Resistance Errata for Return to Resistance by Raoul A
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Developing a Better Breeding Program
Pedigree Analysis and How Breeding Decisions Affect Genes Jerold S Bell DVM, Clinical Associate Professor of Genetics, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine To some breeders, determining which traits will appear in may be phenotypically uniform, but will rarely breed true due the offspring of a mating is like rolling the dice - a to the mix of dissimilar genes. combination of luck and chance. For others, producing certain traits involves more skill than luck - the result of One reason to outbreed would be to bring in new traits that careful study and planning. As breeders, you must your breeding stock does not possess. While the parents may understand how matings manipulate genes within your be genetically dissimilar, you should choose a mate that breeding stock to produce the kinds of offspring you desire. corrects your breeding animal's faults but complements its good traits. It is not unusual to produce an excellent quality When evaluating your breeding program, remember that individual from an outbred litter. The abundance of genetic most traits you're seeking cannot be changed, fixed or variability can place all the right pieces in one individual. created in a single generation. The more information you Many top-winning show animals are outbred. Consequently, can obtain on how certain traits have been transmitted by however, they may have low inbreeding coefficients and may your animal's ancestors, the better you can prioritize your lack the ability to uniformly pass on their good traits to their breeding goals. Tens of thousands of genes interact to offspring. After an outbreeding, breeders may want to breed produce a single individual. -
Getting Her Bred Continued from Page 67
Advice for ensuring your females breed with ease. by Christy Couch Lee h, if only there was a magic wand to ensure Oa female — whether a first-calf heifer or a mature cow — would breed on the first try, every time. Alas, there is not. “Successful breeding is a combination of things done way ahead of breeding season, and things done at the moment of inseminating a female,” says Max Stotz, GKB Cattle, Waxahachie, Texas. “But there is no magic key. It’s simply a combination of many things that I’ve found over the years to be helpful in accomplishing the goal.” Through trial and error and decades in the business, Stotz; Marty Lueck, Journagan Ranch/ Missouri State University (MSU), Springfield, Mo.; and Kyle Gillooly, CES Polled Herefords, Wadley, Ga., say they’ve discovered what works for their operations and for their regions of the country. Stotz has been involved in the Hereford industry since childhood. After graduating from The Ohio State University, he began working for Ace Cattle Co., which became Star Lake Cattle Ranch. Last year, he began managing the cow herd at GKB. For 32 years, Lueck has overseen Journagan’s 3,300 acres and 480 purebred and 150 commercial cows Getting with four employees. Each year, the operation hosts an annual sale and markets up to 100 bulls through the sale and private treaty. Gillooly was raised in the Hereford and Angus business in Indiana. He met his wife, Jennifer, while showing Herefords, and when they were married in 2006, he began managing her grandfather’s Her Bred cattle operation. -
A Novel Arabidopsis Pathosystem Reveals Cooperation of Multiple
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A novel Arabidopsis pathosystem reveals cooperation of multiple hormonal response-pathways in host resistance against the global crop destroyer Macrophomina phaseolina Mercedes M. Schroeder1, Yan Lai1,2, Miwa Shirai1, Natalie Alsalek1,3, Tokuji Tsuchiya 4, Philip Roberts5 & Thomas Eulgem 1* Dubbed as a “global destroyer of crops”, the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) infects more than 500 plant species including many economically important cash crops. Host defenses against infection by this pathogen are poorly understood. We established interactions between Mp and Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) as a model system to quantitatively assess host factors afecting the outcome of Mp infections. Using agar plate-based infection assays with diferent Arabidopsis genotypes, we found signaling mechanisms dependent on the plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid to control host defense against this pathogen. By profling host transcripts in Mp-infected roots of the wild-type Arabidopsis accession Col-0 and ein2/jar1, an ethylene/jasmonic acid-signaling defcient mutant that exhibits enhanced susceptibility to this pathogen, we identifed hundreds of genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of defense responses, which seem coordinated by complex interplay between multiple hormonal response-pathways. Our results establish Mp/Arabidopsis interactions as a useful model pathosystem, allowing for application of the vast genomics-related resources of this versatile model plant to the systematic investigation of previously understudied host defenses against a major crop plant pathogen. Te broad host-spectrum pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina (Mp) is a devastating soil-borne fungus that infects more than 500 plant species1–5. Many of these hosts are economically important crop plants including maize, soybean, canola, cotton, peanut, sunfower and sugar cane5–10. -
Plant Breeding for Agricultural Diversity
Session 3 Plant Breeding For Agricultural Diversity PHILLIPS, S. L. AND WOLFE, M. S. Elm Farm Research Centre, Hamstead Marshall, Nr Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 0HR ABSTRACT Plants bred for monoculture require inputs for high fertility, and to control weeds, pests and diseases. Plants that are bred for such monospecific communities are likely to be incompatible with the deployment of biodiversity to improve resource use and underpin ecosystem services. Two different approaches to breeding for agricultural diversity are described: (1) the use of composite cross populations and (2) breeding for improved performance in crop mixtures. INTRODUCTION Monocultural plant communities dominate modern agriculture. Monocultures are crops of a single species and a single variety; hence the degree of heterogeneity within such communities is severely limited. The reasons for the dominance of monoculture include the simplicity of planting, harvesting and other operations, which can all be mechanised, uniform quality of the crop product and a simplified legal framework for variety definition. Monocultural production supports the design of crop plants from conceptual ideotypes. The wheat plant ideotype is a good example of a plant designed for monoculture. Wheat plants that perform well in monoculture interfere minimally with their neighbours under high fertility conditions, where all ameliorable factors are controlled. The aim of this design is to provide a crop community that makes best use of light supply to the best advantage of grain production (Donald, 1968). This design has produced wheats with a high proportion of seminal roots, erect leaves, large ears and a relatively dwarf structure. This ‘pedigree line for monoculture’ approach is highly successful, but it has delivered crop communities that do best where light is the only, or the main, limiting factor for productivity: therefore the products of this approach to breeding require inputs to raise fertility, and to control weeds, pests and diseases. -
The Effects of Pathogen Infection on Nitrogen Remobilization in Arabidopsis Thaliana
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2006 The Effects of Pathogen Infection on Nitrogen Remobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana Michelle Ann Boercker University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Boercker, Michelle Ann, "The Effects of Pathogen Infection on Nitrogen Remobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1506 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Michelle Ann Boercker entitled "The Effects of Pathogen Infection on Nitrogen Remobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. James Fordyce, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Nathan Sanders, Joe Williams Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Michelle Ann Boercker entitled “The Effects of Pathogen Infection on Nitrogen Remobilization in Arabidopsis thaliana.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. -
Rice Hoja Blanca: a Complex Plant–Virus–Vector Pathosystem F.J
CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2010 5, No. 043 Review Rice hoja blanca: a complex plant–virus–vector pathosystem F.J. Morales* and P.R. Jennings Address: International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia. *Correspondence: F.J. Morales. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 30 April 2010 Accepted: 24 June 2010 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20105043 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews g CAB International 2009 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Rice hoja blanca (RHB; white leaf) devastated rice (Oryza sativa) plantings in tropical America for half a century, before scientists could either identify its causal agent or understand the nature of its cyclical epidemics. The association of the planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus with RHB outbreaks, 20 years after its emergence in South America, suggested the existence of a viral pathogen. However, T. orizicolus could also cause severe direct feeding damage (hopperburn) to rice in the absence of hoja blanca, and breeders promptly realized that the genetic basis of resistance to these problems was different. Furthermore, it was observed that the causal agent of RHB could only be trans- mitted by a relatively low proportion of the individuals in any given population of T. orizicolus and that the pathogen was transovarially transmitted to the progeny of the planthopper vectors, affecting their normal biology. An international rice germplasm screening effort was initiated in the late 1950s to identify sources of resistance against RHB and the direct feeding damage caused by T. -
Tackling Climate Change Through Plant Breeding and Better Use of Plant Genetic Resources
Tackling Climate Change through Plant Breeding and Better Use of Plant Genetic Resources Climate change is threatening to push the number of hungry even higher in the decades to come, due to new challenges to agriculture and food production. Temperatures across the world could rise up to 6OC by 2050. The main challenges from climate change to agriculture and food production are the more frequent and severe drought and floods, and higher pressure from insects and diseases. Crop production under drought results in low yield, high production costs and less than desirable agronomic practices. Irrigation, a means to mitigate drought, has its own environmental and economic costs, making it an option not suitable to all scenarios. One of the effective ways for crop production to grow or at least to stay stable under new challenges from climate change is through improved varieties developed by plant breeding. The genetic diversity of crop plants is the foundation for the sustainable development of new varieties for present and Climate Change: future major future challenges. Resource-poor farmers have been using genetic diversity intelligently over centuries to develop varieties challenge for food security adapted to their own environmental stress conditions. • Common beans biodiversity has been used by plant breeding to develop both heat and cold tolerant varieties Biodiversity: the raw material grown from the hot Durango region in Mexico to the cold for crop genetic improvement high altitudes of Colombia and Peru. • Corn genetic resources have been used in breeding varieties adapted to cultivation from sea level to over 3,000 masl, as in Nepal. -
Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding
BSCBO- 302 B.Sc. III YEAR Economic Botany, Genetics And Plant Breeding DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Prof. Y. S. Rawat Prof. C.M. Sharma Department of Botany Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumoun University HNB Garhwal Central University, Nainital Srinagar Prof. R.C. Dubey Prof. P.D.Pant Head, Department of Botany Director I/C, School of Sciences Gurukul Kangri University Uttarakhand Open University Haridwar Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital Unit Written By: Unit No. 1. Prof. I.S.Bisht 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR) & 8 Regional Station, Bhowali (Nainital) Uttarakhand UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 2-Dr. Pooja Juyal 04 Department of Botany Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani 3. Dr. Atal Bihari Bajpai 9 & 11 Department of Botany, DBS PG College Dehradun-248001 4-Dr. Urmila Rana 10 & 12 Department of Botany, Government College, Chinayalisaur, Uttarakashi Course Editor Prof. Y.S. Rawat Department of Botany DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Title : Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding ISBN No. -
Breeding Poplars for Disease Resistance
Breeding poplars , ' for 56 disease resistance . , ," . { " , .' ,./' -. .~. , FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Breeding poplars for disease resistance The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organilation of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country. territory. city or area or of its authorities. or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-32 ISBN 92-5-102214-3 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic. mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright ·owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. - iii - FOREWORD Poplars are amongst the oldest contemporary angiosperm genera with over 125 species recorded as fossils and 30 to 40 species ~xisting today.They are dioecious and are more frequently propagated from cuttings than seed, Lending themseLves to the creation of cLones and the cuLtivation of recognizabLe and cLonally reproducible hybrids. They have Long been cuLtivated in Asia as welL as in Europe but their more recent deveLopment dates from the 18th century when North American poplars were imported to form hybrids with European species, a trend which is now extending to West and East Asia. Their utiLity lies in ~he frequently rapid growth potentiaL of species, their hybrids and certain clones as weLL as the wide use to which popLars can be put to provide industriaL wood, fodder for animaLs, sheLter, energy and timber for domestic and farm use. -
History and Role of Plant Breeding in Society
POPC01 28/8/06 4:02 PM Page 3 1 History and role of plant breeding in society Purpose and expected outcomes Agriculture is the deliberate planting and harvesting of plants and herding animals. This human invention has, and continues to, impact on society and the environment. Plant breeding is a branch of agriculture that focuses on manipulating plant heredity to develop new and improved plant types for use by society. People in society are aware and appreciative of the enormous diversity in plants and plant products. They have preferences for certain varieties of flowers and food crops. They are aware that whereas some of this variation is natural, humans with special exper- tise (plant breeders) create some of it. Generally, also, there is a perception that such creations derive from crossing different plants. The tools and methods used by plant breeders have been developed and advanced through the years. There are milestones in plant breeding technology as well as accomplishments by plant breeders over the years. This introductory chapter is devoted to presenting a brief overview of plant breeding, including a brief history of its devel- opment, how it is done, and its benefits to society. After completing this chapter, the student should have a general understanding of: 1 The historical perspectives of plant breeding. 2 The need and importance of plant breeding to society. 3 The goals of plant breeding. 4 Trends in plant breeding as an industry. 5 Milestones in plant breeding. 6 The accomplishments of plant breeders. 7 The future of plant breeding in society. What is plant breeding? goals of plant breeding are focused and purposeful. -
Plant Breeding and Sustainable Agriculture - Myths and Reality Bernard Le Buanec Secretary General, International Seed Federation
Plant breeding and sustainable agriculture - myths and reality Bernard Le Buanec Secretary General, International Seed Federation Paper published in the IPGRI Newsletter for Europe, No 33 – November 2006 Europe has been at the forefront of the development of new plant varieties with pioneers like the Svalöf Institute in Sweden and the Vilmorin family in France at the end of the 19th century. European plant breeders have also been among the first to preserve landraces with the initiative of Vavilov in the 1920s and the work of EUCARPIA in the 1960s. The work of the breeders has been encouraged by the development of a sui generis protection system of new plant variety, the UPOV Convention, since 1961. There is an ongoing debate on the impact of modern varieties, including GMO, on sustainability. Four main areas need further consideration. 1. Modern varieties have decreased the diversity within crops This is true if we measure the diversity by the number landraces at a country level. However it is doubtful that this criterion is the most relevant one. Indeed, if, to characterize diversity, social scientists use numbers of cultivars, the proportion of area planted to cultivars and the rate at which farmers are switching from one cultivar to another, biological scientists use rather genealogical indicators, analyses of morphological characteristics and indices of gene frequencies from analysis of bio-chemical or molecular markers. Not only do these indicators measure different phenomena, but also the empirical relationship between them is sometimes weaki. The example of the German Variety Catalogue provides an interesting example: in 1935, the number of wheat varieties, mainly landraces, dropped from 454 to 17 accepted cultivars and 54 accepted with reservationii. -
Concepts in Plant Disease Resistance
REVISÃO / REVIEW CONCEPTS IN PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE FRANCISCO XAVIER RIBEIRO DO VALE1, J. E. PARLEVLIET2 & LAÉRCIO ZAMBOLIM1 1Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36571-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Plant Breeding (IVP), Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands (Aceito para publicação em 13/08/2001) Autor para correspondência: Francisco Xavier Ribeiro do Vale RIBEIRO DO VALE, F.X., PARLEVLIET, J.E. & ZAMBOLIM, L. Concepts in plant disease resistance. Fitopatologia Brasileira 26:577- 589. 2001. ABSTRACT Resistance to nearly all pathogens occurs abundantly Race-specificity is not the cause of elusive resistance but the in our crops. Much of the resistance exploited by breeders is consequence of it. Understanding acquired resistance may of the major gene type. Polygenic resistance, although used open interesting approaches to control pathogens. This is even much less, is even more abundantly available. Many types of truer for molecular techniques, which already represent an resistance are highly elusive, the pathogen apparently adapting enourmously wide range of possibilities. Resistance obtained very easily them. Other types of resistance, the so-called through transformation is often of the quantitative type and durable resistance, remain effective much longer. The elusive may be durable in most cases. resistance is invariably of the monogenic type and usually of Key words: types of resistance; genetics of resistance; the hypersensitive type directed against specialised pathogens. acquired resistance. RESUMO Conceitos em resistência de plantas a doenças Na natureza a resistência à maioria das doenças ocorre tência durável. A resistência temporária é invariavelmente nas culturas.