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R---No. 23 -24 Mayo 2010 r-·r----------------------- No. 23 -24 mayo 2010 No. 23 -24 mayo 2010 Dirección General Margarita Vannini Editores de este número ISSN: 1017-4680 Martin Künne Rigoberto Navarro Genie Producción Jan Kees de Rooy Ilustraciones Cortesía del Instituto Iberoamericano, Fundación Patrimonio Cultural Prusiano. Cortesía del Museo Antropológico de Berlín. Cortesía del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. Martin Künne Rigoberto Navarro Genie Corrección de estilo: Mario Urtecho Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica (IHNCA-UCA) Foto de la portada Dibujos coloridos de dos cerámicas policromas encontradas en la región arqueológica de Gran Nicoya. Dibujos de Walter Lehmann. Foto cortesía del Instituto Iberoamericano, Fundación Patrimonio Cultural Prusiano, legado Walter Lehmann. Índice Presentación Martin Künne y Rigoberto Navarro Genie 1 Los primeros viajeros europeos y las colecciones arqueológicas del sur de América Central Martin Künne 5 Walter Lehmann: Bosquejo biográfico Martin Künne 15 Resultados de un viaje exploratorio en Centroamérica y México 1907-1909 Walter Lehmann, traducido por el CIDCA 23 Estaciones del primer viaje de Walter Lehmann a través de América Central (1907-09), según sus propias anotaciones Martin Künne 81 Cien años después del “rescate” del “objeto auténtico”: El significado científico de la obra arqueológica de Walter Lehmann al comienzo del siglo XXI Martin Künne 173 Perspectiva del estudio de la cerámicas arqueológica colectada por Walter Lehmann en la región Gran Nicoya a la luz de los conocimientos actuales Martin Künne 199 Las monumentales esculturas de piedra de la isla de Ometepe Rigoberto Navarro Genie 211 El diccionario Turkulka del Proyecto de Lengua Rama y el Vocabulario de Lehmann en el Index Lehmann Colette Grinevald y Maricela Kauffmann 227 Bibliografía Rama Colette Grinevald y Maricela Kauffmann 243 Los autores y colaboradores de este cuaderno 249 Agradecimientos 251 6 Presentación 1 Martin Künne y Rigoberto Navarro La revista que presentamos reúne doce aportes que están relacionados con el primer viaje de Walter Lehmann por Centroamérica y México (1907-09). Uno de los aspectos de mayor importancia del material que estamos publicando, es el hecho de poner en valor social la información relativa a las primeras observaciones que Lehmann realizó por el istmo centroamericano, ya que su informe de viaje nunca había sido publicado en español. Estos textos son el resultado de diferentes proyectos de investigación sistemática realizados en el Museo Etnológico de Berlín (Künne), en la Universidad de París I, Panteón-Sorbonne (Navarro) así como parte de la cooperación entre el Centro de Investigación y Documentación de la Costa Atlántica, la Universidad de Oregon y la Universidad de Lyon (CIDCA; Grinnevald y Kauffmann). Iniciamos con dos aportes que ilustran el contexto histórico (Künne) y biográfico (Künne) de la primera estadía de Lehmann en América. A continuación, figuran tres textos que describen el viaje del americanista alemán, tomando como referencias principales la primera traducción española de su reporte final de viaje, publicado en el año 1910 (Lehmann y CIDCA), así como las anotaciones privadas de Lehmann en las libretas, cartas y en el diario Nº 122 (Künne). Además, se incluye también una discusión analítica de sus descripciones históricas desde una perspectiva contemporánea (Künne). Los cuatro artículos siguientes presentan el estado actual de la investigación científica en tres campos significativos con respecto al trabajo de Lehmann en Centroamérica: Un texto se dedica a la cerámica (Künne), y otro a las esculturas (Navarro) precolombinas de la región Pacífica de Nicaragua y Costa Rica. Dos textos adicionales describen el estado actual de la documentación de la lengua Rama (Grinevald y Kauffmann), hablada en la Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur (RAAS) de Nicaragua. Hemos establecido el énfasis de esta publicación en el primer viaje del joven científico berlinés, porque a partir de sus tempranos estudios multifacéticos se puede reconocer los principales rasgos que estructuran la amplia variedad de su obra posterior. Desde esta perspectiva esperamos abrir accesos interpretativos adicionales que se desprendan del aspecto cronológico de la obra de Lehmann, en dirección a un mejor entendimiento de sus publicaciones principales de carácter histórico y lingüístico. En este sentido, la revista se ha concebido con la idea de lograr un acercamiento al significado de las investigaciones del americanista alemán, tanto por sus contextos históricos, como por el aporte a la ciencia moderna. De esta manera queremos valorar la importancia histórica de sus trabajos y el potencial actual de las investigaciones realizadas. Debido a la permanencia prolongada de Lehmann en Costa Rica y Nicaragua, ambos países representan el foco geográfico principal de esta edición. Mediante las continuidades y las modificaciones indicadas en esta publicación, con respecto a la ciencia americanista, se puede identificar una tradición cultural compartida de Centroamérica y Europa desde una perspectiva contemporánea. Por una parte los primeros viajeros y académicos estudiaron como Lehmann la geomorfología, la naturaleza, las culturas indígenas y las costumbres tradicionales que 2 incuestionablemente pertenecen a la región visitada. Por otra parte, a partir de los datos recuperados se construyeron modelos universales que reflejaron a veces, más los rasgos característicos de los visitantes que los de las regiones de estudio. ¿Hasta qué punto estas construcciones del pensamiento todavía influyen en las reflexiones profesionales de la ciencia actual? … es una cuestión que dejamos a consideración de los estimados lectores. Deseamos que la lectura de este material sirva, en parte, para que se pueda conocer la relación del trabajo de los primeros investigadores de Centroamérica con la visión científica de la actualidad, así como para divulgar las observaciones de Lehmann a las nuevas generaciones y que los trabajos que aquí abordamos tengan una recepción crítica e intercultural, para que sirvan de sustento a la ampliación y mejoramiento del conocimiento y de la interpretación histórica y arqueológica de la América Central. 3 4 Fig. 2: Walter Lehmann en traje y con sombrero al borde de la selva costarricense. La rica flora y fauna tropical de Centroamérica inspiraba al americanista joven componer exuberantes poemas de la naturaleza impresionante (IAI, legado Lehmann, libretas nos. 48, 124). Sin embargo, de la Finca El Trio, Lehmann escribió a Seler, considerando los fines científicos de su estancia: “En la selva, que podía entrar varias veces en toda su maravillosa vegetación abundante, me desesperé de registrar toda esta riqueza de plantas debajo, al lado y encima de mí. Por eso me concentré en los helechos por el momento, de los cuales existe una increible cantidad de especies aquí” (EM IB 74(I): E 418/08). Foto: Martin Künne. Cortesía del Instituto Iberoamericano, Fundación Patrimonio Cultural Prusiano, legado Walter Lehmann. Los primeros viajeros europeos y las colecciones arqueológicas 5 de la Baja América Central1 Martin Künne La parte baja de América Central forma un puente delgado de tierra, que conecta América del Norte con América del Sur. La región se extiende desde los ríos Lempa (El Salvador) y Ulúa (Honduras) en el Norte, hasta el río Atrato (Colombia), en el Sur (Haberland 1959: 53-59; Lange y Stone 1984). Aunque la zona reúne distintas culturas y hallazgos arqueológicos en un área geográfica pequeña, muchas veces todo este territorio se mal entiende como región periférica. De acuerdo con los contextos arqueológicos documentados, los habitantes precolombinos de la Baja América Central se concentraban en la costa y en las montañas del Pacífico, y se asentaban en las áreas de drenaje de los ríos grandes, a lo largo de las costas segmentadas o en las mesetas fértiles de origen volcánico. Por el contrario parece que, las extensas llanuras de la Costa Atlántica eran poco habitadas. Sus pobladores vivían de la agricultura, la recolección de frutas, la caza y la pesca (Fonseca 1992; Lange et al. 1992; Snarskis et al. 2001; Vázquez et al. 1992-93). Los habitantes indígenas de la Baja América Central hablaban varias lenguas de los grupos chibcha, mismumalpa, mangue, tlapaneco, nahua o maya (Constenla Umaña 1991; Lehmann 1920). Estaban organizados en federaciones territoriales o en grupos formados por redes familiares, los cuales vivían en pueblos o plazuelas poliétnicos (Werner 2000). Se integraban mediante redes de intercambio o alianzas políticas. No obstante, las poblaciones de la Baja América Central nunca establecieron organizaciones de carácter estatal. En lugar de centros urbanos con arquitectura monumental, al momento de la conquista europea (1502 d.C. – 1565 d.C.) predominaban asentamientos con estructuras dispersas y pueblos empalizados (Ibarra Rojas 1996, 2001; Incer Barquero 2002; Newson 1987; Peralta 1883). En vez de aplicar escrituras y calendarios codificados se utilizaban sistemas iconográficos detallados para la conservación y la transmisión de conocimientos. Asimismo aparecen otros elementos diagnósticos que caracterizan las culturas de Mesoamérica y las del área andina en forma modificada, ya que se relacionan íntimamente con las culturas locales. Un ejemplo destacado son las zonas arqueológicas de la costa Pacífica (El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, la provincia de Guanacaste) y del valle del Río Comayagua (Honduras). Aquí se manifiestan influencias mexicanas (arquitectura monumental, códices, lenguas del
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