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ANESTHESIA and ANALGESIA in LABORATORY ANIMALS, 2ND EDITION Copyright © 2008, 1997 by Elsevier Inc Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals AMERICAN COLLEGE OF LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE SERIES Steven H. Weisbroth, Ronald E. Flatt, and Alan L. Kraus, eds.: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, 1974 Joseph E. Wagner, and Patrick J. Manning, eds.: The Biology of the Guinea Pig, 1976 Edwin J. Andrews, Billy C. Ward, and Norman H. Altman, eds.: Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, volume 1, 1979 Edwin J. Andrews, Billy C. Ward, and Norman H. Altman, eds.: Spontaneous Animal Models of Human Disease, volume 2, 1980 Henry J. Baker, J. Russell Lindsey, and Steven H. Weisbroth, eds.: The Laboratory Rat, Volume I: Biology and Diseases, 1979; Volume II: Research Applications, 1980 Henry L. Foster, J. David Small, and James G. Fox, eds.: The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Volume I: History, Genetics and Wild Mice, 1981, Volume II: Diseases, 1982; Vol. III: Normative Biology, Immunology and Husbandry, 1983; Vol. IV: Experimental Biology and Oncology, 1982 James G. Fox, Bennett J. Cohen, and Franklin M. Loew, eds.: Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1984 G.L. Van Hoosier, Jr., and Charles W. McPherson, eds.: Laboratory Hamsters, 1987 Patrick J. Manning, Daniel H. Ringler, and Christian E. Newcomer, eds.: The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit, second edition, 1994 B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee, Roy Henrickson, eds: Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, Biology and Management, 1995 Dennis F. Kohn, Sally K. Wixson, William J. White, and G. John Benson, eds.: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 1997 B. Taylor Bennett, Christian R. Abee, Roy Henrickson, eds: Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, Diseases, 1998 James G. Fox, Lynn C. Anderson, Franklin M. Loew, and Fred W. Quimby, eds.: Laboratory Animal Medicine, second edition, 2002 Mark A. Suckow, Steven H. Weisbroth, and Craig L. Franklin, eds.: The Laboratory Rat, second edition, 2006 James G. Fox, Stephen W. Barthold, Muriel T. Davisson, Christian E. Newcomer, Fred W. Quimby, and Abigail L. Smith, eds.: The Mouse in Biomedical Research, second edition, 2007 Volume I: History, Wild Mice, and Genetics; Volume II: Diseases; Volume III: Normative Biology, Husbandry, and Models; Volume IV: Immunology, 2007 Richard E. Fish, Peggy J. Danneman, Marilyn Brown, and Alicia Z. Karas, eds.: Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, second edition, 2008 In Preparation: Jack R. Hessler, Noel Lehner, and Clifford R. Roberts, eds.: Planning and Designing Research Animal Facilities For more information on other titles in the ACLAM series, visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com/aclam ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 2ND EDITION EDITED BY Richard E. Fish Marilyn J. Brown Peggy J. Danneman Alicia Z. Karas Laboratory Animal Resources Animal Welfare and Training Laboratory Animal Health Services Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Charles River Laboratories, Inc. The Jackson Laboratory Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Wilmington, Massachusetts Bar Harbor, Maine Tufts University Raleigh, North Carolina North Grafton, Massachusetts Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA92101-4495, USA First edition 1997 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-373898-1 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company (www.macmillansolutions.com) Printed and bound in the USA 080910 10987654321 Contents List of Contributors xi Chapter 3 Pharmacology of Inhalation Preface xiii Anesthetics 83 List of Reviewers for Chapters in This Volume xv Abbreviations xvii David B. Brunson I. Introduction 83 Section I—Anatomy, Physiology, and II. Chemical and Physical Properties 84 Pharmacology 1 III. Mode of Action 89 IV. Uptake—Distribution—Elimination 89 V. Inhaled Anesthetics 90 Chapter 1 Anatomy, Physiology, and Effects VI. Measurement and Qualification of Anesthetic of Pain 3 Concentration for Research 92 George J. DeMarco and VII. Summary 94 Peter J. Pascoe References 94 I. Definitions 3 II. Anatomy and Physiology of Nociception 5 Chapter 4 Pharmacology of Analgesics 97 III. Neuropharmacology of Nociception 8 James E. Heavner and Dale M. Cooper IV. Neonatal Development and Pain 9 V. Physiologic Effects of Pain 10 I. Introduction 98 VI. Neuroplasticity and Pain: Peripheral and Central II. Analgesic-Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 99 Sensitization 11 III. Opioids 109 VII. Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain 14 IV. α2-Adrenergic Agonists 115 References 16 V. NMDA-Receptor Antagonists 117 VI. Analgesic Adjuvants 118 Chapter 2 Pharmacology of Injectable VII. Future Prospects 118 Anesthetics, Sedatives, and Acknowledgment 118 Tranquilizers 27 References 118 Robert E. Meyer and Richard E. Fish Section II—Monitoring and Equipment 125 I. Introduction 28 II. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Agonists 29 Chapter 5 Anesthesia Delivery Systems 127 III. NMDA-Antagonists 47 IV. Alpha2-Adrenoceptor Agonists 50 George A. Vogler V. Dopaminergic Receptor Antagonists 54 VI. Miscellaneous Agents 56 I. Introduction 128 VII. Local Anesthetics 60 II. Compressed Gases 128 VIII. Anesthetic Combinations 64 III. Anesthetic Machine Components 130 References 67 IV. Breathing Circuits 141 v vi CONTENTS V. Anesthetic Machines 145 IV. Oversight, Planning, and Organization 224 VI. Ventilators 151 V. Monitoring and Intervention 226 VII. Induction Chambers and Masks 155 VI. Record Keeping 233 VIII. Injectable Anesthetic Delivery Systems 158 VII. Conclusions 233 IX. Equipment for Airway Access and Control 159 References 233 Additional Reading 167 References 167 Section III—Practical Anesthesia and Analgesia Chapter 6 Monitoring of Anesthesia 171 of Traditional Laboratory Animal Jennifer C. Smith and Species 237 Peggy J. Danneman Chapter 10 Anesthesia and Analgesia for I. Introduction 171 Laboratory Rodents 239 II. Monitoring of the Anesthetized Patient 172 III. Special Circumstances 180 Diane J. Gaertner, Troy M. Hallman, IV. Summary and Conclusions 181 F.Claire Hankenson, and Acknowledgement 181 Margaret A. Batchelder References 181 I. Introduction 240 II. Considerations in selection of Anesthetics for Chapter 7 Waste Anesthetic Gas Safety 183 Rodents 245 Jennifer C. Smith III. General Anesthetic Plan 249 IV. Recommended Anesthetic Methods for Routine Use I. Introduction 183 in Rodents 250 II. Potential Health Effects 185 V. Drugs Used as Adjuvants to Primary Anesthetic III. Sources of Waste Anesthetic Gas 187 Agents 261 IV. Evacuation of WAG 188 VI. Anesthetic Regimens Used for Special Purposes 265 V. Risk Assessment and Mitigation 189 VII. Other Anesthetics 266 VI. Summary and Conclusions 192 VIII. Use of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and References 192 Antagonists 266 IX. Analgesics for mice and rats 268 X. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Neonatal Mice Chapter 8 Strategies for Assessing and and Rats 277 Minimizing Pain 195 XI. Special Considerations for Postprocedural Monitoring of Rodents 278 Alicia Z. Karas, Peggy J. Danneman, XII. Other Rodents, Including Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, and Joan Cadillac and Gerbils 279 References 282 I. Introduction 195 II. Why Prevent Pain? 196 III. Preprocedural Considerations: Predicting and Chapter 11 Anesthesia and Analgesia in Preventing Pain 199 Rabbits 299 IV. Postprocedural Considerations: Recognizing and Neil S. Lipman, Robert P.Marini, Monitoring Pain 206 V. Summary 213 and Paul A. Flecknell References 213 I. Introduction 300 II. Preoperative Considerations 300 Chapter 9 Postprocedural Care of Commonly III. Methods of Delivery/Administration 306 Utilized Research Animal Subjects 219 IV. Parenteral Techniques 310 V. Inhalation Anesthesia 317 Victoria A. Hampshire and VI. Regional Anesthesia 319 Judith A. Davis VII. Special Anesthetic Considerations 320 VIII. Intraoperative Support and Monitoring 321 I. Introduction 219 IX. Postoperative Considerations 323 II. Recruitment and Organization of Space
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