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Jon Entine's Taboo ISBN-13: 978-1-58648-026-4 ISBN-10: 1-58648-026-X PRAISE FOR JON ENTINE'S TABOO "Provocative and informed... A well-intentioned effort for all to come clean on the possibility that black people might just be superior physically, and that there is no negative connection between their physical superiority and their lOs." -John C. Walter, director of the Blacks in Sports Project at the Uni­ versity of Washington, The Seattle Times "Entine boldly and brilliantly documents numerous physiological differences contributing to black athletic superiority." -Psychology Today "Notable and jarring. It brings intelligence to a little-understood subject." -Business Week "A highly readable blend of science and sports history." -The New York Times Book Review "A powerful history of African-Americans in sports. At long last, someone has the guts to tell it like it is." -St. Petersburg Times "Compelling, bold, comprehensive, informative, enlightening." -Gary Sailes, Associate Professor of Kinesiology, Indiana University and editor of the Journal of the African American Male "Taboo clearly dispenses with the notion that athleticism in Africans or African-Americans is entirely due only to biology or only to culture. Entine understands that as scientists continue to study the complex interactions be­ tween genes and the environment, population-based genetic differences will continue to surface. Taboo is an excellent survey of a controversial subject." -Human Biology Association President Michael Crawford,University of Kansas professor of Biological Anthropology and Genetics, and former editor of Human Biology "Carefully researched and intellectually honest." -Jay T. Kearney, Former Senior Sports Scientist, United States Olympic Committee "Entine has compiled abundant evidence to support this politically incorrect belief, and it is more than convincing." -The Black World Today "I believe that we need to look at the causes of differences in athletic perfor­ mance between races as legitimately as we do when we study differences in diseases between the various races. Jon Entine shows a lot of courage in publishing Taboo. Only by confronting these enormous issues head-on, and not by circumventing them in the guise of political correctness, do we stand a chance to evaluate the discriminating agendas and devise appropriate in­ terventions." -Claude Bouchard, geneticist and director of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center at Louisiana State University Taboo helps us understand and even celebrate that while we're mostly the same, we are also wonderfully different." -Amby Burfoot, Runner's World editor "The real value of the book is its willingness to address racist thought in the context of the black athlete and seek an honest dialogue on the topic." -Brian Gilmore, Africana.com. "This is an important book for biological anthropologists." -American Journal of Physical Anthropology "You might expect that claiming to show a genetic basis for the dominance of certain sports by people of African descent would raise a firestorm. But in fact Entine's book gets warm reviews." -Slate. com WHY BLACK ATHLETES DOMINATE SPORTS AN D WHY WE'RE AFRAID TO TALK ABOUT IT JON ENTINE U Ie airs NEW YORK Copyright © 2000 by Jon Entine. Published in the United States by PublicAffairsTM, a member of the Perseus Books Group. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, Suite 1321, New York, NY 10107. Photo Credits: Cartoon courtesy of the Sunday Nation, Nairobi, Kenya. Photo of Kenyan runners © Vinny DusoviclPhoto Run. Photo of Kipchoge Keino, courtesy of the author. Photo of the Oberlin College baseball tcam courtesy of the Oberlin College Archives. Photo of Jack Johnson © Brown Brothers. Photo of Jesse Owens courtesy of the Chicago Daily Defender. Photo of the Eastern League basketball champions courtesy of Naismith Memonal Basketball Hall of Fame. Photo of Joe Louis courtesy of thc New York Daily News. Photo of Stella Walsh courtesy of the Track and Field Li­ brarylButler University. Photo ofWi!rna Rudolph © Deutsche Presse Agentur/Archive Photos. Photo of the Texas Western basketball team courtesy of The University of Texas at El Paso. Photo of Tom­ mie Smith and John Carlos © APlWide World Photos. Photo of Cathy Freeman © Brian MyerslPhoto Run. Photo of John Godina © Victah SailerlPhoto Run. Photo of Kinoshiki by Chris Cole, © AllSport Photo Gallery. Photo of the Tarahumara Indians © Natalie B. Fobes Photography. Photo of Herschel Walker on a bobsled © NanCle Battaglia. Photos of Herschel Walker running and playing football courtesy of the University of Georgia. Photo of Frankie Fredericks © Mark Verbaan/Rex Features. Photo of Roger Bannister © Mike HewittJAllSport Photo Gallery. Photo of Sebastian Coe © Victah SailerlPhoto Run. Photo of Hicham EI Guerroj © APIWide World Photos. Book design by Jenny Dossin. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Entine, Jon. Taboo: why black athletes dominate sports and why we're afraid to talk about it I Jon Entine. p. cm. ISBN 1-58648-026-X 1. Athletes, Black. 2. Blacks-Race identity. 1. Title. GV706.32.E57 2000 796'.089'96073-dc21 99-41889 CIP CONTENTS Preface: Reflections on Sports and the Genetic Revolution vii Foreword by Earl Smith xv PART I THE TABOO 1. Breaking the Taboo on Race and Sports 3 2. The Education of Sir Roger 11 PART II THE EVIDENCE 3. By the Numbers 17 4. The Most Level Playing Field 29 5. Nature's Experiment: The "Kenyan Miracle" 43 PART III HISTORY OF RACE SCIENCE AND SPORTS 6. "More Brains or More ... " 71 7. Evolution (of Great Athletes) 81 8. Race Without Color: The History of Human Differences 96 9. The Origins of Race Science 117 vi Contents PART IV THE SEGREGATION AND INTEGRATION OF SPORTS 10. The Superiority of White Athletes 137 11. Jack Johnson in the Ring Against Jim Crow 151 12. American Eugenics 161 13. Jesse Owens and the German Race 172 14. A Knockout Blow to Race Science 188 15. The "Scheming, Flashy Trickiness" of Jews 198 PART V NATURE OR NURTURE? 16. The Integration of Sports 207 17. The Sixties 218 18. Sports and IQ 232 19. Winning the Genetic Lottery 246 20. The Environmentalist Case Against Innate Black Superiority in Sports 272 PART VI WHAT ABOUT WOMEN? 21. The Superiority of White Female Athletes 295 22. East Germany's Sports Machine 305 23. The Renaissance of the Black Female Athlete 317 PART VII FINAL THOUGHTS 24. A Genteel Way to Say "Nigger"? 331 Acknowledgments 343 Notes 346 Index 375 PREFACE REFLECTIONS ON SPORTS AND THE GENETIC REVOLUTION Although Taboo draws its empirical evidence from the sports world-there is a vast trove of statistics from almost every popula­ tion group in the world-its scope is far broader than athletics and race. My intention was to answer questions and debunk myths about human biodiversity in the context of the unfolding genetic revolution. As Scientific American wrote in its review, "Few issues are as provocative and as poorly understood as biological differences among the races." For the most part, the science community has welcomed an hon­ est discussion of issues frequently addressed only in the most cir­ cumspect or politicized ways. "Entine has put together a well-researched ... and lucidly written case," the same review noted. "[His] proposed biocultural theory offers an attractive explanation, suggesting that cultural conditions can amplify small but meaning­ ful differences in performance related to heredity." The most deeply felt criticism came from those who believed that the book reflects a historical "white obsession" about racial differ­ ences. Ken Shropshire, a thoughtful Wharton business school pro­ fessor, asked rhetorically "Why care? Why care if there are some minor anatomical or genetic differences between blacks and whites? ... Will acknowledging some measure of black superiority in a handful of athletic maneuvers help us achieve social understand­ ing? I don't think so." Although professor Shropshire's sentiments are understandable, I believe he underestimates the importance of the dramatic revolution in genetics that is now unfolding. The challenge is not whether we should address such issues-we have no choice short of shutting viii Preface down genetic research-but whether we can discuss human biodi­ versity in ways that enhance human dignity. Over the past months, I've reflected on that concern, turning over in my mind a conversation I had with Arthur Ashe, Jr. shortly before he succumbed to AIDs. I had asked Arthur what was his greatest challenge, fully expecting him to cite his battle with the disease that would ultimately claim his life. But his life-and-death struggle was not what he voiced. "It's being black," he stated in his matter of fact voice that spoke of an utter absence of disingenuousness. "It's wak­ ing up in the morning and realizing that no matter what I've achieved, I will still be thought of first as a black man." It was a star­ tling statement to me, for I had always assumed that Ashe was of such stature that he transcended race and the daily indignities, large and small, which blacks face. Shortly thereafter, I got the tiniest inkling of what millions of African Americans experience daily when I traveled to the Nandi Hills in western Kenya. I visited the open market in Eldoret, where the early morning crowd bargains over the day's selection of fresh chicken and vegetables. I was one of the few white men for miles around and acutely aware of my skin color. People stared, though no one was hostile. Later that afternoon, I turned to my host Ibrahim Hussein, one of the world's all time great marathoners.
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