HISTORIA ARGENTINA Introducción Al Análisis Económico-Social Tomo IV De 1930 a Nuestros Días (2004)

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HISTORIA ARGENTINA Introducción Al Análisis Económico-Social Tomo IV De 1930 a Nuestros Días (2004) Eugenio Gastiazoro HISTORIA ARGENTINA Introducción al análisis económico-social Tomo IV De 1930 a nuestros días (2004) www.editorialagora.com.ar Edición en papel 2004 - Edición digital 2020 República Argentina ÍNDICE Capítulo XIV La crisis del ’30 y la década infame 4 Capítulo XV La guerra y el peronismo 59 Capítulo XVI De la Fusiladora al Onganiato 115 Capítulo XVII El predominio socialimperialista 197 Capítulo XVIII Del menemato al Argentinazo 292 Epílogo Una nueva fase del saqueo 319 Anexos 1. La Segunda Guerra Mundial 347 2. La irrupción del Tercer Mundo 392 3. La URSS después de Stalin 419 4. Latifundismo e imperialismo 431 5. La renta del suelo hoy en la Argentina 449 6. La tenencia de la tierra, elemento básico de la producción agraria 473 7. El “neokeynesianismo” del presidente Kirchner 480 3 HISTORIA ARGENTINA. INTRODUCCIÓN AL ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO-SOCIAL Capítulo XIV La crisis del ’30 y la década infame Con el estallido de la crisis económica mundial del capitalis- mo, en 1929, se agudizó la disputa interimperialista por el control del mundo; crisis que diez años después llevó a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Las potencias imperialistas descargaron esa crisis, sin piedad, sobre los países oprimidos. En nuestro país se tensó su contradicción fundamental: por un lado, el imperialismo, los terratenientes, la burguesía inter- mediaria y los reaccionarios que se subordinan a ellos; y, por otro lado, la clase obrera y demás asalariados, los semiproletarios, los campesinos pobres y medios, los pueblos indígenas, la pequeño- burguesía, la mayoría de los estudiantes e intelectuales, los secto- res patrióticos y democráticos de la burguesía urbana y rural, los soldados y la suboficialidad y oficialidad patriótica y democrática. La profundidad de la crisis puso en evidencia la fragilidad de una economía nacional basada en la dependencia del imperialis- mo y en el latifundio terrateniente, y que, en consecuencia, estaba en función del mercado externo. También desnudó la debilidad de la burguesía nacional1. La política del gobierno radical de Yrigo- 1. En los países que sufren la opresión imperialista, la burguesía se divide en dos tipos: la burguesía nacional y la burguesía intermediaria. La burguesía inter- mediaria, al igual que los terratenientes en un país dependiente como el nuestro, es siempre lacaya del imperialismo y sus distintos sectores se diferencian según dependan de uno u otro imperialismo. En cambio la burguesía nacional es aquella que resiste el dominio del imperialismo, enfrentándolo políticamente de mane- 4 TOMO IV yen (por entonces en su segunda presidencia, iniciada en 1928) era incapaz de impedir que la crisis se descargara brutalmente sobre los trabajadores y el pueblo. Pero al mismo tiempo, ese gobierno tampoco era garante de los imperialismos, los terratenientes y la burguesía intermediaria para defender sus intereses. Instalar un gobierno fuerte a su servicio pasó a ser una necesidad de los sec- tores oligárquicos proimperialistas hegemónicos en las clases do- minantes, para lo que fueron armando un amplio frente golpista. Yrigoyen ganó las elecciones de 1928 con una amplitud nunca vista2 y planteó medidas avanzadas, tales como la rebaja en el pre- cio de los combustibles a través de YPF y el proyecto de naciona- lización del petróleo3, relaciones comerciales con la Unión Sovié- ra reformista o revolucionaria. Tiene un doble carácter: por un lado es oprimida por el imperialismo y por el otro es contraria a la clase obrera. A su vez tiene contradicciones con el imperialismo y los terratenientes y está vinculada a ellos por múltiples lazos. Cf. “Algunas experiencias en la historia de nuestro Partido”, Obras escogidas de Mao Tsetung, tomo V, Editorial Independencia, Buenos Aires, 1984, y Otto Vargas, “Reflexiones sobre una charla del camarada Mao”, en Política y Teoría N° 27, agosto-octubre de 1993 (la parte referida a la burguesía nacional está también publicada en el N° 80 de los Cuadernos de difusión del marxismo-le- ninismo-maoísmo, suplemento hoy, agosto de 2001). 2. En las elecciones realizadas el 1° de abril de 1928, la fórmula radical Yrigoy- en-Beiró logró 839.140 votos frente a la radical antipersonalista Melo-Gallo, que obtuvo 244.620 votos, los conservadores Matienzo-Carlés 73.049 y los socialistas Bravo-Repetto 65.660. Todavía el 1° de marzo de 1930, en las elecciones naciona- les de renovación de diputados, pese a la catastrófica derrota en Capital Federal (a manos de los socialistas y de los socialistas independientes), los yrigoyenistas tuvieron 618.411 votos en el total nacional, frente a los conservadores que obtu- vieron 158.826 y los demócratas progresistas, 136.121. En el total del país, el peso electoral de los socialistas significaba apenas 123.734 votos y el de los socialistas independientes, 110.792. 3. Las aspiraciones industrialistas de sectores de la burguesía nacional que se expresaron con fuerza en el retorno del yrigoyenismo se vieron reflejados en su definición sobre la cuestión petrolera. La defensa de los intereses nacionales expresada entre otros por los generales Mosconi y Baldrich fue respaldada por el gobierno. En septiembre de 1928 la Cámara de Diputados aprobó el proyecto yrigoyenista de nacionalización del petróleo, que golpeaba a los intereses imperi- alistas operantes en el país (en orden de importancia entonces: Compañía Ferro- carrilera de Petróleo, inglesa; Standard Oil, norteamericana; Astra, alemana-ar- gentina; Anglo Persian y Shell, inglesas). El proyecto nunca llegó a ser tratado en Senadores, por la oposición que lo “cajoneó” todo el tiempo en las comisiones. 5 HISTORIA ARGENTINA. INTRODUCCIÓN AL ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO-SOCIAL tica socialista4, establecimiento de la jornada legal de trabajo de ocho horas, restitución de la vigencia de los estatutos reformistas de 1922 en la Universidad del Litoral, etc.; medidas que se daban en el contexto de un nuevo auge de luchas en toda Latinoaméri- ca, entre las que se destacó la de Sandino en Nicaragua. Sin em- bargo, pese a eso, el gobierno de Yrigoyen fue desbordado por la magnitud de la crisis y se debatió en la impotencia de su política reformista. En la clase obrera que sufría el golpe principal de la crisis, co- menzaron a desarrollarse una serie de movimientos en defensa de sus salarios y las condiciones de vida y contra la desocupación, en su mayoría dirigidos por comités de huelga organizados por los comunistas, dado que el grueso de los sindicatos estaba dirigido por los sindicalistas y socialistas, llamados “estatalistas” por su línea de componenda con el aparato del Estado oligárquico impe- rialista. A su vez, el gobierno mientras se quedaba en las amena- zas contra la oligarquía y los monopolios imperialistas, sin tomar medidas efectivas contra ellos, volvió a recurrir al aparato repre- sivo de ese Estado, que se mantuvo en lo esencial, para reprimir las huelgas obreras5. Todo lo cual lo llevaría en poco tiempo a per- der gran parte del apoyo que le habían brindado la mayoría de los trabajadores y el pueblo. 4. En julio de 1930, el gobierno argentino convino con la agencia paraestatal soviética dedicada al intercambio comercial entre la URSS y la América del Sur, Iuyamtorg, un contrato de venta de 250.000 toneladas de nafta al valor del precio Gulf internacional, de calidad no inferior a la elaborada por YPF, lo que tampoco le sería perdonado por los monopolios petroleros imperialistas. 5. El hecho de mayor repercusión en ese período fue la represión por la policía de Córdoba (gobernada también por los radicales) a los obreros de San Fran- cisco en huelga (principalmente metalúrgicos, molineros y ladrilleros), el 21 de noviembre de 1929, que produjo la muerte de 4 de ellos y numerosos heridos. Esta huelga había conquistado ya una gran simpatía y apoyo en el movimiento obrero cordobés y de los pequeños comerciantes, manifestado el día anterior en un paro general de solidaridad, que se repitió al día siguiente en protesta por la represión. La lucha de los obreros de San Francisco continuó, con su Comité de Huelga controlando gran parte de la ciudad, hasta ser acallada por el envío de tropas por el gobierno de Yrigoyen, que produjo detenciones, deportaciones y bru- tales apaleamientos de obreros. 6 TOMO IV El gobierno de Yrigoyen, por su línea reformista fue incapaz de romper la dependencia con el imperialismo y con la gran pro- piedad del latifundio terrateniente, y de convocar al pueblo para enfrentar a los golpistas. Las fuerzas golpistas lanzaron sobre Yrigoyen una gran campaña de desprestigio aprovechando las debilidades de su gobierno. Se montaron en la radicalización que provocaba la crisis, en particular en los sectores urbanos de la pequeñobur- guesía6, instrumentando fundamentalmente la movilización de la juventud estudiantil, y pasaron abiertamente a la cons- piración; proceso que culminó con el golpe de Estado del 6 de septiembre de 1930, instalando la dictadura encabezada por el general Uriburu. Frente a la crisis económica y política, la ofensiva oligárqui- ca-imperialista y la dualidad de la política del gobierno de Yri- goyen, el movimiento obrero se vio totalmente inerme. Sus orga- nizaciones sindicales dirigidas principalmente por las corrientes 6. A la pequeñoburguesía “pertenecen los campesinos propietarios, los artesa- nos propietarios de talleres, las capas inferiores de la intelectualidad –estudiantes, maestros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria, funcionarios subalternos, oficinis- tas, tinterillos (escribientes)– y los pequeños comerciantes. Tanto por su número como por su naturaleza de
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