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Marine Recreational Fishing in Portugal: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

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Marine Recreational Fishing in Portugal: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture ISSN: 2330-8249 (Print) 2330-8257 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/brfs21 Marine Recreational Fishing in Portugal: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives Hugo Diogo, Pedro Veiga, Cristina Pita, Alina Sousa, David Lima, João Gil Pereira, Jorge M. S. Gonçalves, Karim Erzini & Mafalda Rangel To cite this article: Hugo Diogo, Pedro Veiga, Cristina Pita, Alina Sousa, David Lima, João Gil Pereira, Jorge M. S. Gonçalves, Karim Erzini & Mafalda Rangel (2020) Marine Recreational Fishing in Portugal: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives, Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 28:4, 536-560, DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2020.1777083 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1777083 Published online: 23 Jun 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 253 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=brfs21 REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE & AQUACULTURE 2020, VOL. 28, NO. 4, 536–560 https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1777083 REVIEW Marine Recreational Fishing in Portugal: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives Hugo Diogoa,b , Pedro Veigac, Cristina Pitad, Alina Sousae, David Limae,Jo~ao Gil Pereiraa, Jorge M. S. Gonc¸alvesc, Karim Erzinic, and Mafalda Rangelc aOkeanos - R&D Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal; bDirec¸~ao de Servic¸os de Recursos, Frota Pesqueira e Aquicultura – Direc¸~ao Regional Das Pescas, Rua Consul^ Dabney - Colonia Alem~a, Horta, Portugal; cCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; dCESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; eMARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Marine recreational fishing (MRF) in Portugal is a traditional leisure activity with considerable Recreational fisheries; importance for coastal populations. In the absence of available information from the angling; spearfishing; national data collection framework, this article aims to review the existing information on fisheries management; MRF across the country. MRF was an open access fishery until recently, but with rising evi- climate change dence of overexploitation of coastal resources, a precautionary approach was imposed top- down, without consulting recreational fishers. In Portugal, the MRF participation rate is com- parable to the European average (2%). The most important fishing mode (according to the official issued licenses) is shore angling. Mainland Portugal marine recreational catches (0.8% of total commercial landings) are likely underestimated, while the estimate for the Azores (6% of total commercial landings) is probably closer to the national reality. The Portuguese MRF sector faces several challenges, including: (1) the need for a definition of a national data collection framework; (2) the inclusion of MRF harvest estimates in stock assessments for key captured species; (3) management approaches which also take into account the ecosystem approach to fisheries and any potential effects of climate change; (4) additional research on post-release mortalities for the most important MRF species; and (5) a stronger involvement of all stakeholders in the decision-making process of MRF. The latter would be critical to improve the adequacy of regulations to the MRF reality, mitigate con- flicts with other sectors (e.g., commercial fishing), and potentially increase fish- ers compliance. 1. Introduction recreational, conducted purely for leisure purposes; (2) sport fishing, conducted as part of an organized Portugal has an extensive coastline and a tradition of competition; and (3) angling tourism (or charter boat exploiting marine resources that goes back to the first fishing) (DGRM 2016). There are also four marine human settlements in the region (Bicho and Haws recreational fisheries (MRF) modes regulated and with 2008). Marine recreational fishing (MRF) has always mandatory dedicated fishing licenses (shore angling/ been a popular activity in Portugal and it is estimated hand harvesting, boat angling, and spearfishing). MRF that it currently involves between 170 and 200 thou- takes place along all the Portuguese coast, from the sand participants yearly (DGRM 2017; Hyder et al. intertidal zone to the shelf-break and beyond (when 2017). As in most places, the main distinctive feature targeting large pelagic and highly migratory species), between recreational and small-scale commercial fish- targeting a considerable number of marine species ing in Portugal is the interdiction of selling the catch; (Rangel and Erzini 2007; Veiga et al. 2010; Diogo and but there are other differences such as the gears Pereira 2014). allowed, licensing schemes, and catch and effort In recent years, MRF has been subject to growing restrictions (Pawson et al. 2008; Veiga et al. 2013). attention in European waters in terms of research For legal and statistical purposes, there are three main and management initiatives (Ferter et al. 2013; categories of recreational fishing in the country: (1) Hyder et al. 2017). Nevertheless, and despite the CONTACT Hugo Diogo [email protected] Okeanos - R&D Centre, University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado, 4, 9900- 138 Horta, Portugal. ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE & AQUACULTURE 537 legal requirements of European Union (EU) legisla- data). Gray literature was selected using Google and tion on estimates of recreational catches for some Google Scholar online databases in Portuguese; the species since 2009, recreational fisheries in many EU first 150 hits were evaluated. Gray literature for which countries have not yet been subject to national-scale full texts were not publicly available were not included surveys, or are at an early stage as is the case of in this review. Information was extracted, when pos- Portugal. In the absence of national data collection sible, at regional level using Portuguese NUTS II areas programs, it is important to compile all existing as defined for statistical purposes (north, center, knowledge, especially when some heterogeneity is Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Algarve, Alentejo, Azores likely to exist on target species, catches, effort and and Madeira archipelagos) and consisted of: (1) par- socioeconomic features of the different fishing ticipation rates (estimated from official information modes and/or for the different regions in the coun- on issued MRF licenses); (2) gears and fishing meth- try (Gupta et al. 2015;Freireetal.2016). ods used; (3) main target and captured species; (4) This article reviews and summarizes all available catch rates; (5) fishing effort; (6) total estimated information on several aspects of Portuguese marine catches, main shared resources (among the different recreational fisheries, mainly in terms of ecological recreational fishing modes and also with commercial impacts, socio-economic importance, and evolution of fisheries); and (7) socio-economic features (e.g., angler the legal framework. Based on the main findings and demographics, expenditures). patterns, recommendations for future research and Other important topics also covered and discussed management will be provided. The scope of this in the manuscript have included the legal framework review is restricted to information collected on recre- for MRF in Portugal, other potential ecological ational fishing for the four main fishing modes (i.e., impacts of MRF in Portugal, and management of hand harvesting, shore angling, boat angling, and MRF within Marine Protected Areas (MPA). spearfishing), published in some form (i.e., including gray literature) and publicly available as of October 2018. 3. Management of the marine recreational fishing activity in Portugal 2. Methodology Marine recreational fishing in Portugal was an open access activity until 2005, without restrictions of any Scientific information on Portuguese marine recre- kind (Rangel and Erzini 2007; Veiga et al. 2013). The ational fisheries was compiled through an exhaustive first record of a legal framework for MRF is from bibliographic search. Documents consulted included Decree § 41444/1957 (Figure 1). According to this peer-reviewed papers, theses, research reports, and governmental related documents (reports, statistics, or regulation, recreational fishing was broadly defined as “ ” other type of official documents). Published informa- any fishing activity conducted by amateur fishers, tion was selected using Scopus (https://www.elsevier. practicing hook and line or underwater spearfishing, com/solutions/scopus/) and RCAAP (https://www. both from shore or boat, and without commercial rcaap.pt/) databases. A sensitive “rapid” systematic purposes (i.e., ban on the sale of fish). From 1957 to search strategy was employed combining Portuguese the early 2000s, the MRF regulation was subject to and English terms such as “recreational fisheries,” several revisions and adjustments, but with no clear “recreation,”“spear,”“sport,”“boat” or “angler,” evidence that the anticipated measures were being “marine,”“fishers,” and synonyms. Titles and abstracts effectively implemented or enforced. Effective meas- were screened to identify studies potentially eligible ures to restrict MRF catch and effort were only for- for inclusion.
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