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Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas: a Tragedy of Requited Love

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Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas: a Tragedy of Requited Love Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Magisterská diplomová práce Jméno Autora 20 Autora Jméno 2013 Michal Šilar Hřbet 0 12 12 Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Michal Šilar Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas: A Tragedy of Requited Love Master’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Michael M. Kaylor, M.A., Ph. D. 2013 1 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. 2 I would like to thank my supervisor - Dr. Michael M. Kaylor, M.A., Ph.D. – for his generous advice and comments which helped to shape this work. 3 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6 A Note on the Sources……………………………………………………………………………………………9 I. Deconstructing Oscar………………………………………………………………………10 The Greek Things…………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Women……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 Walter Pater………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 Marriage……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19 II. Meet Dorian Gray………………………………………………………………………….24 Homme Fatale……………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 The Lord of Language………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Love at Second Sight…………………………………………………………………………………………...33 A Woman of No Importance and A Man of Great Importance…………………………………..37 III. Through Thick and Thin………………………………………………………………..46 The Imminent Danger………………………………………………………………………………………….46 The Green Carnation…………………………………………………………………………………………….49 The Chameleon…………………………………………………………………………………………………...54 The Trials……………………………………………………………………………………………………………58 The Imprisonment……………………………………………………………………………………………….71 De Profundis……………………………………………………………………………………………………….77 Exile…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...81 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..85 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………………………………87 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….90 Resumé……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...91 4 5 Introduction Over the years, the life of Oscar Wilde has become an inexhaustible source of inspiration not only for readers and theatre-goers who have admired his wit, but also for many biographers who have attempted to depict his life. However, in spite of the fact that Wilde´s work has been analysed from different perspectives and interpreted in various ways, the author´s personality and sexuality are two issues to which, until recently, not much attention had been paid. As Neil McKenna points out in his Secret Life of Oscar Wilde: Despite many excellent biographies and critical studies, comparatively little has been written about Oscar Wilde´s sexuality and his sexual behaviour. Most accounts of Oscar Wilde´s life present him as predominantly heterosexual, a man whose later love of men was at best some sort of aberration, a temporary madness and, at worst, a slow-growing cancer, a terrible sexual addiction which slowly destroyed his mind and his body (McKenna XV). Such views of Wilde´s sexuality appear very often, especially in the biographies written in the first half of the 20th century. The reason why many biographers resorted to such misleading interpretations was not only the fact that homosexuality was a criminal offence in Britain until 1967, but also the fact that the scholars of that time did not have and could not have had sufficient evidence to deal with this issue in a conclusive way. While all Wilde´s works have been available since 1962 (the year in which the complete text of De Profundis was published), it was not until 2000 that The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde came out in London. Whereas a lot of Wilde´s works contain strong autobiographical elements, it is his letters that enable one to explore Wilde as a person. 6 Paradoxically, the profusion of information concerning the life of Oscar Wilde which is now available has caused, in many ways, the playwright´s personal image to suffer. Some fascinating new information based on hitherto unpublished accounts of Wilde´s sexual and emotional life (e.g. Neil McKenna´s The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde) has resulted in a new perception of Wilde´s sexuality. Today, Wilde is no longer referred to as a heterosexual writer who, inexplicably, "converted" to homosexuality, but as a homosexual predator who was aware of his sexual preferences from the very beginning and whose life´s ambition was to seduce as many men as possible. This perception is totally different from the above-mentioned stereotypical view of Wilde adopted in the first half of the 20th century, but it is, unfortunately, equally misleading and inaccurate. Perhaps the best example of a distorted interpretation of certain aspects of Oscar Wilde´s life is the question of his association with Lord Alfred Douglas. Whereas Wilde´s relationship with Douglas turned out to be fatal for Wilde and almost every book on Wilde deals, at least to some extent, with Douglas too, a great deal of scholars still consider Douglas to be nothing but a mediocre poet of whom the world would hardly have heard if there had not been for his association with Oscar Wilde. Unfortunately, albeit partly true in nature, these generalizations and simplifications of Douglas as an artist have led many to making a similar judgement about Douglas as a person. His role in the life of Oscar Wilde is often either considerably downplayed or excessively exaggerated. In his Oscar Wilde: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, E.H. Mikhail compiled a list of 375 books dealing entirely with Wilde as of 1978. While this number has increased dramatically since then, only 6 biographies of Lord Alfred Douglas have been written and published as of 2012. Unfortunately, the lack of serious interest in 7 Douglas is one of the reasons why there are so many myths concerning his personality and his influence on Oscar Wilde. The objective of this thesis is to provide a truthful and undistorted analysis of the relationship between Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas and to topple and shatter some widespread myths concerning the personality of Lord Alfred Douglas in general. The relationship between the two men will be dealt with in different connections and from different perspectives in order to refute the prevailing notion of Wilde as the victim and Douglas as the person to blame. Rather, the evidence should show that Douglas was Wilde´s devoted friend and lover who, contrary to popular belief, did not let Wilde down. 8 A Note on the Sources As pointed out in the Introduction, the number of books and studies dealing with Oscar Wilde is enormous, whereas serious scholarly interest in Lord Alfred Douglas is not but marginal. Besides, although there are a lot of first-hand accounts of various aspects of Wilde´s relationship with Douglas, one has to be careful with the sources of these accounts, for some of them are, unfortunately, not particularly reliable even though they may seem to be so. For example, there is not a single mention of Lord Alfred Doulgas in Robert Sherard´s The Life of Oscar Wilde (1906) in spite of the fact that Sherard was one of Wilde´s closest friends and was fully conversant with their relationship. The reasons why Robert Sherard, Robert Ross, Frank Harris and others often depicted Douglas in a vague or entirely negative way were purely personal, but, unfortunately, a number of Wilde´s biographers, especially those of the first half of the 20th century, adopted, quite automatically, such misleading views of Douglas without justifying them in a conclusive way. Also, since the main focus of this thesis is the relationship between Wilde and Douglas and the issue of their sexuality, it proved inevitable to consult not only the works of the eminent Wilde´s biographers (Ellmann, Hyde, Holland...), but also some studies dealing exclusively with the above-mentioned issues (McKenna, Wintermans, Foldy...). While Richard Ellmann´s Oscar Wilde remains the indispensable and impeccable biography, both in terms of scope and insight, for everyone who intends to deal with Wilde seriously, this thesis often required a less conservative (albeit still scholarly) approach to encompass the above-mentioned issues in their entirety. 9 I. Deconstructing Oscar The Greek things The objective of this chapter is to provide an outline of the process of Oscar Wilde´s sexual self-recognition with the intention to demonstrate that the playwright was neither a heterosexual man who later in his life took a fancy to young men nor a homosexual predator who was aware of his sexual identity from the beginning. Rather, this section should illustrate that Oscar Wilde was a man who had, as well as many other men, struggled with his sexual orientation for quite a long time before he finally managed to come to terms with it. Whereas homosexuality was a taboo during Oscar Wilde´s teenage years and remained so throughout his life, it was at the time of his studies that he became acquainted with what he would later adopt as his sexual identity. During his years at Trinity College, Wilde´s tutor was the Reverend Sir John Pentland Mahaffy, an Irish classicist and polymathic scholar. In 1874 Oscar Wilde spent some time helping Mahaffy with his book Social Life in Greece from Homer to Menander. In spite of the fact that Greek homosexuality was only one of many issues which Mahaffy dealt with in this study, the book became, in many ways, a pioneering work on the subject: In defense of Greek wholesomeness, Mahaffy ventured to touch
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