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Anesthesia • Cattle Anesthesia 1n• Cattle N~ Kent Ames, D. V.M., M .S. Thomas W. Reibold, D. V.M. Dept. of Large Animal Surgery and Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Due to the nature of cattle, most surgical Regional nerve blocks in calves may be more dif­ procedures can be accomplishe1 with physical ficult due to slightly different anatomy and confor­ restraint and local anesthesia. This is an excellent mation in the growing animal. Procaine toxicity method for most surgical procedures, but what about can also be a problem if the amount of procaine ex­ the procedures where more complete anesthesia is ceeds 2.7 mg/kg (6.0 mg/lb.) in calves (5). desired or required? How often is a surgical procedure not performed or performed inadequately because it General Anesthesia would require the use of general anesthesia? The concepts of general anesthesia in cattle are very similar to anesthesia in other animals, except for Local and, Regional Anesthesia a few species variations. Prior to anesthetizing any First, let us look at the use of local and regional animal, a few precautions are necessary. A routine anesthesia. Local anesthetic agents prevent the con­ physical exam should be performed to determine the duction of nerve impulses along the nerves and thus, state of health of the animal. Particular attention the patient perceives no pain. The agents themselves should be paid to the cardiopulmonary system. Basic are weak acids, and do not work well in an acid clinical pathology tests should be performed to obtain medium such as an abscess. Small and non­ baseline data for the animal. These tests would in­ 0 "'O myelinated nerves are more sensitive to the effects of clude a complete blood count, serum electrolytes, (D the anesthetic agent than the large and myelinated minerals, blood urea nitrogen, and serum glutamic ~ nerves. The length of action of these agents is com­ oxaloacetic transaminase. Animals with metabolic ~ (") monly increased by the use of epinephrine, which disturbances are poorer anesthetic risks than healthy (D 00 decreases the blood flow in the area and delays ab­ animals. 00 sorption. Likewise, hyaluronidase facilitates the All animals should be held off feed before general 0........ 00 spread of agent by breaking down tissue barriers. ,-+- anesthesia. Adult cattle should be kept off roughage '"i Some of the common agents used in bovine practice 48 hours; grain and concentrate, 24 hours; and water, ~ are procaine1, lidocaine2 and mepivacaine3 • Procaine 12 hours. This decreases the problem of tympany and ~...... can be combined with epinephrine and used for regurgitation by decreasing the amount of ingesta 0p specific nerve blocks, local infiltration and epidural within the rumen. Even with these precautions, anesthesia. Lidocaine, which is 50% more effective about 25 % of anesthetized cattle will regurgitate. than procaine at the 2% concentration, is also com­ Regurgitation does not seem to be as serious a monly used for local and regional anesthesia. problem in young calves. They should be held off feed Lidocaine is compatible with epinephrine and is com­ for 12-24 hours and off water overnight. monly used for epidural anesthesia in the cow. Because cattle generally recover from Mepivacaine has a more rapid onset and prolonged anesthesia very smoothly, tranquilizers are usual­ effect when compared to lidocaine, and is used in a ly not necessary . However, they may be used prior similar manner (4). to anesthesia, much the same as they are in other Some of the common regional nerve blocks used in species. Unfortunately, few if any tranquilizers cattle are: the Peterson block and retrobulbar eye are approved for use in food animals, and the prac­ block, the caudal epidural, proximal or distal titioner must take full responsibility when using paravertebral lumbar nerve block, and the in­ these agents. travenous infusion technique in the foot (1,2,3). Local Promazine4, acetylpromazine5, and xylazine6 are infiltration of an area, as well as the ring block and three commonly used tranquilizers in cattle. the inverted "L", are commonly used for anesthesia Promazine and acetylpromazine are phenothiazine in cattle (1,4). derivatives and are contraindicated in animals in shock, due to their alpha blockade and hypotensive 1Procaine, W.A. Butler Co., 5079 Canterbury St., Brighton, Mich. 48116. actions. They are both commonly used in large 2Lidocaine, W.A . Butler Co., 5079 Canterbury St., Brighton, Mich. 4Promazine, Ft. Dodge Labs, Fort Dodge, Iowa 50501. 48116. ·'Ace promazine, Ayerst Labs, Vet. Med. Div., 685 Third Ave., 3Carbocaine, lnvenox Pharmaceuticals, Div. of the Mogul Corp., .Y., N.Y. 10017. Chargrin Falls, Ohio 44022 . 6Rompun, Haver-Lochart Lab , Kan a City, Mo. 64100. 75 animals and can be given intramuscularly or in­ can be combined with 2.0 gm of a thiobarbiturate per travenously at approximately the same dose used in liter to give it analgesic properties. The dose of horses. Their analgesic properties are less than that of glyceryl guaiacolate is 2.2 ml/kg (1.0 ml/lb.) of a 5% xylazine, which is a very potent sedative in cattle. solution. This dose may be lessened and given to Xylazine is nof approved for use in cattle at the effect with the thiobarbiturate. Glyceryl guaiacolate present time in this country and has been the subject is not approved for use in food animals ( 4). of several malpractice suits. Its action is dose related. All cattle under general anesthesia should be in­ The most serious potential complications are bloat tubated to prevent regurgitation and aspiration. If an and regurgitation, with aspiration pneumonia. endotracheal tube is not available, position the Holding the animal off feed and water will decrease animal's head such that any fluid would run out the the likelihood of these complications. Since cattle are animal's mouth. Other supportive care would include so sensitive to this drug, the dosage is extremely im­ intravenous fluids in the form of lactated Ringers or portant. Only 1/10-½o of the calculated equine dose is saline, depending upon the acid-base balance of the required in cattle. A tuberculin syringe and/or a cow. Equipment should be available to assist ventila­ diluted product, such as in the small animal prepara­ tion and to supply oxygen if it is needed. It may be tion, should be used to assure proper dosage. advantageous to administer oxygen to cattle via a Atropine7 may be administered at 0.13 mg/kg (0.06 nasal tube if intravenous anesthesia is being used. mg/lb.) to decrease salivation. However, this is open Cattle require the same type of padding that horses to controversy, and some people contend that do to prevent nerve and muscle injury (4). atropine only decreases the volume by increasing the Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method viscosity of the saliva and should not be given. for general anesthesia in cattle, because the depth Prior to anesthesia, the patient's mouth should be of anesthesia can be controlled and the recovery washed out to remove food p'articles that may be time is rapid. Halothane12 is the agent of choice. 11 aspirated or pushed into the trachea by the en­ Methoxyflurane : requires a longer induction and dotracheal tube. recovery. Nitrous oxide is not commonly used, There are a number of intravenous anesthetics that other than for induction. It tends to accumulate in can be used in cattle. Chloral hydrate given slowly as the rumen, causing tympany (4). a 7% solution at 20-30 ml/45.5 kg (20-30 ml/100 lb.), Induction can be accomplished with an in­ travenous agent or by masking the animal down. or to effect, can be an effective agent. It can also be 0 Mask induction can be easily performed in calves "'O used in combination with magnesium sulfate and (D pentobarbital (Equithesin8 ). The long recovery with halothane and oxygen. Nitrous oxide can be ~ period and lack of control of the depth of anesthesia added to the gas mixture as 50% of the total flow to ~ (") are the major disadvantages ( 4). hasten induction by utilizing the second gas effect. (D 00 Pentobarbital can be given at 26 mg/kg (12.0 Adult cattle are usually restrained on a surgical table 00 mg/lb.) total dose. Half of the calculated dose should and intravenous anesthesia agents given for induc­ 0........ 00 tion. Some of the more commonly used combinations ,-+- be given quickly and the remainder to effect. The '"i dose can be decreased if tranquilizers or sedatives are the thiobarbiturates given rapidly as a bolus at ~ have been given to the patient. Again, the most 6.6-8.5 mg/kg (3.0-4.0 mg/lb.) or a 5% glyceryl ~...... serious disadvantages are the long recovery period guaiacolate - 0.2% thiobarbiturate solution given 0p and the lack of control of the depth of the anesthesia rapidly to effect through a large bore needle (12 ga. in (4). adults, 14-16 ga. in calves). The calculated dose is 2.2 The ultra-short thiobarbiturates, sodium thiamylal ml/kg (LO ml/lb.). and sodium thiopental (Surital9 and Pentothal 10 ) can Intubation is one of the more difficult procedures be given at 6.6 mg/kg (3.0 mg/lb.) rapidly in­ when using general anesthesia in cattle. It can be ac­ travenously as a 2.5-5% solution (2.5% for calves). complished in one of three ways. One, it can be done Anesthesia is maintained with small additional in­ blindly with the cow's head in extreme extension by crements. The total dose should be kept as low as gently passing the endotracheal tube during inspira­ possible (11.0 mg/kg [5 mg/lb.] maximum) to shorten tion.
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