -26 3 -22-5 18 Paisley tonl...... - 1.8 -19-7 - 23-3 102 Islay, Kllapdale ... + 55 -34 6 -23-5 12 Kirkintilloch...... - 18 - 206 -243

97 Caithoast ... } - 35 - 173 -243 19, f- Partick Govan ... - 21 -202 -245 20,22 99%2 Skye, Glenlelg ... + 141 -27 -247 107 Uist .. . + 25 -314 -264 16 S.W. Glasgow ... - 31 -20 3 -26 5 17 Renfrewshire,east - 0 8 -253 -27 86 Banif,littoral ... - 82 - 109 -274 57 Fife,interior ... - 51 -174 -276 3 } Wigtonshire...... - 11 -24 -261 No. 4 - 26 - 232 -284 44 Edinburghcity ... - 41 -20 1 -28 4 21 W. Renfirewshire . - 31 -22-4 -287 71, 76 Athol ...... + 03 -297 -291 105 Lennox, west ...... - 16 -26-3 -295

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Index of Index of Compound NigresCence, Nigrescence, indeX hair. eyes.

77 Aberdeencity ... - 5 -19 9 -299 25 Ayr town ...... - 27 -24-6 -301

SCOTLAND ... - 3 84 -22 5 -30 18 Boys ...... - 2 94 -22 65 -28 53 Girls ...... - 474 -22 35 -31-83

65 Angus,S. coast ... - 2-9 -24-4 -30 2 29 Cunninghamn,littoral - 3-3 -23 9 -30 5 34 Lower Kirkcudbriglit - 2 1 -26 7 -30 9 7 ? ...... - 49 -20-8 -:307 46 ,environs... - 5 -21 4 -31P5 27 Kilmarnock ...... - 2 5 -26k -31-5 45 Leith ...... - 5 -21 3 -31-4 15 Blantyre ...... - 4-4 -23 2 -32 1 55, 56 East Fife ...... - 5.9 -20 4 -32 2 69 Perth city ...... - 7 -19 2 -33 2 3 Mid Lanarkshire ... - 5.3 -22-6 -33 2 1 Upper Lanarkshire ... - 7 2 -19 -33 5 6 ? ...- 6 2 -21-4 -33.9 4t Peeblesshire...... - 58 -23 7 -35.3 No. 5 ? ...... 66 -219 -35.1 No. 9 ...... - 56 -24 35 3 35 Duimfries ...... - a 2 -25-3 -357 84 Mid-buchan ...... - 3.5 -28 9 -36 70 Gowrie ...... - 7.4 -215 -36 3 67, 68 Sidlaws ...... - 7-8 -20 8 -36 5 79 Deeside ...... - 2 7 -31-o -37 78 Aberdeeu,littoral ... - 8.3 -20(8 -37 2 72 Mearns and Anigus, - 6 9 -23 4 -37-2 littoral. 48 Linlithg,ow ...... - 7.3 -23-4 -38 1 74 Mearns,littoral ... - 5 4 -28 -3858 54 Fife,mid. littoral ... - 9 -21-5 -39-5- 39 East Roxburgh ... - 81 -23 3 -39 5 106 Dumbarton ...- 9-4 -21 -39.8 75 Mearns,hills ... - 8 1 -23-6 -a39*8 96 Sutherland ... - 7.4 -24 9 -39 8 106 Lewis ...... - 9.5 20 9 -39.9 10 N.E. Lanark ...... - 84 -23 5 -40-4 87 ? Huntleyanid Tomin- -10 8 -18-88 -40-4 toul. 51 Clackmal1nan ... - 75 1 -25 8 -40 8 53 Fife, S. coast.. ... - 9.5 -219 -41 82 Inner Buchan ... -7 -27 -41 1 86 Lower Banff... - 8.7 -23 8 -412 61 Grangemouth ... - 81 1 -25 3 -416 43 Eastlothian ...... - 7-1 -27 4 -42

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Index of Index of o Nigrescence, Nigrescence, index. hair. eyes.

89 Nairni ...... - 9-6 -23 2 -42 5 73 Brechin, etc ... - 7 -28 5 -42-5 52 Dunfermline ...... -10 3 -22 9 -43 5 40 Selkirkshire ...... -11-6 -20 9 -44-1 59 Stirlingshire, Men- - 5 6 - 33 2 -44 4 teith,Strathallan 91 Strathspey ...... - 7-6 -29 2 -44.4 93, 94 Beauly and L. Ness,etc. - 4 2 -36 1 -44 5 36 Nithsdale .. ... - 8 5 -27 7 -44 8 28 S. Cunninghain ... - 8.3 -28 2 -44 9 83 Buchan, littoral ... - 7X9 -293- -45 2 37 Annandale, etc. ... -10.1 -25 2 -45.5 90 Moray, lowland . -.. 77 -30A4 -45 8 26 Kyle ...... -10 9 -24 9 -46 7 110 Shetland -...... -107 -26 8 -48 2 109 Orkniey ...... - 89 -30 3 -48 2 88 Moray, littoral ... -1241 -24 5 -48 8 Midlothian ...... -1 18 -26 3 -49 9

Strathdon ...... -101 -31 -51-2 38 W. Roxburgh ... -13 4 -24 9 -51 7c 23, 30 N. Cunningham ... -10.1 -31 9 -52 2 2 E. Lanark ...... -16 -21 9 -54 42 Berwickshire...... -12 2 -30 3 -54 8 8 No.8 ...... -114 -338 -56.7 49 S. Linlithgow ... -14 7 -29 6 -59-1

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