And a Florentine Tragedy (1894)
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Department of English Rediscovering Beatrice and Bianca: A Study of Oscar Wilde’s Tragedies The Duchess of Padua (1883) and A Florentine Tragedy (1894) Minon Alexandra Weber Master’s Thesis Literature Spring, 2020 Supervisor: Giles Whiteley Abstract Towards the end of the 19th century Oscar Wilde wrote the four society plays that would become his most famous dramatical works: Lady Windermere’s Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). The plays combined characteristic Wildean witticisms with cunning social criticism of Victorian society, using stereotypical characters such as the dandy, the fallen woman and the “ideal” woman to mock the double moral and strict social expectations of Victorian society. These plays, and to an extent also Wilde’s symbolist drama Salomé (1891), have been the object of a great deal of scholarly interest, with countless studies conducted on them from various angles and theoretical perspectives. Widely under-discussed, however, are Wilde’s two Elizabethan-Jacobean tragedies, The Duchess of Padua (1883) and A Florentine Tragedy (1894). This thesis therefore sets out to explore The Duchess of Padua and A Florentine Tragedy in order to gain a broader understanding of Wilde’s forgotten dramatical works, while also rediscovering two of Wilde’s most transgressive female characters— Beatrice and Bianca. Challenging traditional ideas of gender and female sexuality, Beatrice and Bianca can be read as proto-feminist figures who continually act transgressively, using their voice and agency to stand up against patriarchy and asserting their rights to experience their lives on their own terms. Through an in-depth study of these plays, this thesis will demonstrate that Wilde’s Elizabethan-Jacobean tragedies, with their strong, modern female characters Beatrice and Bianca deserve greater critical attention on a par with the extensive scholarship on Wilde’s well-known dramatical works. Keywords: Oscar Wilde; Victorian Literature; Drama; 19th Century Literature; A Florentine Tragedy; The Duchess of Padua; Elizabethan Drama; Jacobean Drama; Renaissance Drama; Theatre List of Abbreviations Collins Collected Works of Oscar Wilde, intro. by Merlin Holland, Glasgow: Harper Collins, 1994. CW V The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Volume V: Plays: 1: The Duchess Of Padua, Salome: Drame en un Acte, Salome: Tragedy in One Act, ed. by Joseph Donohue, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. CW VII The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Volume VII: Journalism II, ed. by John Stokes and Mark Turner, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. CW IX The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde: Volume IX: Plays: 2: Lady Lancing (The Importance of Being Earnest), ed. by Joseph Donohue, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. DG The Picture of Dorian Gray, in Oscar Wilde: The Major Works, ed. by Isobel Murray, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. HD The Letters of Oscar Wilde, ed. by Rupert Hart-Davis, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc, 1962. Murray Oscar Wilde: The Major Works, ed. by Isobel Murray, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Raby The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays, ed. by Peter Raby, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. I quote The Duchess of Padua and Salomé from Donohue’s edition, A Florentine Tragedy from the Collins edition, The Picture of Dorian Gray from Murray’s edition and Wilde’s other plays from Raby’s edition as appropriate, by act, scene and line number. Poetry by Oscar Wilde is cited by line number to Murray’s edition. TaBle of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………..……1 Historical Context Wilde and Women……………………………………………………….….….4 The Society Plays and Salomé……………………………………...…………12 Genre…………………………………………………………………………17 The Plays The Duchess of Padua—Beatrice…………………………….………………21 A Florentine Tragedy—Bianca………………………………….……………38 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………...49 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………52 Weber 1 Introduction Born in 1854 in Dublin, Ireland, Oscar Wilde grew up to become one of the most famous writers and playwrights of his century. Today, 120 years after his death, he still continues to fascinate readers and scholars all over the world. But if Wilde has never really gone out of fashion, recent work after the neo-historical turn has sought to situate Wilde firmly as a product of his time. The late 19th century was, after all, a time of incredible change. The repressive moral strictures that had previously separated men and women, confining women to the domesticity of the home while men ruled the public world, were challenged by modern, radical ideas about gender equality. For instance, during the period, the New Woman ideal emerged, inspiring women to be independent and to pursue careers, even if traditional patriarchal ideas were still in majority. While Wilde was an established writer and poet by the turn of the century, publishing his first novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray in 1890, and famous for his clever wit and flamboyant style, it was during this same period towards the end of the century, that he wrote the four society plays that would become his most famous dramatical works: Lady Windermere’s Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal Husband (1895) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). However, he had already written two earlier plays: Vera; or, The Nihilists (1880) and The Duchess of Padua (1883), both of which were largely unsuccessful. Furthermore, Wilde published his biblical symbolist drama Salomé in 1891, and had started writing on a La Sainte Courtisane in 1894, a play similar in style and setting to Salomé of which only a fragment has survived. Additionally, Wilde worked on three other unfinished plays: Weber 2 A Florentine Tragedy (1894), A Wife’s Tragedy, and Love Is Law. Of these less well- known plays, two in particular, his Elizabethan-Jacobean tragedies, present interesting figures of strong transgressive women which compare with Wilde’s more famous female characters, who have been widely analysed, while these other women have been left under-discussed. This essay will begin to rectify that gap in the critical heritage. After more than a century of studying Wilde and his works from various angles and theoretical perspectives, the scholarly interest remains immense. Numerous studies have been conducted on The Picture of Dorian Gray, and on Wilde’s poetry and essays. Furthermore, his society plays, and to an extent Salomé, have been the objects of several extensive research projects and books. Sos Eltis (1996) has written extensively on the society plays, as has Kerry Powell (1990). Also of significance, are the Oxford University editions of Wilde’s plays in The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, edited by Joseph Donohue, the only fully annotated, complete collection of Wilde’s works, including exhaustive introductions and commentary to each work. Another valuable study is Eleanor Fitzsimons’s Wilde’s Women (2016), which examines the relationships Wilde had with women during his lifetime, illustrating their profound influence on his life and works. However, despite the plethora of research, Wilde’s two tragedies The Duchess of Padua and A Florentine Tragedy have remained largely unexplored. A number of scholars have described them briefly, an even smaller number have treated them in detail, this in spite of the fact that Donohue’s 2013 volume in the Complete Works includes the first ever scholarly edition of The Duchess of Padua. Regenia Gagnier explored A Florentine Tragedy in an appendix to her book Idylls of the Marketplace: Oscar Wilde and the Victorian Public (1986), in which she analyses the play from an economic perspective, an angle she returns to in her article “Aesthetics and Economics in A Florentine Tragedy” from 1994. Sherry D Lee indirectly explores A Florentine Tragedy in her article “A Florentine Tragedy, or woman as mirror” from 2006, in which she studies the homoerotic subtext of Zemlinsky’s opera Eine florentinische Tragödie, based on Wilde’s play. Katharine Worth includes The Duchess of Padua in her book Oscar Wilde (1983), and while Worth acknowledges and describes the Duchess’s actions, she does not in detail analyse the rebellious transgressiveness of her character. Instead, Worth emphasises the play’s “filmic quality” (48) and visual sense, which she discusses in an intriguing analysis of the play’s colour schemes, archaeological inspirations and musical sounds. Also interested in the theatrical archaeology of the Weber 3 play is Gregory Mackie, who treats The Duchess of Padua in his article “The Modern Idea under an Antique Form: Aestheticism and Theatrical Archaeology in Oscar Wilde’s Duchess of Padua” (2012), which focuses on the play’s historical costume and stage design. However, none of these studies focuses exclusively on the female characters in these two plays. Throughout the oeuvre of Oscar Wilde, we find several strong-minded, radical women who challenge traditional gender norms, and many of them, particularly in the society plays, have been analysed in various studies throughout the years (for instance Powell 1990, pp.14-32; Eltis 1996, pp.130-169).Yet, Beatrice and Bianca, the two transgressive women in The Duchess of Padua and A Florentine Tragedy, have not been given a great deal of scholarly attention. I argue that Beatrice and Bianca deserve to be considered alongside Wilde’s other transgressive characters, such as Salomé, for example. Both The Duchess of Padua and A Florentine Tragedy are very modern plays, despite their Renaissance setting, and their female characters, Beatrice and Bianca, both demonstrate radical ideas regarding womanhood and sexuality, and are explicit in their reactions against patriarchy. Exploring these two plays allows us to broaden our understanding of Wilde’s largely forgotten dramatical works, while also shedding light on two of Wilde’s broadly overlooked female characters. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part, divided into three subsections, will establish the historical context in which The Duchess of Padua and A Florentine Tragedy were written.