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(Santalum Album Linn.) Seed Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; 8(1): 2587-2592 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2019; 8(1): 2587-2592 Pharmaceutical importance, physico-chemical Received: 19-11-2018 Accepted: 22-12-2018 analysis and utilisation of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) seed oil G Ravi Kumar Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka, India G Ravi Kumar, BS Chandrashekar, M Srinivasa Rao, Mamata Ravindra, KT Chandrashekar and V Soundararajan BS Chandrashekar Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Abstract Bangalore, Karnataka, India The Santalum album L. of genus Santalum and oil obtained from has got more commercial value than other species in the world. Traditionally, sandalwood oil has unique stability, and provides perfume with M Srinivasa Rao its best fixative property. Sandalwood oil has antipyretic, antiseptic and diuretic properties. The oil has an Institute of Wood Science and important place in the indigenous system of medicine. Indian sandalwood tree is becoming endangered, Technology, Malleswaram, and measures to sustain this valued bio resources, took prominence and flaws in policy which endangered Bangalore, Karnataka, India the species were amended. Government of Karnataka promulgated an amendment to Karnataka Forest Act in 2001 to encourage private domestication of sandalwood as a means to conserve and enhance the Mamata Ravindra status of this resource. With all these positive measures the private growers have taken up more farming Institute of Wood Science and of sandalwood and in continuation to this positive measures sandalwood seeds are also available in Technology, Malleswaram, plenty and could be collected in huge quantities and presently these seed and oil obtained from it has Bangalore, Karnataka, India limited use. On an average, the 3-5 year old plant could produce around 2-3 Kgs of sandalwood seeds KT Chandrashekar and the matured trees of 8-10yrs of aged tree can produce around 4-6kgs of sandalwood seeds per tree. Institute of Wood Science and The seed index analysis experimented shows that on an average there are around 4000 -4500 number of Technology, Malleswaram, seeds in one Kg and each seed weigh around 0.23gms. The average yield of oil is around 35-40%. The Bangalore, Karnataka, India seed oil possesses diuretic, anti-tremorogenic, antiviral and hypotensive activities, lymphatic, treatment of skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, rash or other inflammation. Sandalwood Seed Oil is a rich V Soundararajan source of a natural and highly stable, acetylenic fatty acid called Ximenynic Acid, with known Institute of Wood Science and pharmacological results with its anti-aging property. The physicochemical investigations and its Technology, Malleswaram, pharmaceutical importance of seed oil extracted from 6 year old plant are attempted in this research Bangalore, Karnataka, India work. Keywords: Sandalwood seed oil, anti-aging, seed index, ximenynic acid, Santalum album Introduction Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) known as Chandana in India, also known as the East Indian sandalwood is commercially an important tree species in peninsular India because of its high economic value and is the best endemic tree in the world. The average yield of oil ranges from 2-6% w/w of heartwood content. The volatile oil distilled from Indian Sandalwood derived from the heartwood is colourless to yellowish viscous liquid with heavy sweet odour (Anon, 1972) [2]. The top note (the first aroma you smell) is very soft with a sweet-woody, balsamic body note and a long-lasting bottom note which makes this oil as a good perfume. The sweet powerful and lasting odour makes Sandalwood oil useful in perfume industry. The fragrant parts of sandalwood oil constitutes of α- and β-santalol. For more than five decades, India has been the traditional leader of sandalwood oil production for perfumery and pharmaceuticals. Traditionally, sandalwood oil has unique stability, and provides perfume with its best fixative property. The heartwood, sandalwood’s fragrant timber, has long been used traditionally in important religious ceremonies not only in India but in many parts of the world (Srinivasa Rao [17] et al., 2016) . Sandalwood oil has antipyretic, antiseptic, anti-scabietic, and diuretic properties. It is also effective in the treatment of bronchitis, cystitis, dysuria and diseases of the urinary tract. Markets worldwide are currently facing a serious shortage of this increasingly expensive, high quality Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) – largely as a result of unsustainable harvesting of the species over a long period of time in its native environments of [21] Correspondence India (Venkatesha Gowda, 2011) . V Soundararajan Indian sandalwood tree is becoming endangered, and in an attempt to curb its possible Institute of Wood Science and extinction increased interest by both forest departments and private growers towards expansion Technology, Malleswaram, of plantations has added to the resource building of this valuable tree (Soundararajan et al., Bangalore, Karnataka, India ~ 2587 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2015) [18]. The use of Sandalwood oil in treatment of skin (34%), oleic acid (44%) and Santalbic (20.3%) in benzene problems is legendary. It is an excellent moisturizer and elute of petroleum ether extract (Shankaranarayana, 1988) [15]. nourishes all type of skins. The astringent, anti-inflammatory, It is reported that the sandalwood seeds from young trees antiseptic, and pain relieving properties of sandalwood have (aged around 10yrs) are as much potentially rich in fatty oil, been put to good used in healing wounds, scars, and acne proteins and minerals as the seeds from the mature trees (age (Soundararajan et al., 2017) [19]. more than 30yrs). Deoiled seed mean, made from even young Sandalwood plants are widely distributed in Southern parts of trees could be of utility as animal feed stuff peninsular India mainly in the States like, Karnataka, Tamil (Shankaranarayana, et al., 1990) [16]. Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. East Indian sandalwood, Seed oils of five species of the family Santalaceae, not studied Santalum album L., is the queen among the species yielding previously, were examined to determine the nature of the fatty supreme quality essential oil much required by domestic and acid components. Ximenynic acid was the main component international perfume and allied industries. India realised the of Santalum yasi oil. Infrared spectra and other data were value of sandalwood trade and took positive steps to protect obtained for six additional species of Santalaceae. The the natural population of sandalwood. Measures to sustain this distribution pattern of acetylenic and other fatty acids in this valued bio resources, took prominence and flaws in policy family is discussed in relation to the classification of the which endangered the species were amended (Venkatesha genera (Hopkins et al. 1969) [4]. Gowda, 2011; Srinivasa Rao et al., 2016) [21, 17]. It has been reported that Sandal seed oil could be reacted with Materials and Methods zinc chloride, yielding a dark plastic solid which when Seed materials dissolved in benzene forms an ideal base for insulation tapes. Sandalwood seeds were procured from Dhabadi village of It reacts with sulphur at 220 C yielding a dark sticky rubber Malegaon taluk in Nasik district of Maharashtra state from a like product, suggesting it to be vulcanisable oil. Resins like progressive farmer. They were freshly harvested in 2016 from colophony and copal could be dissolved in oil at 200 C a 6 year old tree and were procured for the study purpose. producing an orange coloured varnish, which may be used in the manufacture of pigmented enamels. By partial Seed Index evaluation hydrogenation a semidrying oil of utility in soap industry Three sets each containing 100 seeds were selected and could be obtained. A number of surface active products analysed for their seed index evaluation. Each seed has been having excellent foaming capacity and foam suitability measured for their weight and size. Descriptive statistical products which are commercially valuable as foam boosters, analysis was done to evaluate and understand the seed yield germicides plasticizers emulsifying, thickening and wetting and other seed parameters as it’s the final product and many agents and for use in liquid detergents have been reported traits contribute to its performance. (Desai et al., 1990) [5]. Sandalwood seed oil contains a fat rich in santalbic acid Extraction of sandalwood seed oil (Ximenynic Acid), which is an acetylenic acid. Partial The classical Soxhlet extraction method provides the hydrogenation using Lindlar’s catalyst has yielded an oil fundamental basis for a modern-day solvent extraction containing 80% of C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids, 13% of system. Normally crushed seeds are placed inside a thimble C18:3, 6% C20 fatty acids and traces of Lauric acid(C12), made from thick filter paper, which is loaded into the main Palmitic acid (C16) Stearic acid (C18) fatty acids making it chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. The Soxhlet extractor is more semi drying oil in the process (Shankaranarayana, 1979) placed onto a flask containing the extraction solvent i.e. [14]. Petroleum ether (60-80). The Soxhlet is then equipped with a Sandalwood Seed Oil in its triglyceride form needs to be condenser. The solvent is heated to reflux. The solvent vapour hydrolysed to release the active free Ximenynic Acid. travels up a distillation
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