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Akdeniz'de Korsanlar Ve Esirler Bağlaminda Joseph

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Akdeniz'de Korsanlar Ve Esirler Bağlaminda Joseph Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLAR VE ESİRLER BAĞLAMINDA JOSEPH PITTS VE ESÂRETNÂMESİ Serkan DEMİR Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2020 AKDENİZ’DE KORSANLAR VE ESİRLER BAĞLAMINDA JOSEPH PITTS VE ESÂRETNÂMESİ Serkan DEMİR Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2020 iv Yokluğunu her zaman hissettiğim merhum babam Veli Demir’e, Sevgili annem Nefike Demir’e, Değerli eşim Elif’e, Geçen sene dünyaya gelen sevgili yeğenlerim Asel Zehra ve Halil İbrahim’e v TEŞEKKÜR Zorlu ve keyifli olan tez yazma sürecinde çok sayıda kişinin yardımını gördüm. Başta tez danışmanım Prof. Dr. Mehmet Öz’ün yardımları olmasaydı bu tez yarım kalırdı. Minnetarlığım teşekkürün ötesindedir. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tarih bölümünde lisans öğrencisi iken maddi manevi yardımını gördüğüm değerli hocam Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ahmet Demir’e çok teşekür ederim. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tarih bölümü hocalarından Doç. Dr. Resul Ay’a her ne zaman kapısını çalsam bana vakit ayırdığı için teşekkür ederim. İtalyanca öğrenirken zorlandığımda bu süreci kolaylaştıran ve bu konuda yardımlarını esirgemeyen ilk İtalyanca dersi öğretmenim Moira Bernardoni’ye çok teşekkür ederim. Tezi yazarken çoğunlukla akşamları yazmak zorunda kaldım. Kahvesiyle beni ayakta tutan Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi’ye; şarkılarıyla beni dinlendiren Andrea Bocelli’ye teşekkür ederim. Papağanlarımı da burada zikretmeliyim. Hayatı keyifli hale getirdikleri için Barbaros, Pırpır, Çilek, Limon, Tarçın, Laplap ve Kiraz’a ve bu süreçte kaybettiğim Yasemin’e… Bu süreçte annem Nefike Demir’in, Emrah ve eşi Sinem, Saniye, Songül, Tuğba ve Halit’in ve eniştem Yaşar’ın ve kayın pederim Ali Osman Akgün, kayın validem Güllü Akgün ve kayın biraderim Süleyman Akgün’ün maddi- manevi desteklerini gördüm. Hepsine çok teşekkür ederim. İyiki varlar. Benim için her zaman fedakârlıkta bulunan, çalışma odamda kitaplar ve bilgisayarla meşgul olduğumda bundan serzenişte bulunsa da tezi yazmamdaki teşvikleri, bana ilham kaynağı olduğu ve hayatımda olduğu için kendimi şanslı histtetiğim sevgili eşim Elif Demir’e çok teşekkür ederim. Son olarak yokluğunu her zaman hisstettiğim rahmetli babam Veli Demir’i anmalıyım. Onunla en güzel anılarımı denizde geçirdim. Sanırım bundan dolayı içimdeki deniz tutkusu her zaman var olagelmiştir. Bu tezi okumasını dilerdim. vi ÖZET DEMİR, Serkan, Akdeniz’de Korsanlar ve Esirler Bağlamında Joseph Pitts ve Esâretnâmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2020. Bir çatışma ve buluşma alanı olan Akdeniz, özellikle XVI. ve XVII. yüzyıllarda korsanlar tarafından ele geçirilen çok sayıda esirin seyrüseferine şahit olmuştur. Bu esirlerden bazıları ülkelerine döndükleri vakit birçok sebepten dolayı esâret anılarını kaleme almış ya da başkalarına dikte ettirmişlerdir. Avrupa’nın “ötekisi” olan Müslümanlar arasında yaşayan bu esirlerin anlattıkları, toplum tarafından yoğun bir ilgiyle karşılanmış ve defalarca basılmıştır. Bu tez de ele alınan Joseph Pitts’in esâret anlatısı, erken modern dönemde bir esâret anlatısında üç niteliği bir araya getiren nadir örneklerden birisidir. Bu üç özellik ise esâret anlatısı, seyahat anlatısı ve son olarak İslamiyet’in kutsal mekânlarının tasviridir. Cezayir’in bir sınır toplumu olması ve korsanlık nedeniyle dünyanın pek çok ülkesinden esirin bulunması, Cezayir’i Akdeniz tarihinde çok önemli bir yere yerleştirmiştir. Pitts’in anlatısı bu bakımdan bu kozmopolitliği yansıtmaktadır. Bir denizci, esir, seyyah ve hacı olarak Pitts, anlatısında bu çeşitliliği yansıtmıştır. Ayrıca Pitts’in anlatısı İngiltere’de oldukça fazla rağbet görmüş ve İngiltere’deki erken modern dönemin İslam algısını hem yansıtmış hem de “içerden birisi olarak” mevcut bilgiye katkı da bulunmuştur. ANAHTAR SÖZCÜKLER Korsanlar, Esirler, Akdeniz, Joseph Pitts, Cezayir, Esâretnâme, Antonio de Sosa vii ABSTRACT DEMİR, Serkan, Joseph Pitts and the Account of His Captivity within the Context of Corsairs, Pirates and Captives in the Mediterranean, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2020. The Mediterranean, a conflict and meeting place, witnessed navigation a great number of captives captured by corsairs particularly XVI. and XVII. centuries. Some of these capitives, when they returned to their country, penned memories of captivity due to several reasons or dictated to others. These captives’ narratives, living among Muslims as “others” of Europe, met great interest by the society and were published many times. Joseph Pitts’ narrative of captivity, studied in this thesis, is one of the rare examples that combines three qualities in a narrative of captivity in the early modern age. These three features are narrative of captivity, travel narrative and lastly depiction of the sacred places of Islam. Because Algeria is a border society and corsairs, the prsence of captives from many countries in the world, Algeria has located in a very important place in history of the Mediterranean. In this regard, Pitts’ narrative reflects this cosmopolitanism. As a sailor, captive, traveler and pilgrim Pitts, has mirrored this varieties his narrative of capitivity. Also, Pitts’ narrative was very popular and in early modern age England it projected perception of Islam and contributed “as a insider” available information. KEY WORDS Corsairs, Captives, Mediterranean, Joseph Pitts, Algeria, Account of Captivity, Antonio de Sosa viii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY……..……………………………………..............……..……….....i YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI…………………….…ii ETİK BEYAN…….……...……..……………………………..………...…………..…iii ADAMA SAYFASI……….…………………………………………………………....iv TEŞEKKÜR…………………………………..…………………………..….................v ÖZET…………………….……………………………..………....…………................vi ABSTRACT……………………………………….……..………...……………….…vii İÇİNDEKİLER………...………………………..……………….….………………..viii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ………...…………….……………….……..……………....x TABLOLAR DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………………..xi GİRİŞ……..……………………………………………………..………………………1 1.BÖLÜM : COĞRAFYA, MEDENİYET, KİMLİK VE İMAJ……………………4 1.1. Hareketsiz Bir Tarih: Akdeniz Coğrafyası…………………………….…..… 4 1.2. Akdeniz’de Müslümanlar ve Hıristiyanlar: Medeniyetler Çatışması mı?..........12 1.3. Akdeniz’de Kimlik…………………………………………………………….21 1.4. Akdeniz’de “Öteki” ve “Öteki”nin İmajı……………………………………...28 2. BÖLÜM: CEZAYİR: BİR KORSAN CUMHURİYETİ………………………..42 2.1 Cezayir ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu………………………………….….42 2.2. Cezayir’in Siyasal ve Sosyal Yapısı………..…………………… …….59 2.3 Cezayir’de Korsanlık ve Kölelik………………………………………68 3. BÖLÜM: İNGİLİZ ESÂRETNÂMELERİ VE JOSEPH PITTS …………… 81 3.1 Esâretnâme Yazımı ve İngiliz Esâretnâmeleri……………………………...81 3.1.1 Esâretnâme Yazımı ve Özellikleri……………………………..…79 3.1.2 Erken Modern Dönemde İngiliz Esâretnameleri…………… …...89 3.2. Joseph Pitts ve Eseri………………………………………………… …..113 3.2.1. Joseph Pitts’in Hayatı…………………………………………..113 ix 3.2.2. Eserin Özellikleri, Önemi ve Eser Üzerinde Yapılan Çalışmalar…………………………...………………………………………...116 4. BÖLÜM: JOSEPH PITTS’IN “MUHAMMEDÎLERİN İNANCININ VE ÂDETLERİNİN DOĞRU BİR ANLATISI” İSİMLİ ESERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ………………………………………………………… 121 4.1. Joseph Pitts’in Esir Edilişi, Kölelerin İsyanı, Cezayir’de Kölelerin Satışı, Cezayir’in Tasviri……………………………………………………………….…….121 4.2. Cezayirlilerin Denizdeki Tutumları ve Batıl İnançları…………………. .124 4.3. Yeme Alışkanlıkları, Yemekleri ve Sodomîlik………………………..…126 4.4.Cezayir Karargâhları ve Dağlarda İkâmet Eden Kabileler……..…………128 4.5. Evlilik, Aile ve Çocuk Eğitimi ………………………...………………...131 4.6. İslâm İnanç ve İbadetleri ……………………….………………………..133 4.7.Cezayir’den Mekke’ye Hac Yolculuğu …..………………………..……..139 4.8. Hacdan Dönüş ve Hacıların Karşılanması ……………………...………..146 4.9. Pitts’in Müslüman Olması ve Efendisinin Dayılık için Planları …………149 4.10. Pitts’in Kaçışı ve Exeter’a Dönüşü …………………………..……..…155 SONUÇ……………………………………………...……………………………… 158 KAYNAKÇA…………………………………………………………………………160 EKLER……………………………………………………...………………………..181 EK 1. 16. VE 17. YÜZYILLARDAKİ İNGİLİZ ESÂRET ANLATILARININ LİSTESİ ………………………………………………………...……………………181 EK 2. RESİMLER…………………………………………………………………...184 EK 3. ORİJİNALLİK RAPORU…………………………………………………...191 EK 4. ETİK KURUL/ KOMİSYON İZNİ YA DA MUAFİYET FORMU …...…192 ÖZGEÇMİŞ………………………………………………………………………….193 x KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ a.g.e. : Adı geçen eser a.g.m. : Adı geçen makale a.g.t. : Adı geçen tez Bkz. : Bakınız C. : Cilt Çev. : Çeviren Ed. : Editör Haz. : Hazırlayan IJMES : International Journal of Middle East Studies S. : Sayı s. : Sayfa ss. : Sayfalar TDAY : Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı TDVİA :Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi T.T.K. : Türk Tarih Kurumu T.V.Y. : Tarih Vakfı Yurt Üni. : Üniversitesi vb. : ve benzerleri vd. :ve diğerleri vs. : vesaire Yay. : Yayınları Yay. Haz. : Yayına Hazırlayan xi TABLOLAR DİZİNİ Tablo I: Akdeniz’in Yerel Rüzgârları………………………………………………….6 1 GİRİŞ “Akdeniz’de Korsanlar ve Esirler Bağlamında Joseph Pitts ve Esâretnâmesi” isimli yüksek lisans tez çalışmasında Akdeniz ve Akdeniz dünyasında her iki medeniyet arasındaki alışverişleri ve bu süreçte rol oynayan en önemli aracılardan olan esirler ve onların kaleme aldıkları ve/veya başkalarına dikte ettirdikleri esâret anlatıları üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Emilio Sola’nın da ifade ettiği üzere XVI. yüzyıl üç karakter ve tanım üzerinden iyi bir şekilde anlaşılabilinir. Bunlar korsanlar, esirler ve dönmelerdir.1 Bu tespiti XVII. yüzyıl için de genişletmek mümkündür. Akdeniz’de İnebahtı (1571) deniz savaşından sonra büyük donanmaların Batı Akdeniz’de eskisi gibi faal olmamasıyla birlikte korsanlar bu alanı doldurmuş ve Akdeniz’de korsanlığın altın
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